]> Lady’s Gitweb - Wiki/blob - Sources/Page/Languages/Midekh.djot
c84885bc876f842b18165a63357e7b22d909a0a7
[Wiki] / Sources / Page / Languages / Midekh.djot
1 # Midêkʰ
2
3 This is one of several conlanguages [][@:Rinna] is working on for an
4 eventual Dark Dungeons X (BECMI D&D retroclone) setting.
5 (fae welcomes input.)
6 Some useful (HTML-and-JS) tools for working with Midêkʰ words may be
7 found [here.
8 ](https://ekiru.github.io/conlang-tools/midekh/){title="Midêkʰ tools"}
9
10 rinna uses the token "TKTK" to mark places where more stuff is needed
11 later.
12
13 a minimal map of the world in question is below for a bit of context.
14 it is also necessary to know that all or most sentient creatures in the
15 setting are anthropomorphic animals, but that the corresponding
16 ordinary animals also exist but are considered non-sentient.
17
18 ![map of an as-yet unnamed world, with three contents and a few
19 islands](https://lyssa-rpg-docs.neocities.org/media/blorb-world-map-minimal.png){width=600}
20
21 Rinna has the following goals for Midêkʰ:
22
23 * it will serve as a proto-language for a number of languages spoken
24 along the west coast and within the temperate interior (mostly the
25 30°-45° zone) of the southeastern continent, possibly plus some
26 further-flung offshoots.
27 * fae wants to build it around a system of biliteral or triliteral
28 consonantal roots (as in Afro-Asiatic languages such as Tamazight,
29 Egyptian, Amharic, Hebrew, Akkadian, etc.)
30 * fae is inclined to include few vowel qualities, but with some
31 additional complication such as pitch accent, vowel length, or
32 extensive use of diphthongs that may develop into a more extensive
33 vowel system in daughter languages.
34 * it should not be too difficult to pronounce for the native US
35 English and Rioplatense Spanish speakers likely to play in the
36 setting, particularly since the most likely places for faese games
37 to start out will have this language prominent.
38 but some such difficulties can be resolved in daughter languages via
39 sound change.
40 * the proto-language and descendant languages will mostly but perhaps
41 not exclusively be used for names (of people/places/texts/etc.)
42
43 ## Phonology
44
45 To help with approachability for English/Spanish speakers, [][@:Rinna]
46 opted to draw inspiration from
47 [Wikipedia's account of Proto-Indo-European phonology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology#Vowels){title="Wikipedia on reconstructed PIE phonology"}.
48
49 Consonant table:
50
51 | | labial | coronal | p.velar | velar | l.velar | glottal |
52 |-----------|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-----:|:-------:|:-------:|
53 | nasal | m | n | | ŋ | | |
54 | voiceless | p | t | kʲ | k | kʷ | |
55 | voiced | b | d | gʲ | g | gʷ | |
56 | aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʲʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | |
57 | fricative | f | s | | | | h |
58 | liquid | | r l | | | | |
59
60
61 The language featured three series of stops: voiceless, voiced, and
62 aspirated (voicing was not phonemic in aspirated consonants).
63 Each of these series included a labial stop, a coronal (dental or
64 alveolar) stop, and three variants of a velar stop: a plain variant, a
65 palatalized variant, and a labialized variant.
66
67 There were three fricatives: a (bi)labial fricative, a coronal
68 fricative, and a glottal fricative.
69
70 There were three nasal stops: labial, coronal, and velar.
71 There were two coronal approximants: rhotic and lateral.
72 Both the nasals and the approximants could be used as syllable nuclei.
73
74 There were three vowels: `*e` (mid front), `*o` (mid back), and `*i`
75 (close front).
76 Each vowel could be pronounced long or short, which was phonemic.
77 Long vowels are transcribed with a macron.
78
79 One syllable in each multisyllabic word was emphasized, likely with a
80 raised pitch (marked with an acute accent on the vowel).
81 Long vowels of accented syllables are marked with a circumflex for
82 ease of processing.
83
84 A syllable begins with a consonant followed by either a vowel, a nasal,
85 or an approximant as a nucleus.
86 A syllable with a vowel can additionally have a final consonant.
87
88 ## Morphology
89
90 Most content words are derived from a "root" (TKTK) consisting of two
91 to four (but usually three) consonants, which are combined with a
92 particular template (TKTK) of surrounding and intervening sounds
93 (mostly vowels) to form a particular word.
94 Roots will be represented with their consonants separated by hyphens,
95 for example: `m-d-kʰ` (which is the root for language).
96 Templates can include any vowel but only certain consonants: nasal
97 stops (n m ŋ), the coronal and glottal fricatives (s h), and the
98 voiceless coronal stop (t).
99
100 ### Adjectives
101
102 Unlike nouns and verbs, adjective are not derived from using a
103 combination of root and template, with the exception of the active and
104 passive participles of verbs.
105 Some adjectives are fixed words, but most are the result of affixation
106 of other words.
107
108 Adjectives are marked for number, gender, and case to match the noun
109 modified.
110
111 ### Nouns
112
113 Nouns are marked for number (singular and plural) and case using a
114 prefix for case and a suffix for number.
115 Each noun also has a gender: either masculine, feminine, or neuter.
116
117 The cases present in the language were:
118
119 * Nominative: used for the subject of the verb.
120 * Accusative: used for the object of transitive verbs.
121 * Vocative: used for a party directly addressed by the speaker.
122 * Dative: used for the recipient or beneficiary of an action.
123 * Prepositional: used for the complement of most prepositions, although
124 some prepositions require or allow other cases.
125
126 ### Pronouns
127
128 There are ten personal pronouns: a singular and a plural pronoun for
129 each of the first and second persons, and three singular and three
130 plural third-person pronouns, distinguished by gender.
131 Each pronoun has forms for the different cases, although only the
132 second person pronouns have vocative forms.
133
134 The first and second person pronouns seem to be related to the verbal
135 agreement affixes.
136 The third-person masculine and feminine pronouns appear to derive from
137 the verbal participle adjective "fomódkʰo" (meaning 'sapient' or
138 'capable of language', active participle of the 5th form verb of the
139 root m-d-kʰ), while the neuter pronouns derive from the verbal
140 participle adjectives "moróŋpo" and "moroŋóp" (respectively meaning
141 "arriving, nearby" or "leaving, distant"; passive and active
142 participles of the 6th-form verb of the root r-ŋ-p).
