Add `::iriSpace` and use it in I·R·I handling

[Etiquette] / model.js

// 📧🏷️ Étiquette ∷ model.js
// ====================================================================
//
// Copyright © 2023 Lady [@ Lady’s Computer].
//
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
// License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
// file, You can obtain one at <https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/>.

import { Storage } from "./memory.js";
import { taggingDiscoveryContext } from "./names.js";

// TODO: Move these somewhere else and allow for modification before
// they are used, freezing them only once tags actually start being
// constructed (probably on first call to the `TagSystem` initializer
// for convenience).
//
// Or else make them properties of the tag system itself and ∼fully
// modifiable.

/**
 * Tag kinds which denote entity tags.
 *
 * ※ This object is not exposed.
 */
const ENTITY_TAG_KINDS = new Set([
  "EntityTag",
  "CharacterTag",
  "InanimateEntityTag",
]);

/**
 * Tag kinds which denote relationship tags.
 *
 * ※ This object is not exposed.
 */
const RELATIONSHIP_TAG_KINDS = new Set([
  "RelationshipTag",
  "FamilialRelationship Tag",
  "FriendshipTag",
  "RivalryTag",
  "RomanticRelationshipTag",
  "SexualRelationshipTag",
]);

/**
 * Tag kinds which denote setting tags.
 *
 * ※ This object is not exposed.
 */
const SETTING_TAG_KINDS = new Set([
  "SettingTag",
  "LocationTag",
  "TimePeriodTag",
  "UniverseTag",
]);

/**
 * Tag kinds which denote conceptual tags.
 *
 * ※ This object is not exposed.
 */
const CONCEPTUAL_TAG_KINDS = new Set(function* () {
  yield "ConceptualTag";
  yield* RELATIONSHIP_TAG_KINDS;
}());

/**
 * All recognized tag kinds.
 *
 * ※ This object is not exposed.
 */
const TAG_KINDS = new Set(function* () {
  yield "Tag";
  yield "CanonTag";
  yield* CONCEPTUAL_TAG_KINDS;
  yield* ENTITY_TAG_KINDS;
  yield "GenreTag";
  yield* SETTING_TAG_KINDS;
}());

/**
 * Tag kinds which can be in canon.
 *
 * ※ This object is not exposed.
 */
const HAS_IN_CANON = new Set(function* () {
  yield* ENTITY_TAG_KINDS;
  yield* SETTING_TAG_KINDS;
}());

/**
 * Tag kinds which can be involved in relationship tags.
 *
 * ※ This object is not exposed.
 */
const INVOLVABLE_IN_RELATIONSHIP = new Set(function* () {
  yield "CharacterTag";
  yield* RELATIONSHIP_TAG_KINDS;
}());

/**
 * Properties which take literal values instead of identifiers.
 *
 * These are the label terms.
 */
const LITERAL_TERMS = new Set([
  "prefLabel",
  "altLabel",
  "hiddenLabel",
]);

/**
 * Properties to skip when diffing.
 *
 * These are all inverses of properties included in diffs and cannot be
 * changed manually.
 */
const SKIP_IN_DIFF = new Set([
  "hasInCanon",
  "isIncludedIn",
  "narrower",
]);

/**
 * A tag.
 *
 * `Tag`s are not assigned identifiers and do not have side·effects on
 * other tags in the `TagSystem` until they are persisted with
 * `::persist`, at which point changes to their relationships are
 * applied.
 *
 * `Tag`s are also not kept up‐to‐date, but persisting an outdated
 * `Tag` will *not* undo subsequent changes.
 *
 * ※ This class is not itself directly exposed, although bound
 * versions of it are via `TagSystem::Tag`.
 */
class Tag {
  /** The `TagSystem` this `Tag` belongs to. */
  #system;

  /** The `Storage` managed by this `Tag`’s `TagSystem`. */
  #storage;

  /**
   * The 30‐bit W·R·M·G base32 identifier with leading checksum which
   * has been assigned to this `Tag`.
   *
   * Will be `null` if this `Tag` has not been persisted. Otherwise,
   * the format is `cxx-xxxx` (`c` = checksum; `x` = digit).
   */
  #identifier = null;

  /** The kind of this `Tag`. */
  #kind = "Tag";

  /**
   * The data which was attached to this `Tag` the last time it was
   * persisted or retrieved from storage.
   *
   * Diffing with this will reveal changes.
   */
  #persistedData = null;

  /** The current (modified) data associated with this `Tag`. */
  #data = tagData();

  /**
   * Returns whether or not the provided value is a tag which shares a
   * storage with this tag.
   *
   * Sharing a storage also implies sharing a `TagSystem`.
   */
  #isTagInStorage($) {
    try {
      // Try to compare the provided value’s internal store with
      // the provided storage.
      return $.#storage == this.#storage;
    } catch {
      // The provided value was not a `Tag`.
      return false;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Constructs a new `Tag` of the provided kind and with the provided
   * preferred label.
   *
   * ※ The first two arguments of this constructor are bound when
   * generating the value of `TagSystem::Tag`. It isn’t possible to
   * access this constructor in its unbound form from outside this
   * module.
   *
   * ☡ This constructor throws if the provided kind is not supported.
   */
  constructor(system, storage, kind = "Tag", prefLabel = "") {
    const kindString = `${kind}`;
    if (TAG_KINDS.has(kindString)) {
      // The provided kind is one of the recognized tag kinds.
      this.#system = system;
      this.#storage = storage;
      this.#kind = kindString;
      this.#data.prefLabel = prefLabel;
    } else {
      // The provided kind is not supported.
      throw new RangeError(
        `Cannot construct Tag: Unrecognized kind: ${kind}.`,
      );
    }
  }