143
144 The forms of the personal pronouns are given in the table below:
145
146 | usage | nom. | acc. | voc. | dat. | prep. |
147 |----------|---------|----------|---------|---------|---------|
148 | 1p.sg. | kʰn | kʰē | | kʰī | kʰo |
149 | 1p.pl. | kʰīné | kʰēné | | kʰon | kʰenó |
150 | 2p.sg. | tn | tē | tʰō | tī | to |
151 | 2p.pl. | tīné | tēné | tʰŋ | ton | tenó |
152 | 3p.sg.m. | fomótʰ | defmótʰ | | tifmótʰ | tefmótʰ |
153 | 3p.sg.f. | gifmóg | kefmóg | | gofmóg | kimóg |
154 | 3p.sg.n. | pmróŋ | pomróŋ | | bmróŋ | bomróŋ |
155 | 3p.pl.m. | fomotʰí | defmtʰí | | tifmtʰí | tefmtʰí |
156 | 3p.pl.f. | gifmgí | kefmgí | | gofmgí | kifmgí |
157 | 3p.pl.n. | pmmrŋóp | pomrŋóp | | bmrŋóp | bomrŋóp |
158
159 The third-person personal pronouns have two special uses:
160
161 * In relative clauses, they represent the head noun within the relative
162 clause.
163 * They may be placed between two noun phrases to represent that both
164 phrases have the same referent (serving a function similar to
165 apposition in English), in which case the pronoun and both
166 noun-phrases must agree in case, number, and gender.
167
168 TKTK demonstratives?
169
170 The interrogative pronouns derive from nouns of the root L-T-M
171 ("question"). TKTK
172
173 ### Verbs
174
175 Verbs are inflected for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number.
176 Person is first, second, and third.
177 Number is either singular or plural.
178
179 There are two tenses, which reflect the time at which the action
180 occurred:
181
182 * Non-past: used for events happening now, in the future, in the
183 immediate past, or at an uncertain time.
184 * Past: used for events that started in the past, but not the immediate
185 past.
186
187 There are three aspects, although the continuous and habitual are only
188 distinguished in the indicative mood:
189
190 * Continuous: used to describe an ongoing process.
191 * Habitual: used to describe a recurring or cyclical activity.
192 * Perfective: used to describe an action as a single unit.
193
194 There are three moods:
195
196 * Indicative: used for statements of facts.
197 * Optative: used for wishes and hopes, conditional events, and some
198 commands.
199 * Subjunctive: used for hypothetical events, future events, and more
200 polite commands.
201
202 Issues such as questions and the active or passive voice are marked
203 elsewhere in a sentence.
204
205 There are three special forms of each verb:
206
207 * The verbal noun, which functions as a noun and can represent the act
208 of the verb occuring or a object related to the activity described by
209 the verb.
210 The gender of a verbal noun is determined by the verb's conjugation
211 group, but they receive affixes for number and case normally.
212 * The active participle, which functions as an adjective or adverb and
213 indicates that the modified word is related to the subject of the
214 verb.
215 * The passive participle, which functions as an adjective or adverb and
216 indicates that the modified word is related to the verb's object.
217
218 Both participles receive the normal affixes for number, gender, and
219 case agreement.
220
221 ### Numerals
222
223 Numerals attach to and modify nouns, but unlike adjectives are not
224 inflected for agreement.
225 For this reason they must immediately follow the modified noun.
226
227 The numerals are arranged rather regularly on a vigesimal basis:
228
229 * Numbers one to twenty have their own words, although the words for
230 11 through 19 are likely related to a combination of "b-t-r"
231 (measurement, leg) and the first nine numbers.
232 * Multiples of twenty are expressed as, for example, "fesso dōdekʷ"
233 ('40', literally 'twenty in-two').
234 * Numbers between two multiplies of twenty are expressed by
235 constructions such as "dekʷkokŋ" ('22', 'two-and twenty').
236 * Similar units exist for 400 "síkʲo" (20 times 20), and 8000 "dóho",
237 (20 times 20 times 20).
238 Multiples are formed just as with multiples of twenty.
239 400s follow 20s and 8000s follow 400s, with the connecting "kokŋ"
240 ('and') always attaching to the unit rather than the multiple, as for
241 example: "tʰonkokŋ fessokokŋ dōtʰon síkʲokokŋ dōdekʷ dóho" ('8863',
242 literally '3-and 20-and in-3 400-and in-2 8000').
243
244 The larger units are sometimes used more vaguely, with "síkʲo" 400
245 having a meaning akin to 'many', and "dóho" 8000 being used to refer to
246 'everything' or 'more than can be counted'.
247
248 Ordinal numbers can be formed by using the prepositional clitic "sē-"
249 ('of') at the start of the number: "sēhekʷkokŋ fesso" for 21st.
250
251 Here are the numbers one-to-twenty:
252
253 * "hekʷ" one
254 * "dekʷ" two
255 * "tʰon" three
256 * "hētér" four
257 * "pēfe" five
258 * "hēgʲi" six
259 * "hēdol" seven
260 * "hot" eight
261 * "nemígʲi" nine
262 * "dehegʲi" ten
263 * "betrikʷ" eleven
264 * "betdor" twelve
265 * "botʰren" thirteen
266 * "bētetŕ" fourteen
267 * "bēptefr" fifteen
268 * "bētgʲr" sixteen
269 * "bētdelr" seventeen
270 * "botr" eighteen
271 * "bmgʲér" nineteen
272 * "fesso" twenty
273
274 And the units for larger numbers:
275
276 * "síkʲo" 400
277 * "dóho" 8000
278
279 ## Derivational morphology
280
281 The derivational morphology of Midêkʰ is based around the combination
282 of a root with a template to form a stem (TKTK).
283 These stems are further modified by infection to arrive at final word
284 forms.
285
286 This section and the following one on inflectional morphology will
287 represent roots using their consonants separated by hyphens: e.g.
288 m-d-kʰ, p-ŋ-r, h-s-t.
289 Groups of roots sharing only certain components will be represented
290 with a question mark `?` for any unspecified consonants: p-?-r would
291 include p-ŋ-r, p-k-r, p-s-r, etc.
292 Templates will be written with their surrounding and intervening sounds
293 and with the position of each root consonant represented by a plus
294 sign, for example: `+i+ē+`.
295 Groups of templates sharing certain components will be represented
296 using a question mark for any unspecified template positions: for
297 example, `?+i+?+?` represents all noun templates (which all place a
298 short /i/ between the first two consonants).
299
300 This section and the following will primarily use the root `m-d-kʰ` as
301 an example to express how roots are combined with templates to form
302 stems or words.
303
304 ### Derivation of noun stems
305
306 All noun templates place /i/ between the first two consonants of the
307 root, other than the verbal noun patterns which place /ī/ there, a long
308 vowel, instead.
309 These are summarized below, with more details below:
310
311 | pattern | description | m-d-kʰ | gender | english gloss |
312 |---------|--------------|----------|--------|--------------------------|
313 | +i++é | abstraction | midkʰé | f | linguistics/all language |
314 | +i+ê+ | prototype | midêkʰ | varies | the Midêkʰ language |
315 | so+í+i+ | place | somídikʰ | n | TKTK |
316 | mi+í++o | instrument | mimídkʰo | n | pen, stylus |
317 | +i+és+e | emphasis | midéskʰe | m/f | conversation/command |
318 | hê+i+o+ | personal | hêmidokʰ | m/f | orator, author, sage |
319 | hi+i++í | diminutive | himidkʰí | f | word |
320 | ŋô+i++o | derogative | ŋômidkʰo | m | nonsense, pleading |
321
322 * The noun of abstraction represents the abstract category of the root,
323 both the set of all of the things (or at least a particular type of
324 thing) encompassed by the root, the idealized concept of the root,
325 and sometimes the academic, artistic, or other sort of field related
326 to the root.
327 The noun of abstraction is not normally used in the plural, but this
328 may have occasionally happened in poetic language to refer to many or
329 all things belonging to the category.
330 * The prototype noun represents the prototypical object related to a
331 root.
332 For some roots, the prototype refers to a specific thing (as "Midêkʰ"
333 for the language) as a proper noun, in which case it cannot be used
334 in the plural and it has feminine gender.
335 In other cases, it refers to a typical type of object related to the
336 root (e.g. p-s-ŋ 'liquid' has the prototype pisêŋ 'water'), in which
337 case the noun may be used in the plural and has neuter gender if it
338 refers to a mindless animal and masculine gender otherwise.
339 * Nouns of place refer to a place associated with the root.
340 * Nouns of instrument refer to a tool used in performing actions
341 associated with the root.
342 * Nouns of emphasis refer to a repetition or intense form of an action
343 related to the root.
344 They are usually masculine, but in some cases a root gives rise to
345 two nouns of emphasis with identical form but with one masculine and
346 one feminine.
347 When this occurs, typically the feminine noun relates to intense
348 action and the masculine noun relates to repeated action.
349 * The personal noun refers to a type of person associated with the
350 root's meaning.
351 The noun is gendered according to the individual being referred to.
352 When not referring to a particular individual of known gender, the
353 word is typically masculine except when the meaning of the word was
354 strongly associated with women.
355 * Diminutives refer to something small or dear related to the root.
356 * Derogative nouns refer to something disapproved of related to the
357 root.
358 * There are also several "common noun" patterns which can give rise to
359 various nouns associated with the root without specific semantic
360 implications from the pattern.
361 Each root only is used with a subset of the common noun patterns.
362 Some patterns for common nouns (with the resulting noun's gender in
363 brackets) include "+í+o+" (f), "to+i+í+" (n), "te+i++ó" (m),
364 "no+i+é+" (f), "si+í+e+" (m).
365 * Finally there are verbal noun patterns that are treated below.
366
367 ### Derivation of verb stems
368
369 Verbs are similarly formed by combining a semantic root with one of
370 several patterns.
371 Unlike nouns, the patterns for verbs are grouped into several "forms",
372 each form consisting of several patterns for different uses of a verb.
373 The application of the patterns of a form to a given root are
374 considered different variations of the same verb.
375
376 Verb forms will be distinguished using a number (e.g. 1st form, 2nd
377 form).
378 Each form has patterns for the non-past tense stem, the past tense
379 stem, the verbal noun, the active participle, and the passive
380 participle.
381 The verb stems must then be inflected for aspect, mood, aspect, number,
382 and person to be used.
383
384 The patterns for each verb form are indicated in the following table,
385 with information about typical semantics and other properties of the
386 forms described after the table.
387
388 | Form | non-past | past | verbal noun | active part. | passive part. |
389 |------|----------|----------|-------------|--------------|---------------|
390 | 1st | +é++i | +e+í+ | +ī++é | +ó++o | +o+ó+ |
391 | 2nd | +én+i+ | +e++ín | +î++en | +ó++on | +o+nó+ |
392 | 3rd | hō+e++ó | hō+é+o+o | he+ī+é+ | +ó+ohi+ | he+o++ó |
393 | 4th | +é++it | te+é+i+ | +ī++ís | +ó+si+o | +o+is+ó |
394 | 5th | fe+é+e+ | fí+e+ē+ | fi+ī++í | fo+ó++o | fo+o+ó+ |
395 | 6th | +ém+e+ | +em+ē+é | +ī+mó+ | mo+o+ó+ | mo+ó++o |
396
397 * The 1st form refers to the action seen as most directly connected
398 with the meaning of the root.
399 They may be either transitive or intransitive depending on the
400 meaning of the verb, although ditransitive 1st form verbs are rare.
401 The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
402 * The 2nd form typically has a meaning related to some action with a
403 lasting effect or impact, although in some cases it is instead an
404 emphatic or more intense version of the root's 1st-form verb.
405 They may be either transitive or intransitive.
406 The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
407 * The 3rd form often functions as a causative, representing a
408 ditransitive form of a transitive 1st or 2nd form verb, or a
409 transitive form of an intransitive 1st or 2nd form verb.
410 When the 3rd form is a causative, it usually serves as causative for
411 both the 1st and 2nd form, not just one of them.
412 Even when not causative in meaning, the 3rd form is always transitive
413 or ditransitive.
414 The verbal noun is of masculine gender.
415 The active participle of ditransitive 3rd form verbs often relates to
416 either or both of the agent and patient of the action, with the
417 passive participle relating solely to the recipient or benefactor.