  /**
   * Yields the tags in the `TagSystem` associated with this
   * constructor.
   *
   * ※ The first two arguments of this function are bound when
   * generating the value of `TagSystem::Tag`. It isn’t possible to
   * access this function in its unbound form from outside this module.
   */
  static *all(system, storage) {
    for (const instance of storage.values()) {
      // Iterate over the entries and yield the ones which are `Tag`s
      // in this `TagSystem`.
      if (Tag.getSystem(instance) == system) {
        // The current instance is a `Tag` in this `TagSystem`.
        yield instance;
      } else {
        // The current instance is not a `Tag` in this `TagSystem`.
        /* do nothing */
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new `Tag` resolved from the provided I·R·I.
   *
   * ※ The first two arguments of this function are bound when
   * generating the value of `TagSystem::Tag`. It isn’t possible to
   * access this function in its unbound form from outside this module.
   *
   * ☡ This function throws if the I·R·I is not in the `.iriSpace` of
   * the `TagSystem` associated with this constructor.
   *
   * ※ If the I·R·I is not recognized, this function returns `null`.
   */
  static fromIRI(system, storage, iri) {
    const name = `${iri}`;
    const prefix = `${system.iriSpace}`;
    if (!name.startsWith(prefix)) {
      // The I·R·I does not begin with the expected prefix.
      throw new RangeError(
        `I·R·I did not begin with the expected prefix: ${iri}`,
      );
    } else {
      // The I·R·I begins with the expected prefix.
      const identifier = name.substring(prefix.length);
      try {
        // Attempt to resolve the identifier.
        const instance = storage.get(identifier);
        return Tag.getSystem(instance) == system ? instance : null;
      } catch {
        // Do not throw for bad identifiers.
        return null;
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new `Tag` resolved from the provided identifier.
   *
   * ※ The first two arguments of this function are bound when
   * generating the value of `TagSystem::Tag`. It isn’t possible to
   * access this function in its unbound form from outside this module.
   *
   * ☡ This function throws if the identifier is invalid.
   *
   * ※ If the identifier is valid but not recognized, this function
   * returns `null`.
   */
  static fromIdentifier(system, storage, identifier) {
    const instance = storage.get(identifier);
    return Tag.getSystem(instance) == system ? instance : null;
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new `Tag` resolved from the provided Tag U·R·I.
   *
   * ※ The first two arguments of this function are bound when
   * generating the value of `TagSystem::Tag`. It isn’t possible to
   * access this function in its unbound form from outside this module.
   *
   * ☡ This function throws if the provided Tag U·R·I does not match
   * the tagging entity of this constructor’s `TagSystem`.
   *
   * ※ If the specific component of the Tag U·R·I is not recognized,
   * this function returns `null`.
   */
  static fromTagURI(system, storage, tagURI) {
    const tagName = `${tagURI}`;
    const tagPrefix = `tag:${system.taggingEntity}:`;
    if (!tagName.startsWith(tagPrefix)) {
      // The Tag U·R·I does not begin with the expected prefix.
      throw new RangeError(
        `Tag U·R·I did not begin with the expected prefix: ${tagURI}`,
      );
    } else {
      // The I·R·I begins with the expected prefix.
      const identifier = tagName.substring(tagPrefix.length);
      try {
        // Attempt to resolve the identifier.
        const instance = storage.get(identifier);
        return Tag.getSystem(instance) == system ? instance : null;
      } catch {
        // Do not throw for bad identifiers.
        return null;
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the `TagSystem` that the provided value belongs to.
   *
   * ※ This function can be used to check if the provided value has
   * private tag features.
   *
   * ※ This function is not exposed.
   */
  static getSystem($) {
    return !(#system in Object($)) ? null : $.#system;
  }

  /**
   * Yields the tag identifiers in the `TagSystem` associated with this
   * constructor.
   *
   * ※ The first two arguments of this function are bound when
   * generating the value of `TagSystem::Tag`. It isn’t possible to
   * access this function in its unbound form from outside this module.
   */
  static *identifiers(system, storage) {
    for (const [identifier, instance] of storage.entries()) {
      // Iterate over the entries and yield the ones which are `Tag`s
      // in this `TagSystem`.
      if (Tag.getSystem(instance) == system) {
        // The current instance is a `Tag` in this `TagSystem`.
        yield identifier;
      } else {
        // The current instance is not a `Tag` in this `TagSystem`.
        /* do nothing */
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new `Tag` constructed from the provided data and with
   * the provided identifier.
   *
   * ※ This function will not work if called directly from `Tag` (and
   * nor is it available *to* be called as such from outside this
   * module). It must be called from a `TagSystem::Tag` bound
   * constructor.
   *
   * ※ This function is not really intended for public usage.
   */
  static [Storage.toInstance](_system, _storage, data, identifier) {
    const tag = new this(data.kind);
    tag.#identifier = `${identifier}`;
    tag.#persistedData = tagData(data);
    tag.#data = tagData(data);
    return tag;
  }

  static {
    // Overwrite the default `::constructor` method to instead give the
    // actual (bound) constructor which was used to generate a given
    // `Tag`.
    Object.defineProperties(this.prototype, {
      constructor: {
        configurable: true,
        enumerable: false,
        get() {
          // All `Tag`s are constructed via the `.Tag` constructor
          // available in their `TagSystem`; return it.
          return this.#system.Tag;
        },
        set: undefined,
      },
    });
  }

  /**
   * Adds the provided label(s) to this `Tag` as alternate labels, then
   * returns this `Tag`.
   */
  addAltLabel(...labels) {
    const altLabels = this.#data.altLabel;
    let objectLabels = null; // initialized on first use
    for (const $ of labels) {
      // Iterate over each provided label and attempt to add it.
      const literal = langString($);
      if (Object(literal) === literal) {
        // The current label is a language‐tagged string.
        objectLabels ??= [...function* () {
          for (const altLabel of altLabels) {
            // Iterate over the existing labels and yield the
            // language‐tagged strings.
            if (Object(altLabel) === altLabel) {
              // The current existing label is a language‐tagged
              // string.
              yield altLabel;
            } else {
              // The current existing label is not a language‐tagged
              // string.
              /* do nothing */
            }
          }
        }()];
        if (
          objectLabels.some((objectLabel) =>
            objectLabel["@value"] == literal["@value"] &&
            objectLabel["@language"] == literal["@language"]
          )
        ) {
          // There is a match with the current label in the existing
          // labels.
          /* do nothing */
        } else {
          // There is no match and this label must be added.
          altLabels.add(literal);
          objectLabels.push(literal);
        }
      } else {
        // The current label is a simple string.
        altLabels.add(literal);
      }
    }
    return this;
  }

  /**
   * Adds the provided tags to the list of tags that this `Tag` is
   * narrower than, then returns this `Tag`.
   *
   * Arguments may be string identifiers or objects with an
   * `.identifier` property.
   */
  addBroaderTag(...tags) {
    const storage = this.#storage;
    const broader = this.#data.broader;
    for (const $ of tags) {
      // Iterate over each tag and attempt to set it as broader than
      // this `Tag`.
      const identifier = toIdentifier($);
      if (identifier == null) {
        // ☡ The current tag has no identifier.
        throw new TypeError(
          "Cannot assign broader to Tag: Identifier must not be nullish.",
        );
      } else if (broader.has(identifier)) {
        // Short‐circuit: The identifier is already something this
        // `Tag` is narrower than.
        /* do nothing */
      } else {
        // The current tag has an identifier.
        const tag = storage.get(identifier);
        if (tag == null) {
          // ☡ The current tag has not been persisted to this `Tag`’s
          // storage.
          throw new RangeError(
            `Cannot assign broader to Tag: Identifier is not persisted: ${identifier}.`,
          );
        } else if (!this.#isTagInStorage(tag)) {
          // ☡ The current tag is not a tag in the correct tag system.
          throw new TypeError(
            `Cannot assign broader to Tag: Tags must be from the same Tag System, but got: ${identifier}.`,
          );
        } else {
          // The current tag is a tag in the correct tag system; add
          // its identifier.
          broader.add(identifier);
        }
      }
    }
    return this;
  }

  /**
   * Adds the provided label(s) to this `Tag` as hidden labels, then
   * returns this `Tag`.
   */
  addHiddenLabel(...labels) {
    const hiddenLabels = this.#data.hiddenLabel;
    let objectLabels = null; // initialized on first use
    for (const $ of labels) {
      // Iterate over each provided label and attempt to add it.
      const literal = langString($);
      if (Object(literal) === literal) {
        // The current label is a language‐tagged string.
        objectLabels ??= [...function* () {
          for (const hiddenLabel of hiddenLabels) {
            // Iterate over the existing labels and yield the
            // language‐tagged strings.
            if (Object(hiddenLabel) === hiddenLabel) {
              // The current existing label is a language‐tagged
              // string.
              yield hiddenLabel;
            } else {
              // The current existing label is not a language‐tagged
              // string.
              /* do nothing */
            }
          }
        }()];
        if (
          objectLabels.some((objectLabel) =>
            objectLabel["@value"] == literal["@value"] &&
            objectLabel["@language"] == literal["@language"]
          )
        ) {
          // There is a match with the current label in the existing
          // labels.
          /* do nothing */
        } else {
          // There is no match and this label must be added.
          hiddenLabels.add(literal);
          objectLabels.push(literal);
        }
      } else {
        // The current label is a simple string.
        hiddenLabels.add(literal);
      }
    }
    return this;
  }

  /**
   * Adds the provided tags to the list of tags that this `Tag` is in
   * canon with, then returns this `Tag`.
   *
   * Arguments may be string identifiers or objects with an
   * `.identifier` property.
   *
   * ☡ This method will throw if a provided argument does not indicate
   * a canon tag, or if this `Tag` is not of a kind which can be placed
   * in canon.
   */
  addInCanonTag(...tags) {
    const storage = this.#storage;
    const kind = this.#kind;
    const inCanon = this.#data.inCanon;
    if (!HAS_IN_CANON.has(kind)) {
      // ☡ This is not an entity tag, setting tag, or recognized
      // subclass.
      throw new TypeError(
        `Cannot put Tag in canon: Incorrect Tag type: ${kind}.`,
      );
    } else {
      // This has a kind which can be placed in canon.
      for (const $ of tags) {
        // Iterate over each tag and attempt to set this `Tag` in canon
        // of it.
        const identifier = toIdentifier($);
        if (identifier == null) {
          // ☡ The current tag has no identifier.
          throw new TypeError(
            "Cannot put Tag in canon: Identifier must not be nullish.",
          );
        } else if (inCanon.has(identifier)) {
          // Short‐circuit: The identifier is already something this
          // `Tag` is in canon of.
          /* do nothing */
        } else {
          // The current tag has an identifier.
          const tag = storage.get(identifier);
          if (tag == null) {
            // ☡ The current tag has not been persisted to this `Tag`’s
            // storage.
            throw new RangeError(
              `Cannot put Tag in canon: Identifier is not persisted: ${identifier}.`,
            );
          } else if (
            // ※ If the first check succeeds, then the current tag
            // must have `Tag` private class features.
            !this.#isTagInStorage(tag) || tag.#kind != "CanonTag"
          ) {
            // ☡ The current tag is not a canon tag in the correct
            // tag system.
            throw new TypeError(
              `Cannot put Tag in canon: Tags can only be in Canon Tags from the same Tag System, but got: ${identifier}.`,
            );
          } else {
            // The current tag is a canon tag in the correct tag
            // system; add its identifier.
            inCanon.add(identifier);
          }
        }
      }
    }
    return this;
  }