418 * The 4th form often refers to a reciprocal or repeated action related
419 to the root.
420 4th form verbs interact atypically with the case system: when they
421 have reciprocal meaning, all parties typically take the nominative
422 case, although for emphasis a single participant can be treated as
423 the subject while a preposition is used to identify other
424 participants;
425 if the verb can ever have reciprocal meaning, it never takes an
426 accusative object;
427 even when the particular verb cannot have reciprocal meaning, any
428 patient of the described action must be marked for the dative case.
429 The verbal noun is of feminine gender.
430 The active and passive participles are generally used to refer to
431 different aspects of the subject(s), often but not always using the
432 active participle for a more agentive aspect of the action.
433 * The 5th form often has a meaning related to either capability of
434 performing some action or the acquisition or possession of a
435 non-physical quality (capability of action perhaps being considered a
436 non-physical quality);
437 in some cases the verb may be used for both meanings.
438 5th form verbs are only transitive when used to indicate capability.
439 The verbal noun is of masculine gender.
440 The passive participle of 5th form verbs is usually used as a sort of
441 negative: it indicates that something does not have the quality or
442 cannot perform the action.
443 * The 6th form often has a meaning related to either resulting from an
444 action or having or gaining some physical quality, such as colour or
445 shape.
446 As with the 5th form, many of these verbs may be used for both meanings.
447 6th form verbs are never transitive.
448 The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
449 The active participle of 6th form verbs, similar to the passive
450 participle of 5th form verbs, usually serves as a negative: it
451 indicates that something does not result from the action or does not
452 have the quality.
453
454 ### Derivation of adjectives
455
456 As noted above, adjectives are not derived via the combination of a
457 root and pattern (other than the participles of verbs).
458 Instead most of them arise from affixation of existing words.
459
460 Some of these derivational affixes are listed below:
461
462 * The prefix "lo-" forms the "relational" adjective from a noun, which
463 indicates that the modified noun is in some fashion related to the
464 noun.
465 * The prefix "tr-" negates an adjective.
466 * The suffixes "-kor" and "-kel" produce comparative forms of an
467 adjective, with "-kor" indicating more and "-kel" less.
468
469 TKTK
470
471 ## Inflectional morphology
472
473 ### Noun and adjective inflection
474
475 Nouns receive a prefix for case and a suffix for number.
476 Each gender uses a separate set of case prefixes.
477 Adjectives use the same set of number suffixes, and they use the same
478 case markers as neuter nouns when modifying a neuter noun.
479 Adjectives modifying masculine or feminine nouns use slightly different
480 case markers from those used by the noun.
481
482 Here are the case prefixes:
483
484 | case | m.noun | m.adj. | f.noun | f.adj. | neuter |
485 |---------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
486 | nominative | - | - | gr- | gi- | pl- |
487 | accusative | de- | de- | ge- | ke- | po- |
488 | vocative | tʰo- | to- | kʰo- | ko- | pl- |
489 | dative | te- | ti- | gn- | go- | bo- |
490 | prepositional | dē- | dē- | kī- | kī- | pō- |
491
492 And the number suffixes, which differ depending on whether the stem
493 ends in a vowel or a consonant:
494
495 | number | after vowel | after consonant |
496 |----------|-------------|-----------------|
497 | singular | -k | - |
498 | plural | -hi | -i |
499
500 ### Verb inflection
501
502 Verb stems produced by derivation are inflected for aspect, mood,
503 number, and person.
504 One affix marks aspect and mood, a prefix marks person, and a suffix
505 marks number, with aspect-mood applied before person and number (such
506 that an aspect-mood prefix follows the person prefix and an aspect-mood
507 suffix precedes the number prefix).
508 The verb agrees in person and number with the syntactic subject (the
509 noun or pronoun in the nominative case).
510
511 The indicative mood uses a prefix for aspect-mood in the continuous
512 aspect, a suffix in the habitual aspect, and the plain stem in the
513 perfective aspect.
514 The indicative habitual suffix is identical to the continuous prefix.
515 In contrast, the optative and subjunctive moods uniformly use suffixes
516 for aspect-mood and do not distinguish the continuous and habitual
517 aspects.
518 All of these aspect-mood aspects are indicated in the table below (with
519 the hyphen marking where the stem is attached):
520
521 | mood | continuous | habitual | perfective |
522 |-------------|------------|----------|------------|
523 | indicative | bi- | -bi | - |
524 | optative | -r | -r | -n |
525 | subjunctive | -l | -l | -m |
526
527 The number suffixes for verbs differ depending on whether they follow a
528 vowel or a consonant, and are listed in the table below:
529
530 | number | after vowel | after consonant |
531 |----------|-------------|-----------------|
532 | singular | -g | - |
533 | plural | -hē | -ē |
534
535 The person suffixes are invariant and are listed in the table below:
536
537 | person | prefix |
538 |--------|--------|
539 | 1st | kʰo- |
540 | 2nd | tm- |
541 | 3rd | - |
542
543 As an example, here are a few inflections of the 2nd-form non-past
544 stem "méndikʰ" (write):
545
546 * biméndikʰē: they are writing (indicative non-past continuous
547 3rd-person plural)
548 * tmbiméndikʰ: you(sg.) are writing (indicative non-past continuous
549 2nd-person singular)
550 * kʰoméndikʰē: we write (indicative non-past perfective 1st-person plural)
551
552 ## Syntax
553
554 As a summary of word order concerns:
555
556 * Adjectives usually follow the noun but may be placed elsewhere as
557 they can be correlated with the right noun due to agreement.
558 Demonstratives must immediately precede and numerals must immediately
559 follow the noun when present.
560 * Relative clauses follow the noun, after any adjectives or numerals
561 * Prepositions
562 * Typically subject-verb-object, but it may vary.
563 * The question particle begins the sentence
564 * Questions do not alter sentence order
565 * Conditional sentences typically places the condition before the
566 conclusion
567 * Comparisons are of the form adjective-marker-standard (i.e. the
568 adjective being compared, an analogue to "than", then the standard
569 against which the comparison is being made)
570
571 ### Prepositions
572
573 Prepositions are placed before a noun or noun phrase to express various
574 relationships or to confer semantic roles on their objects.
575
576 Each preposition consists of a word ending in a consonant (often
577 monosyllabic).