  /**
   * Adds the provided tags to the list of tags that this `Tag`
   * involves, then returns this `Tag`.
   *
   * Arguments may be string identifiers or objects with an
   * `.identifier` property.
   *
   * ☡ This method will throw if this `Tag` is not a conceptual tag, or
   * if this `Tag` is a relationship tag and a provided argument does
   * not indicate a character or relationship tag.
   */
  addInvolvesTag(...tags) {
    const storage = this.#storage;
    const kind = this.#kind;
    const involves = this.#data.involves;
    if (!CONCEPTUAL_TAG_KINDS.has(kind)) {
      // ☡ This is not a conceptual tag or recognized subclass.
      throw new TypeError(
        `Cannot involve Tag: Incorrect Tag type: ${kind}.`,
      );
    } else {
      // This is a conceptual tag.
      for (const $ of tags) {
        // Iterate over each tag and attempt to set this `Tag` as
        // involving it.
        const identifier = toIdentifier($);
        if (identifier == null) {
          // ☡ The current tag has no identifier.
          throw new TypeError(
            "Cannot involve Tag: Identifier must not be nullish.",
          );
        } else if (involves.has(identifier)) {
          // Short‐circuit: The identifier is already something this
          // `Tag` involves.
          /* do nothing */
        } else {
          // The current tag has an identifier.
          const tag = storage.get(identifier);
          if (tag == null) {
            // ☡ The current tag has not been persisted to this `Tag`’s
            // storage.
            throw new RangeError(
              `Cannot involve Tag: Identifier is not persisted: ${identifier}.`,
            );
          } else if (
            // ※ If the first check succeeds, then the current tag
            // must have `Tag` private class features.
            !this.#isTagInStorage(tag) ||
            RELATIONSHIP_TAG_KINDS.has(kind) &&
              !INVOLVABLE_IN_RELATIONSHIP.has(tag.#kind)
          ) {
            // ☡ The current tag is in the correct tag system and
            // includable.
            throw new TypeError(
              `Cannot involve Tag: Tags must be the same Tag System and involvable, but got: ${identifier}.`,
            );
          } else {
            // The current tag is an involvable tag in the correct tag
            // system; add its identifier.
            involves.add(identifier);
          }
        }
      }
    }
    return this;
  }

  /** Yields the alternative labels of this `Tag`. */
  *altLabels() {
    yield* this.#data.altLabel;
  }

  /** Returns the authority (domain) name for this `Tag`. */
  get authorityName() {
    return this.#system.authorityName;
  }

  /** Yields `Tag`s which are broader than this `Tag`. */
  *broaderTags() {
    const storage = this.#storage;
    for (const identifier of this.#data.broader) {
      // Iterate over the broader tags and yield them if possible.
      const tag = storage.get(identifier);
      if (!this.#isTagInStorage(tag)) {
        // The broader tag no longer appears in storage; perhaps it was
        // deleted.
        /* do nothing */
      } else {
        // The broader tag exists and is constructable from storage.
        yield tag;
      }
    }
  }

  /** Yields `Tag`s which are broader than this `Tag`, transitively. */
  *broaderTransitiveTags() {
    const storage = this.#storage;
    const encountered = new Set();
    let pending = new Set(this.#data.broader);
    while (pending.size > 0) {
      // Loop until all broader tags have been encountered.
      const processing = pending;
      pending = new Set();
      for (const identifier of processing) {
        // Iterate over the broader tags and yield them if possible.
        if (!encountered.has(identifier)) {
          // The broader tag has not been encountered before.
          encountered.add(identifier);
          const tag = storage.get(identifier);
          if (!this.#isTagInStorage(tag)) {
            // The broader tag no longer appears in storage; perhaps it
            // was deleted.
            /* do nothing */
          } else {
            // The broader tag exists and is constructable from
            // storage.
            yield tag;
            for (const transitive of tag.#data.broader) {
              // Iterate over the broader tags of the current broader
              // tag and add them to pending as needed.
              if (!encountered.has(transitive)) {
                // The broader broader tag has not been encountered
                // yet.
                pending.add(transitive);
              } else {
                // The broader broader tag has already been
                // encountered.
                /* do nothing */
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          // The broader tag has already been encountered.
          /* do nothing */
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Removes the provided string label(s) from this `Tag` as alternate
   * labels, then returns this `Tag`.
   */
  deleteAltLabel(...labels) {
    const altLabels = this.#data.altLabel;
    let objectLabels = null; // initialized on first use
    for (const $ of labels) {
      // Iterate over each provided label and attempt to remove it.
      const literal = langString($);
      if (Object(literal) === literal) {
        // The current label is a language‐tagged string.
        objectLabels ??= [...function* () {
          for (const altLabel of altLabels) {
            // Iterate over the existing labels and yield the
            // language‐tagged strings.
            if (Object(altLabel) === altLabel) {
              // The current existing label is a language‐tagged
              // string.
              yield altLabel;
            } else {
              // The current existing label is not a language‐tagged
              // string.
              /* do nothing */
            }
          }
        }()];
        const existing = objectLabels.find((objectLabel) =>
          objectLabel["@value"] == literal["@value"] &&
          objectLabel["@language"] == literal["@language"]
        );
        altLabels.delete(existing);
      } else {
        // The current label is a simple string.
        altLabels.delete(literal);
      }
    }
    return this;
  }

  /**
   * Removes the provided tags from the list of tags that this `Tag` is
   * narrower than, then returns this `Tag`.
   *
   * Arguments may be string identifiers or objects with an
   * `.identifier` property.
   */
  deleteBroaderTag(...tags) {
    const broader = this.#data.broader;
    for (const $ of tags) {
      // Iterate over the provided tags and delete them.
      broader.delete(toIdentifier($));
    }
    return this;
  }

  /**
   * Removes the provided string label(s) from this `Tag` as hidden
   * labels, then returns this `Tag`.
   */
  deleteHiddenLabel(...labels) {
    const hiddenLabels = this.#data.hiddenLabel;
    let objectLabels = null; // initialized on first use
    for (const $ of labels) {
      // Iterate over each provided label and attempt to remove it.
      const literal = langString($);
      if (Object(literal) === literal) {
        // The current label is a language‐tagged string.
        objectLabels ??= [...function* () {
          for (const hiddenLabel of hiddenLabels) {
            // Iterate over the existing labels and yield the
            // language‐tagged strings.
            if (Object(hiddenLabel) === hiddenLabel) {
              // The current existing label is a language‐tagged
              // string.
              yield hiddenLabel;
            } else {
              // The current existing label is not a language‐tagged
              // string.
              /* do nothing */
            }
          }
        }()];
        const existing = objectLabels.find((objectLabel) =>
          objectLabel["@value"] == literal["@value"] &&
          objectLabel["@language"] == literal["@language"]
        );
        hiddenLabels.delete(existing);
      } else {
        // The current label is a simple string.
        hiddenLabels.delete(literal);
      }
    }
    return this;
  }

  /**
   * Removes the provided tags from the list of tags that this `Tag` is
   * in canon with, then returns this `Tag`.
   *
   * Arguments may be string identifiers or objects with an
   * `.identifier` property.
   */
  deleteInCanonTag(...tags) {
    const inCanon = this.#data.inCanon;
    for (const $ of tags) {
      // Iterate over the provided tags and delete them.
      inCanon.delete(toIdentifier($));
    }
    return this;
  }

  /**
   * Removes the provided tags from the list of tags that this `Tag`
   * involves, then returns this `Tag`.
   *
   * Arguments may be string identifiers or objects with an
   * `.identifier` property.
   */
  deleteInvolvesTag(...tags) {
    const involves = this.#data.involves;
    for (const $ of tags) {
      // Iterate over the provided tags and delete them.
      involves.delete(toIdentifier($));
    }
    return this;
  }

  /** Yields `Tag`s that are in canon of this `Tag`. */
  *hasInCanonTags() {
    const storage = this.#storage;
    if (this.#kind == "CanonTag") {
      // This is a canon tag.
      for (const identifier of this.#data.hasInCanon) {
        // Iterate over the tags in canon and yield them if possible.
        const tag = storage.get(identifier);
        if (
          !this.#isTagInStorage(tag) || !HAS_IN_CANON.has(tag.#kind)
        ) {
          // The tag in canon no longer appears in storage; perhaps it
          // was deleted.
          /* do nothing */
        } else {
          // The tag in canon exists and is constructable from storage.
          yield tag;
        }
      }
    } else {
      /* do nothing */
    }
  }

  /** Yields the hidden labels of this `Tag`. */
  *hiddenLabels() {
    yield* this.#data.hiddenLabel;
  }

  /** Returns the identifier of this `Tag`. */
  get identifier() {
    return this.#identifier;
  }

  /** Yields `Tag`s that this `Tag` is in canon of. */
  *inCanonTags() {
    const storage = this.#storage;
    if (HAS_IN_CANON.has(this.#kind)) {
      // This tag can be placed in canon.
      for (const identifier of this.#data.inCanon) {
        // Iterate over the canon tags and yield them if possible.
        const tag = storage.get(identifier);
        if (!this.#isTagInStorage(tag) || tag.#kind != "CanonTag") {
          // The canon tag no longer appears in storage; perhaps it was
          // deleted.
          /* do nothing */
        } else {
          // The canon tag exists and is constructable from storage.
          yield tag;
        }
      }
    } else {
      // This tag cannot be placed in canon.
      /* do nothing */
    }
  }

  /** Yields `Tag`s which involve this `Tag`. */
  *involvedInTags() {
    const storage = this.#storage;
    for (const identifier of this.#data.involvedIn) {
      // Iterate over the involving tags and yield them if possible.
      const tag = storage.get(identifier);
      const tagKind = tag.#kind;
      if (
        !this.#isTagInStorage(tag) ||
        !CONCEPTUAL_TAG_KINDS.has(tagKind) ||
        RELATIONSHIP_TAG_KINDS.has(tagKind) &&
          !INVOLVABLE_IN_RELATIONSHIP.has(this.#kind)
      ) {
        // The including tag no longer appears in storage; perhaps it
        // was deleted.
        /* do nothing */
      } else {
        // The including tag exists and is constructable from storage.
        yield tag;
      }
    }
  }

  /** Yields `Tag`s that this `Tag` involves. */
  *involvesTags() {
    const storage = this.#storage;
    const kind = this.#kind;
    if (CONCEPTUAL_TAG_KINDS.has(kind)) {
      // This tag can involve other tags.
      for (const identifier of this.#data.involves) {
        // Iterate over the involved and yield them if possible.
        const tag = storage.get(identifier);
        if (
          !this.#isTagInStorage(tag) ||
          RELATIONSHIP_TAG_KINDS.has(kind) &&
            !INVOLVABLE_IN_RELATIONSHIP.has(tag.#kind)
        ) {
          // The involved tag no longer appears in storage; perhaps it
          // was deleted.
          /* do nothing */
        } else {
          // The involved tag exists and is constructable from storage.
          yield tag;
        }
      }
    } else {
      // This tag cannot involve other tags.
      /* do nothing */
    }
  }

  /** Returns the I·R·I for this `Tag`. */
  get iri() {
    const { identifier, iriSpace } = this;
    return identifier == null ? null : `${iriSpace}${identifier}`;
  }

  /** Returns the I·R·I space for this `Tag`. */
  get iriSpace() {
    return this.#system.iriSpace;
  }