578 Most prepositions also have a clitic form which is formed by dropping
579 the final consonant and lenghtening the preceding vowel and which can
580 be prefixed to its object.
581 Cliticized prepositions can be used with objects other than noun
582 phrases for various purposes.
583 Some clitic forms are ambiguous between different prepositions.
584
585 Here are some of the prepositions in Midêkʰ with their meanings and
586 appropriate cases:
587
588 * dol/dō-: PREP in, within; DAT
589 * fin/fī-: as; measuring to
590 * ked/kē: PREP with; ACC carrying/bringing/etc. (with verbs of motion)
591 * petʰ/pē-: PREP in (time), during (DAT with the same meaning but the
592 additional indication that the events were located entirely in the
593 specified period)
594 * rem/rē: PREP from; DAT away from
595 * reŋ/rē: PREP to; DAT toward
596 * sen/sē-: of, belonging to
597
598 ### Conjunctions
599
600 Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses in various
601 ways.
602
603 As with prepositions, conjunctions often have a clitic form.
604 Unlike prepositions, clitic conjunctions are suffixes and are not
605 predictable in form.
606
607 The conjunctions of Midêkʰ include:
608
609 * koko/-kokŋ: and, also
610 * modo, which lacks a clitic and introduces a quotation.
611 It does not imply that the quotation is exact, although it is equally
612 usable for exact or direct quotations.
613 * ropo, which lacks a clitic form and introduces a relative clause.
614
615 ### Relative clauses
616
617 Relative clauses follow a noun phrase and are introduced by the
618 relativizing conjunction "ropo".
619 The relative clause is structured much as any other sentence, but must
620 include a third-person personal pronoun of the same gender and number
621 as the modified noun.
622 This third-person pronoun is marked for case to indicate what role
623 the modified noun plays in the relative clause.
624
625 ## Semantics and Pragmatics
626
627 TKTK
628
629 ## Writing System
630
631 TKTK
632
633 ## Examples
634
635 The sample texts will be in this format:
636
637 * First, in a blockquote, the sample text is presented in (romanized)
638 Midêkʰ. For multi-sentence texts, the sentences are numbered in
639 parentheses.
640 * For each sentence of the sample text, it is repeated in *_bold
641 italics_* (identified by number for multi-sentence texts).
642 * Each sentence has a tabular morpheme-by-morpheme inter-linear gloss
643 and then a translation into English.
644 * The glosses mostly follow the
645 [](https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php){title="Leipzig
646 Glossing Rules"},
647 although the root and patterns of stems are not separated.
648
649 The following all-caps abbreviations are used in the glossses:
650
651 * person: 1(st-person), 2(nd-person), 3(rd-person)
652 * number: S(in)G(ular), PL(ural)
653 * gender: M(asculine), F(eminine), N(euter)
654 * case: NOM(inative), ACC(usative), VOC(ative), DAT(ive),
655 PREP(ositional)
656 * tense: P(a)ST, N(on-)P(a)st
657 * aspect: CON(tinuous), HAB(itual), P(er)F(ecti)V(e)
658 * mood: IND(icative), OPT(ati)V(e), S(u)BJ(uncti)V(e)
659 * derivational affixes: ADJ(ectivalization)
660
661 Rinna's first example text will be what would translate to the English text below, but first fae needs a lottt of words and probably some more syntax to figure out.
662
663 ### A historical account
664
665 > (1) petʰ tehimêh sēbotʰren sen dēkinêg dēlohêrihor tefmótʰ temidéskʰe-sēpikʲʰêtik, tedérigʷ grhêpikʲob gilohêsiloh ropo gifmóg gʲelpín gehimidkʰíhi kefmgí gedīrgʷís-róŋohipi.
666
667 1: *_petʰ tehimêh sēbotʰren sen dēkinêg dēlohêrihor tefmótʰ
668 dēmidéskʰe-sēpikʲʰêtik, tedérigʷ grhêpikʲob gilohêsiloh ropo gifmóg
669 gʲelpín gehimidkʰíhi kefmgí gedīrgʷís-róŋohipi._*
670
671 | petʰ | te-himêh | sē-botʰren | sen | dē-kinêg |
672 | during | DAT-year(M.SG) | of-thirteen | of | PREP-king(M.SG) |
673
674 | dē-lo-hêrihor | tefmótʰ | dē-midéskʰe-sē-pikʲʰêti-k |
675 | PREP.M-ADJ-cat.person | 3.M.SG.PREP | PREP.M-command-of-horses-SG |
676
677 | tedérigʷ | gr-hêpikʲob | gi-lo-hêsiloh |
678 | dawn(PST.PFV.IND.3.SG) | NOM.F-fighter(SG) | NOM.F-ADJ-bird.person(SG) |
679
680 | ropo | gifmóg | gʲelpín | ge-himidkʰí-hi |
681 | that | 3.F.SG.NOM | take(PST.PFV.IND.3.SG) | ACC.F-word-PL |
682
683 | kefmgí | ge-dīrgʷís-róŋohip-i |
684 | 3.F.PL.ACC | ACC.F-dawn-sent-PL |
685
686 "In the thirteenth year of Cat-King Command-of-horses, a bird fighter
687 appeared who called herself (took the words) Dawn-sent."
688
689 The full planned english text:
690
691 > In the thirteenth year of Cat-King General-of-Horses, a heron-fighter appeared who called herself Sent-by-Dawn. She said that General-of-Horses stole from the sacrifices and offended the gods. Sent-by-Dawn gathered a great army of the people and overthrew the evil king. The people clamored for her to rule them, and she declined, but for three days they surrounded her tent and clamored for her to rule them. After three days without peace or slumber, Sent-by-Dawn emerged from her tent and again the people clamored for her to rule them. Finally she took up the crown, and led the sacrifices and stole nothing from the gods. That was how the first year of Heron-Queen Sent-by-Dawn began.
692
693 TKTK
694
695 ## Lexicon
696
697 Lists here are sorted using roughly the collation order of English.
698 Accented and long vowels are in the same position as the
699 unaccented/short analogues.
700 /ŋ/ follows /n/.
701 Aspirated consonants follow the non-aspirated analog.
702 For the velar consonants, the plain version comes first, followed by
703 the palatized, and finally the labialized.
704
705 ### Roots
706
707 * b-h-l: worship, god
708 * b-t-r: length, measurement, (leg)
709 * d-r-gʷ: fire, light, sun
710 * f-p-tʰ: time
711 * gʲ-l-p: transfer, commerce
712 * h-m-h: period, cycle
713 * k-n-g: own, rule
714 * m-d-kʰ: language
715 * p-kʲ-b: battle
716 * p-kʲʰ-t: movement
717 * p-s-ŋ: liquid/water
718 * r-h-r: purr
719 * r-ŋ-p: location, existence
720 * s-l-h: flight
721 * t-h-b: extract, steal
722
723 TKTK
724
725 ### Word stems and complete words
726
727 Format: stem or word (root, if any): part of speech. gloss (notes)
728
729 Parts of speech: **n**oun (**m**asculine, **f**eminine, **n**euter,
730 **v**arying by referent), **v**erb (**t**ransitive, **i**ntransitive,
731 **d**itransitive, **4**th form), **adj**ective, **num**eral,
732 **prep**osition, **conjunction**.
733
734 Verbs are listed with the present stem separated from the past stem by
735 a slash, but collated according the present stem.
736
737 * béhli/behíl (b-h-l): vt. to worship, to pray
738 * béhlit/tebéhil (b-h-l): v4. to be devoted to a god, to dedicate one's
739 self to a god's service or worship (the god takes the dative case)
740 * bémhel/bemhēlé (b-h-l): vi. to be blessed, to receive a blessing
741 * bémter/bemtēré (b-t-r): vi. to be long, to have a measurement (the
742 measurement is indicated using the preposition fin), to lengthen
743 * bénhil/behlín (b-h-l): vd. to sacrifice (indirect object is the god)
744 * béntir/betrín (b-t-r): vi. to measure, especially to measure a
745 distance by walking it carefully (the thing measured is indicated
746 using the preposition dol and the dative case)
747 * bēptefr: num. fifteen
748 * bētdelr: num. seventeen
749 * bētetŕ: num. fourteen
750 * betdor: num. twelve
751 * bētgʲr: num. sixteen
752 * bétri/betír (b-t-r): vi. to walk
753 * betrikʷ: num. eleven
754 * bétrit/tebétir (b-t-r): vi. to pace back and forth, to patrol
755 * bihêl (b-h-l): nf.sg. Bihêl, the sky goddess, queen of the gods
756 * bihésle (b-h-l): nm. piety (this refers to the socially-expected
757 normal level of devotion to the gods)
758 * bihésle (b-h-l): nf. intense devotion to the gods (this is an
759 exceptional, more intense devotion than the masculine noun)
760 * bihle (b-h-l): nf.sg. the gods, collectively
761 * bīhlé (b-h-l): nn. act of worship
762 * bîhlen (b-h-l): nn. thing sacrificed
763 * bīhlís (b-h-l): nf. a person dedicated to a god's service
764 * bīhmól (b-h-l): nn. blessedness, state of being blessed or favoured
765 by the gods
766 * bitésre (b-t-r): nm. notch, marking (as the markings on a ruler)
767 * bitêr (b-t-r): nm. leg; pace (a unit of length)
768 * bītmór (b-t-r): nn. a measurement.
769 * bitré (b-t-r): nf.sg. measurement, distance, length
770 * bītré (b-t-r): nn. a step
771 * bîtren (b-t-r): nn. an act of measuring
772 * bītrís (b-t-r): nf. a pacing, a round of a patrol path
773 * bmrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural dative
774 * bmróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular dative
775 * bohisló (b-h-l): adj. relating to the god to which a "bīhlis" is
776 devoted
777 * bóhlo (b-h-l): adj. worshiping, worshipful, praying
778 * bóhlon (b-h-l): adj. sacrificing (as in, performing a religious
779 sacrifice)
780 * bohnól (b-h-l): adj. sacrificial, sacrificed
781 * bóhohil (b-h-l): adj. leading sacrifices; sacrificing communally
782 * bohól (b-h-l): adj. receiving worship, worthy of worship
783 * bóhsil (b-h-l): adj. devoted to a god
784 * bomrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural prepositional
785 * bomróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular prepositional
786 * botisró (b-t-r): adj. pacing, patrolling (emphasizing the repetition
787 in time)
788 * botnór (b-t-r): adj. measured
789 * bótohir (b-t-r): adj. measuring with a ruler or other instrument
790 (this carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
791 magnitude)
792 * botór (b-t-r): adj. walked through
793 * bótro (b-t-r): adj. walking
794 * bótron (b-t-r): adj. measuring
795 * bótsir (b-t-r): adj. pacing, patrolling (emphasizing the repetition
796 in space)
797 * botʰren: num. thirteen
798 * bmgʲér: num. nineteen
799 * botr: num. eighteen
800 * defmótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular accusative
801 * defmtʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural accusative
802 * dehegʲi: num. ten
803 * dekʷ: num. two
804 * démregʷ/demrēgʷé (d-r-gʷ): vi. to be or become hot (generally not as
805 an intrinsic trait, for that see the 1st form verb "dérgʷi/derígʷ")
806 * dénrigʷ/dergʷín (d-r-gʷ): vi/vt. to burn, to heat intensely (the
807 object, if present, is something that is being burned or heated using
808 the fire, not merely the fuel)
809 * dérgʷi/derígʷ (d-r-gʷ): v. to shine or give off heat (intr.); to
810 shine on or heat up (trans.)