  /** Returns the kind of this `Tag`. */
  get kind() {
    return this.#kind;
  }

  /** Yields `Tag`s which are narrower than this `Tag`. */
  *narrowerTags() {
    const storage = this.#storage;
    for (const identifier of this.#data.narrower) {
      const tag = storage.get(identifier);
      if (!this.#isTagInStorage(tag)) {
        // The narrower tag no longer appears in storage; perhaps it
        // was deleted.
        /* do nothing */
      } else {
        // The narrower tag exists and is constructable from storage.
        yield tag;
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Yields `Tag`s which are narrower than this `Tag`, transitively.
   */
  *narrowerTransitiveTags() {
    const storage = this.#storage;
    const encountered = new Set();
    let pending = new Set(this.#data.narrower);
    while (pending.size > 0) {
      // Loop until all narrower tags have been encountered.
      const processing = pending;
      pending = new Set();
      for (const identifier of processing) {
        // Iterate over the narrower tags and yield them if possible.
        if (!encountered.has(identifier)) {
          // The narrower tag has not been encountered before.
          encountered.add(identifier);
          const tag = storage.get(identifier);
          if (!this.#isTagInStorage(tag)) {
            // The narrower tag no longer appears in storage; perhaps
            // it was deleted.
            /* do nothing */
          } else {
            // The narrower tag exists and is constructable from
            // storage.
            yield tag;
            for (const transitive of tag.#data.narrower) {
              // Iterate over the narrower tags of the current narrower
              // tag and add them to pending as needed.
              if (!encountered.has(transitive)) {
                // The narrower narrower tag has not been encountered
                // yet.
                pending.add(transitive);
              } else {
                // The narrower narrower tag has already been
                // encountered.
                /* do nothing */
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          // The narrower tag has already been encountered.
          /* do nothing */
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Persist this `Tag` to storage and return an ActivityStreams
   * serialization of a Tag Activity representing any changes, or
   * `null` if no changes were made.
   *
   * If the second argument is `true`, the `Tag` will be persisted but
   * no serialization will be made. This is somewhat more efficient.
   *
   * ※ Persistence can imply side‐effects on other objects, which are
   * not noted explicitly in the activity. For example, marking a tag
   * as broader than another causes the other tag to reciprocally be
   * marked as narrower.
   *
   * ※ The inverse terms `hasInCanon`, `isIncludedIn`, and `narrower`
   * will never appear in the predicates of generated activities.
   */
  persist(silent = false) {
    const system = this.#system;
    const storage = this.#storage;
    const persistedData = this.#persistedData;
    const data = this.#data;
    const diffs = {};
    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(data)) {
      // Iterate over each entry of the tag data and create a diff
      // with the last persisted information.
      if (SKIP_IN_DIFF.has(key) || silent && LITERAL_TERMS.has(key)) {
        // The current property is one which is skipped in diffs.
        //
        // In a silent persist, this includes any literal terms.
        /* do nothing */
      } else {
        // The current property should be diffed.
        const persisted = persistedData?.[key] ?? null;
        if (persisted == null) {
          // There is no persisted data for the current property yet.
          diffs[key] = {
            old: new Set(),
            new: value instanceof Set
              ? new Set(value)
              : new Set([value]),
          };
        } else if (value instanceof Set) {
          // The current property is set‐valued.
          let values = null; // initialized on first use
          const oldValues = new Set(persisted);
          const newValues = new Set(value);
          for (const existing of persisted) {
            // Iterate over each persisted property and either remove
            // it from the list of new values or add it to the list of
            // removed ones.
            //
            // ※ Some special handling is required here for
            // language‐tagged strings.
            if (
              value.has(existing) ||
              Object(existing) === existing &&
                (values ??= [...value]).some(($) =>
                  `${$}` == `${existing}` &&
                  $.language == existing.language
                )
            ) {
              // The value is in both the old and new version of the
              // data.
              oldValues.delete(existing);
              newValues.delete(existing);
            } else {
              // The value is not shared.
              /* do nothing */
            }
          }
          diffs[key] = {
            old: oldValues,
            new: newValues,
          };
        } else if (
          `${value}` != `${persisted}` ||
          value.language != persisted.language
        ) {
          // The current property is (optionally language‐tagged)
          // string‐valued and the value changed.
          diffs[key] = {
            old: new Set([persisted]),
            new: new Set([value]),
          };
        } else {
          // The current property did not change.
          diffs[key] = {
            old: new Set(),
            new: new Set(),
          };
        }
      }
    }
    const identifier = this.#identifier;
    if (identifier != null) {
      // This `Tag` has already been persisted; use its existing
      // identifier and persist.
      storage.set(identifier, this);
    } else {
      // This `Tag` has not been persisted yet; save the new
      // identifier after persisting.
      this.#identifier = storage.add(this);
    }
    const persistedIdentifier = this.#identifier;
    this.#persistedData = tagData(data); // cloning here is necessary
    for (
      const [term, inverse] of [
        ["broader", "narrower"],
        ["inCanon", "hasInCanon"],
        ["involves", "involvedIn"],
      ]
    ) {
      // Iterate over each term referencing other tags and update the
      // inverse property on those tags if possible.
      for (const referencedIdentifier of diffs[term].old) {
        // Iterate over the removed tags and remove this `Tag` from
        // their inverse property.
        const referenced = storage.get(referencedIdentifier);
        try {
          // Try removing this `Tag`.
          referenced.#data[inverse].delete(persistedIdentifier);
          storage.set(referencedIdentifier, referenced);
        } catch {
          // Removal failed, possibly because the other tag was
          // deleted.
          /* do nothing */
        }
      }
      for (const referencedIdentifier of diffs[term].new) {
        const referenced = storage.get(referencedIdentifier);
        try {
          // Try adding this `Tag`.
          referenced.#data[inverse].add(persistedIdentifier);
          storage.set(referencedIdentifier, referenced);
        } catch {
          // Adding failed, possibly because the other tag was deleted.
          /* do nothing */
        }
      }
    }
    if (silent) {
      // This is a silent persist.
      return undefined;
    } else {
      // This is not a silent persist; an activity needs to be
      // generated if a change was made.
      const activity = {
        "@context": taggingDiscoveryContext,
        "@type": [
          "TagActivity",
          identifier == null ? "Create" : "Update",
        ],
        context: `${system.iri}`,
        object: `${this.iri}`,
        endTime: new Date().toISOString(),
        ...(() => {
          const statements = {
            unstates: [],
            states: [],
          };
          const { unstates, states } = statements;
          if (identifier == null) {
            // This is a Create activity.
            states.push({ predicate: "a", object: `${this.kind}` });
          } else {
            // This is an Update activity.
            /* do nothing */
          }
          for (
            const [term, {
              old: oldValues,
              new: newValues,
            }] of Object.entries(diffs)
          ) {
            // Iterate over the diffs of each term and state/unstate
            // things as needed.
            for (const oldValue of oldValues) {
              // Iterate over removals and unstate them.
              if (LITERAL_TERMS.has(term)) {
                // This is a literal term; push the change wrapped in an
                // object.
                unstates.push({
                  predicate: term,
                  object: Object(oldValue) === oldValue
                    ? { ...langString(oldValue) }
                    : { "@value": `${oldValue}` },
                });
              } else {
                // This is a named term; attempt to get its I·R·I and
                // push it.
                try {
                  // Attempt to resolve the value and push the change.
                  const tag = storage.get(oldValue);
                  if (!this.#isTagInStorage(tag)) {
                    // The value did not resolve to a tag in storage.
                    /* do nothing */
                  } else {
                    // The value resolved; push its I·R·I.
                    unstates.push({
                      predicate: term,
                      object: tag.iri,
                    });
                  }
                } catch {
                  // Value resolution failed for some reason; perhaps the
                  // tag was deleted.
                  /* do nothing */
                }
              }
            }
            for (const newValue of newValues) {
              // Iterate over additions and state them.
              if (LITERAL_TERMS.has(term)) {
                // This is a literal term; push the change wrapped in an
                // object.
                states.push({
                  predicate: term,
                  object: Object(newValue) === newValue
                    ? { ...langString(newValue) }
                    : { "@value": `${newValue}` },
                });
              } else {
                // This is a named term; attempt to get its I·R·I and
                // push it.
                try {
                  // Attempt to resolve the value and push the change.
                  const tag = storage.get(newValue);
                  if (!this.#isTagInStorage(tag)) {
                    // The value did not resolve to a tag in storage.
                    /* do nothing */
                  } else {
                    // The value resolved; push its I·R·I.
                    states.push({
                      predicate: term,
                      object: tag.iri,
                    });
                  }
                } catch {
                  // Value resolution failed for some reason; perhaps the
                  // tag was deleted.
                  /* do nothing */
                }
              }
            }
          }
          if (unstates.length == 0) {
            // Nothing was unstated.
            delete statements.unstates;
          } else {
            // Things were stated.
            /* do nothing */
          }
          if (states.length == 0) {
            // Nothing was stated.
            delete statements.states;
          } else {
            // Things were stated.
            /* do nothing */
          }
          return statements;
        })(),
      };
      if (
        !Object.hasOwn(activity, "states") &&
        !Object.hasOwn(activity, "unstates")
      ) {
        // No meaningful changes were actually persisted.
        return null;
      } else {
        // There were meaningful changes persisted regarding this `Tag`.
        return activity;
      }
    }
  }

  /** Returns the preferred label for this `Tag`. */
  get prefLabel() {
    return this.#data.prefLabel;
  }

  /** Sets the preferred label of this `Tag` to the provided label. */
  set prefLabel($) {
    this.#data.prefLabel = langString($);
  }

  /** Returns the Tag U·R·I for this `Tag`. */
  get tagURI() {
    const { identifier } = this;
    return identifier == null
      ? null
      : `tag:${this.taggingEntity}:${identifier}`;
  }

  /** Returns the tagging entity (domain and date) for this `Tag`. */
  get taggingEntity() {
    return this.#system.taggingEntity;
  }

  /** Returns the string form of the preferred label of this `Tag`. */
  toString() {
    return `${this.#data.prefLabel}`;
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new object whose enumerable own properties contain the
   * data from this object needed for storage.
   *
   * ※ This method is not really intended for public usage.
   */
  [Storage.toObject]() {
    const data = this.#data;
    return Object.assign(Object.create(null), {
      ...data,
      kind: this.#kind,
    });
  }
}

const {
  /**
   * Returns the provided value converted into either a plain string
   * primitive or an object with `.["@value"]` and `.["@language"]`
   * properties.
   *
   * TODO: Ideally this would be extracted more fully into an R·D·F
   * library.
   *
   * ※ This function is not exposed.
   */
  langString,
} = (() => {
  /** Returns the `.["@language"]` of this object. */
  const getLanguage = Object.defineProperty(
    function () {
      return this["@language"];
    },
    "name",
    { value: "get language" },
  );

  /** Returns the `.["@value"]` of this object. */
  const toString = function () {
    return this["@value"];
  };

  /** Returns the `.["@value"]` of this object. */
  const valueOf = function () {
    return this["@value"];
  };

  return {
    langString: ($) =>
      Object($) === $
        ? "@value" in $
          ? "@language" in $
            ? Object.preventExtensions(
              Object.create(String.prototype, {
                "@value": {
                  enumerable: true,
                  value: `${$["@value"]}`,
                },
                "@language": {
                  enumerable: true,
                  value: `${$["@language"]}`,
                },
                language: { enumerable: false, get: getLanguage },
                toString: { enumerable: false, value: toString },
                valueOf: { enumerable: false, value: valueOf },
              }),
            )
            : `${$["@value"]}`
          : "language" in $
          ? Object.preventExtensions(
            Object.create(String.prototype, {
              "@value": { enumerable: true, value: `${$}` },
              "@language": {
                enumerable: true,
                value: `${$.language}`,
              },
              language: { enumerable: false, get: getLanguage },
              toString: { enumerable: false, value: toString },
              valueOf: { enumerable: false, value: valueOf },
            }),
          )
          : `${$}`
        : `${$ ?? ""}`,
  };
})();

/**
 * Returns a normalized tag data object derived from the provided
 * object.
 *
 * ※ The properties of this function need to match the term names used
 * in the ActivityStreams serialization.
 *
 * ※ This function is not exposed.
 */
const tagData = ($) => {
  const data = Object($);
  const {
    // prefLabel intentionally not set here
    altLabel,
    hiddenLabel,
    broader,
    narrower,
    inCanon,
    hasInCanon,
    involves,
    involvedIn,
  } = data;
  let prefLabel = langString(data.prefLabel);
  return Object.preventExtensions(Object.create(null, {
    prefLabel: {
      enumerable: true,
      get: () => prefLabel,
      set: ($) => {
        prefLabel = langString($);
      },
    },
    altLabel: {
      enumerable: true,
      value: new Set(
        altLabel != null
          ? Array.from(altLabel, langString)
          : undefined,
      ),
    },
    hiddenLabel: {
      enumerable: true,
      value: new Set(
        hiddenLabel != null
          ? Array.from(hiddenLabel, langString)
          : undefined,
      ),
    },
    broader: {
      enumerable: true,
      value: new Set(
        broader != null
          ? Array.from(broader, toIdentifier)
          : undefined,
      ),
    },
    narrower: {
      enumerable: true,
      value: new Set(
        narrower != null
          ? Array.from(narrower, toIdentifier)
          : undefined,
      ),
    },
    inCanon: {
      enumerable: true,
      value: new Set(
        inCanon != null
          ? Array.from(inCanon, toIdentifier)
          : undefined,
      ),
    },
    hasInCanon: {
      enumerable: true,
      value: new Set(
        hasInCanon != null
          ? Array.from(hasInCanon, toIdentifier)
          : undefined,
      ),
    },
    involves: {
      enumerable: true,
      value: new Set(
        involves != null
          ? Array.from(involves, toIdentifier)
          : undefined,
      ),
    },
    involvedIn: {
      enumerable: true,
      value: new Set(
        involvedIn != null
          ? Array.from(involvedIn, toIdentifier)
          : undefined,
      ),
    },
  }));
};