811 * dérgʷit/tedérigʷ (d-r-gʷ): v4. to dawn, to come into power or one's
812 prime
813 * dirêgʷ (d-r-gʷ): nf. the sun
814 * dirésgʷe (d-r-gʷ): nm. intense or large fire (especially if
815 accidental or natural)
816 * dirgʷé (d-r-gʷ): nf. fire (the element), light
817 * dīrgʷé (d-r-gʷ): nn. a fire, a light, act of shining or heating
818 * dîrgʷen (d-r-gʷ): nn. act of burning, intense heat
819 * dīrgʷís (d-r-gʷ): nf. dawn; period of greatest power and influence in
820 one's life, one's prime; dawn goddess
821 * dīrmógʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. heat, warmth (generally from an external
822 source)
823 * dírogʷ (d-r-gʷ): nm. hot thing (especially a rock)
824 * dóho: num. 8000
825 * dol: prep. in, within (takes prepositional case); through (takes
826 dative case)
827 * dórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. shining, giving off heat
828 * dórgʷon (d-r-gʷ): adj. burning (of the flame itself), extremely hot
829 (of a fire or other heat source)
830 * dorisgʷó (d-r-gʷ): adj. in one's prime, dawning (used metaphorically
831 of things other than the sun or the dawn goddess)
832 * dornógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. burned (receiving burns or damage from the
833 fire, not merely being used as fuel), extremely hot (from external
834 heat)
835 * dorógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. lit, warm, heated
836 * dórohigʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. burning dangerously, dangerous
837 * dórsigʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. dawning (only used of the sun or the dawn
838 goddess)
839 * febéhel/fíbehēl (b-h-l): vi. to be divine, to deserve worship
840 * febéter/fíbetēr (b-t-r): vi. to be clearly defined or bounded (rarely
841 used transitively to mean the subject is defined or has its
842 boundaries defined by the object)
843 * fedéregʷ/fíderēgʷ (d-r-gʷ): vi. to be magically or spiritually
844 powerful; to be dangerous
845 * fefépetʰ/fífepētʰ (f-p-tʰ): vi. to be possible; to be in the future
846 * fegʲélep/fígʲelēp (gʲ-l-p): vi. to be generous
847 * fehémeh/fíhemēh (h-m-h): vi. to be eternal, to be immortal
848 * fekéneg/fíkenēg (k-n-g): vi. to have authority, to be respected
849 * femédekʰ/fímedēkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be or become sapient, to be
850 capable of language
851 * fémpetʰ/fempētʰé (f-p-tʰ): vi. to be current; to have happened
852 * fénpitʰ/feptʰín (f-p-tʰ): vt. to last for a duration; to be of a
853 specified age
854 * fepékʲeb/fípekʲēb (p-kʲ-b): vi. to have martial bravery or skill
855 * fepékʲʰet/fípekʲʰēt (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to be or become willful (in the
856 sense of directing your own actions)
857 * fepéseŋ/fípesēŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. to be variable or flexible, to change
858 * féptʰi/fepítʰ (f-p-tʰ): vi/t. to happen or happen at a time (the time
859 is the object)
860 * féptʰit/tefépitʰ (f-p-tʰ): v4. to spend time together (whether in the
861 sense of hanging out, or having been thru a lot together, or what
862 have you)
863 * feréher/fírehēr (r-h-r): vi. to be content, to feel safe
864 * feréŋep/fíreŋēp (r-ŋ-p): vi. to be available, to not be busy (in the
865 sense of having the time to go to other places)
866 * feséleh/físelēh (s-l-h): vi. to be or become free (unconstrained)
867 * fesso: num. twenty
868 * fetéheb/fítehēb (t-h-b): vi. to be absent, to not be present
869 * fibīhlí (b-h-l): nm. divinity; the property of being worthy of worship
870 * fibītrí (b-t-r): nm. a definition or act of defining, a boundary or
871 act of specifying boundaries
872 * fidīrgʷí (d-r-gʷ): nm. danger, great magical or spiritual power
873 * fifīptʰí (f-p-tʰ): nm. possibility, the future (both in general. a
874 specific possible or future event is "fípotʰ fofóptʰo")
875 * figʲīlpí (gʲ-l-p): nm. generosity
876 * fihīmhí (h-m-h): nm. eternity, endless time; immortality, endless
877 life
878 * fikīngí (k-n-g): nm. respect, authority
879 * fimīdkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nm. sapience
880 * fin: prep. as; measuring (used with the verb bémter/bemtēré to
881 indicate the measurement of the subject of the verb)
882 * fipéstʰe (f-p-tʰ): nm. interval between two events
883 * fipéstʰe (f-p-tʰ): nf. duration, period of time
884 * fipêtʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. a while, minute
885 * fipīkʲbí (p-kʲ-b): nm. bravery or skill in battle
886 * fipīkʲʰtí (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. self-direction or will
887 * fipīsŋí (p-s-ŋ): nm. mutability, variability, change
888 * fīpmótʰ (f-p-tʰ): nn. now, the present moment (in the singular); the
889 past (in the plural)
890 * fípotʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. event, thing that may happen or have happened
891 (compared to fīptʰé, this may be used for more hypothetical events)
892 * fiptʰé (f-p-tʰ): nf.sg. time (in general)
893 * fīptʰé (f-p-tʰ): nn. event, thing that in fact happened
894 * fîptʰen (f-p-tʰ): nn. duration; age (of a person or thing)
895 * fīptʰís (f-p-tʰ): nf. act of spending time with another person;
896 shared experience, camaradery, time spent together
897 * firīhrí (r-h-r): nm. contentment, feeling of safety (the concrete
898 feeling in the moment; for the feeling in the abstract or as a
899 general trait see "rihré")
900 * firīŋpí (r-ŋ-p): nm. availability (to go)
901 * fisīlhí (s-l-h): nm. freedom from constraint
902 * fitīhbí (t-h-b): nm. absence
903 * fobóhlo (b-h-l): adj. divine, worthy of worship
904 * fobohól (b-h-l): adj. not divine, not worthy of worship; mortal
905 * fobótro (b-t-r): adj. clearly defined, bounded, finite in extent
906 * fobotór (b-t-r): adj. indefinable, unbounded, infinite
907 * fodórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. dangerous, magically or spiritually powerful
908 * fodorógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. not dangeorus, weak of soul or power
909 * fofopótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. impossible, not going to happen
910 * fofóptʰo (f-p-tʰ): adj. possible, in the future, potential
911 * fohómho (h-m-h): adj. eternal; immortal
912 * fohomóh (h-m-h): adj. temporary; mortal
913 * fogʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. ungenerous, covetous
914 * fogʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. generous
915 * fokóngo (k-n-g): adj. respected, authoritative
916 * fokonóg (k-n-g): adj. disrespected, lacking authority, unable to
917 command obedience
918 * fomódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. sapient, capable of language
919 * fomodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. non-sapient, incapable of language, mindless