/**
 * Returns an identifier corresponding to the provided object.
 *
 * This is either the value of its `.identifier` or its string value.
 *
 * ※ This function is not exposed.
 */
const toIdentifier = ($) =>
  $ == null
    ? null
    : Object($) === $ && "identifier" in $
    ? $.identifier
    : `${$}`;

/**
 * A tag system, with storage.
 *
 * The `::Tag` constructor available on any `TagSystem` instance can be
 * used to create new `Tag`s within the system.
 */
export class TagSystem {
  /** The cached bound `Tag` constructor for this `TagSystem`. */
  #Tag = null;

  /** The domain of this `TagSystem`. */
  #domain;

  /** The date of this `TagSystem`. */
  #date;

  /** The identifier of this `TagSystem`. */
  #identifier;

  /** The internal `Storage` of this `TagSystem`. */
  #storage = new Storage();

  /**
   * Constructs a new `TagSystem` with the provided domain and date.
   *
   * Only actual, lowercased domain names are allowed for the domain,
   * and the date must be “full” (include month and day components).
   * This is for alignment with general best practices for Tag URI’s.
   *
   * ☡ This constructor throws if provided with an invalid date.
   */
  constructor(domain, date, identifier = "") {
    const domainString = `${domain}`;
    const dateString = `${date}`;
    this.#identifier = `${identifier}`;
    try {
      // If the identifier is a valid storage I·D, reserve it.
      this.#storage.delete(this.#identifier);
    } catch {
      // The identifier is not a valid storage I·D, so no worries.
      /* do nothing */
    }
    if (
      !/^[a-z](?:[\da-z-]*[\da-z])?(?:\.[a-z](?:[\da-z-]*[\da-z])?)*$/u
        .test(domainString)
    ) {
      // ☡ The domain is invalid.
      throw new RangeError(`Invalid domain: ${domain}.`);
    } else if (
      !/^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$/u.test(dateString) ||
      dateString != new Date(dateString).toISOString().split("T")[0]
    ) {
      // ☡ The date is invalid.
      throw new RangeError(`Invalid date: ${date}.`);
    } else {
      // The domain and date are 🆗.
      this.#domain = domainString;
      this.#date = dateString;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns a bound constructor for constructing `Tags` in this
   * `TagSystem`.
   */
  get Tag() {
    if (this.#Tag != null) {
      // A bound constructor has already been generated; return it.
      return this.#Tag;
    } else {
      // No bound constructor has been created yet.
      const storage = this.#storage;
      const BoundTag = Tag.bind(undefined, this, storage);
      return this.#Tag = Object.defineProperties(BoundTag, {
        all: {
          configurable: true,
          enumerable: false,
          value: Tag.all.bind(BoundTag, this, storage),
          writable: true,
        },
        fromIRI: {
          configurable: true,
          enumerable: false,
          value: Tag.fromIRI.bind(BoundTag, this, storage),
          writable: true,
        },
        fromIdentifier: {
          configurable: true,
          enumerable: false,
          value: Tag.fromIdentifier.bind(BoundTag, this, storage),
          writable: true,
        },
        fromTagURI: {
          configurable: true,
          enumerable: false,
          value: Tag.fromTagURI.bind(BoundTag, this, storage),
          writable: true,
        },
        identifiers: {
          configurable: true,
          enumerable: false,
          value: Tag.identifiers.bind(BoundTag, this, storage),
          writable: true,
        },
        name: { value: `${this.tagURI}#${Tag.name}` },
        prototype: { value: Tag.prototype },
        [Storage.toInstance]: {
          configurable: true,
          enumerable: false,
          value: Tag[Storage.toInstance].bind(BoundTag, this, storage),
          writable: true,
        },
      });
    }
  }

  /** Returns the authority name (domain) for this `TagSystem`. */
  get authorityName() {
    return this.#domain;
  }

  /** Returns the date of this `TagSystem`, as a string. */
  get date() {
    return this.#date;
  }

  /**
   * Yields the entities in this `TagSystem`.
   *
   * ※ Entities can hypothetically be anything. If you specifically
   * want the `Tag`s, use `::Tag.all` instead.
   */
  *entities() {
    yield* this.#storage.values();
  }

  /**
   * Returns the identifier of this `TagSystem`.
   *
   * ※ Often this is just the empty string.
   */
  get identifier() {
    return this.#identifier;
  }

  /** Yields the identifiers in use in this `TagSystem`. */
  *identifiers() {
    yield* this.#storage.keys();
  }

  /** Returns the I·R·I for this `TagSystem`. */
  get iri() {
    return `${this.iriSpace}${this.identifier}`;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the prefix used for I·R·I’s of `Tag`s in this `TagSystem`.
   */
  get iriSpace() {
    return `https://${this.authorityName}/tag:${this.taggingEntity}:`;
  }

  /** Returns the Tag U·R·I for this `TagSystem`. */
  get tagURI() {
    return `tag:${this.taggingEntity}:${this.identifier}`;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the tagging entity (domain and date) for this `TagSystem`.
   */
  get taggingEntity() {
    return `${this.authorityName},${this.date}`;
  }
}