920 * fomótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular nominative
921 * fomotʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural nominative
922 * fopistʰó (f-p-tʰ): adj. having experienced a lot together
923 * fopnótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. relating to the duration or age of an event or
924 thing; old
925 * fópohitʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. spending time doing something, busy
926 * fopókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. brave or skillful in battle
927 * fopokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. cowardly or unreliable in battle
928 * fopokʲʰót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. passive, controlled by others
929 * fopókʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. willful, self-directed
930 * fopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. variable, flexible, changing
931 * foposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. static, rigid, unmoving
932 * fopótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. relating to the time at which a thing happened,
933 "at the time"
934 * fópsitʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. companionable
935 * fóptʰo (f-p-tʰ): adj. happening, occurring (emphasizing that it
936 happened at a known time)
937 * fóptʰon (f-p-tʰ): adj. having duration, particularly a long one
938 * forohór (r-h-r): adj. discontent, feeling unsafe
939 * foróhro (r-h-r): adj. content, feeling safe
940 * foroŋóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. busy, not available (to go to a place)
941 * foróŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. available (to go)
942 * fosólho (s-l-h): adj. free from constraint
943 * fosolóh (s-l-h): adj. constrained, not free (the specifics of
944 application to people varied a lot in different places)
945 * fotóhbo (t-h-b): adj. absent
946 * fotohób (t-h-b): adj. present
947 * gifmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural nominative
948 * gifmóg: prn. third-person feminine singular nominative
949 * gofmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural dative
950 * gofmóg: prn. third-person feminine singular dative
951 * gʲélpi/gʲelíp (gʲ-l-p): vd. to give
952 * gʲélpit/tegʲélip (gʲ-l-p): v4. to trade, to exchange, to swap
953 * gʲémlep/gʲemlēpé (gʲ-l-p): vi. to be valuable, to have value
954 * gʲénlip/gʲelpín (gʲ-l-p): vd. to take
955 * gʲilêp (gʲ-l-p): nm. gift
956 * gʲiléspe (gʲ-l-p): nm. transaction
957 * gʲīlmóp (gʲ-l-p): nn. property of being valuable
958 * gʲílop (gʲ-l-p): nm. commercial relationship
959 * gʲilpé (gʲ-l-p): nf. exchange, commerce
960 * gʲīlpé (gʲ-l-p): nn. act of giving, sale
961 * gʲîlpen (gʲ-l-p): nn. act of taking
962 * gʲīlpís (gʲ-l-p): nf. act of exchanging or swapping
963 * gʲolispó (gʲ-l-p): adj. exchanged, swapped, traded (the thing that is
964 traded)
965 * gʲolnóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. taken, stolen
966 * gʲólohip (gʲ-l-p): adj. selling
967 * gʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. given as a gift
968 * gʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. giving
969 * gʲólpon (gʲ-l-p): adj. taking
970 * gʲólsip (gʲ-l-p): adj. trading, exchanging, swapping; commercially
971 active
972 * hebīhél (b-h-l): nm. communal sacrifice
973 * hêbihol (b-h-l): nv. a god
974 * hebītér (b-t-r): nm.ean act of measuring with a ruler or other
975 instrument, a measurement taken with a ruler or other instrument
976 (this carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
977 magnitude)
978 * hêbitor (b-t-r): nv. walker, runner (specifically referring to a
979 person who travels a long distance on foot)
980 * hebohló (b-h-l): adj. worshipped communally; pertaining to a god
981 worshipped as communal or state religion; major (of gods)
982 * hebotró (b-t-r): adj. measured with a ruler or other instrument (this
983 carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
984 magnitude)
985 * hedīrégʷ (d-r-gʷ): nm. act of starting a fire
986 * hêdirogʷ (d-r-gʷ): nv. priest, shaman
987 * hēdol: num. seven
988 * hedorgʷó (d-r-gʷ): adj. having been burned intentionally or maliciously
989 * hêfipotʰ (f-p-tʰ): nv. elder, old person
990 * hefīpétʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. act or process of spending time; pastime,
991 time-consuming activity
992 * hefoptʰó (f-p-tʰ): adj. time-consuming, worth doing
993 * hēgʲi: num. six
994 * hegʲīlép (gʲ-l-p): nm. act of selling or buying
995 * hêgʲilop (gʲ-l-p): nv. merchant (one who buys and sells goods)
996 * hegʲolpó (gʲ-l-p): adj. sold
997 * hehīméh (h-m-h): nm. act of repeating an action; repeated action
998 * hêhimoh (h-m-h): nv. astrologer, astronomer
999 * hehomhó (h-m-h): adj. being repeated (of an action)
1000 * hekīnég (k-n-g): nm. thing inherited/bequeathed, thing granted
1001 * hêkinog (k-n-g): nv. owner (especially of land)
1002 * hekongó (k-n-g): adj. inherited, granted; obtained by other's
1003 goodwill rather than one's own action or inherent worth
1004 * hekʷ: num. one
1005 * hémhi/hemíh (h-m-h): vi. to happen again
1006 * hémhit/tehémih (h-m-h): vi. to transition to the next iteration or
1007 stage of a cyclic process
1008 * hemīdékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. dictation, decree, declaration
1009 * hêmidokʰ (m-d-kʰ): nv. orator, author, sage
1010 * hémmeh/hemmēhé (h-m-h): vi. to be cyclical
1011 * hemodkʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. being dictated to, subservient,
1012 representative of
1013 * hénmih/hemhín (h-m-h): vi. to happen cyclically
1014 * hepīkʲéb (p-kʲ-b): nm. battle-leadership
1015 * hêpikʲob (p-kʲ-b): nv. fighter (character class); participant in a
1016 fight
1017 * hepīkʲʰét (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. act of moving something else, impetus
1018 * hêpikʲʰot (p-kʲʰ-t): nv. horse-person, runner
1019 * hepīséŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. pouring, a pour, a cupful
1020 * hêpisoŋ (p-s-ŋ): nv. cupbearer
1021 * hepokʲbó (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting in a battle (with the connotation of
1022 being an enemy)
1023 * hepokʲʰtó (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. being moved
1024 * heposŋó (p-s-ŋ): adj. being poured into, filled
1025 * herīhér (r-h-r): nm. act that makes someone feel safe or content, act
1026 of care
1027 * hêrihor (r-h-r): nv. cat-person
1028 * herīŋép (r-ŋ-p): nm. act of sending or putting; message; act of
1029 creation
1030 * hêriŋop (r-ŋ-p): nv. inhabitant, resident
1031 * herohró (r-h-r): adj. cared for, feeling safe or content due to the
1032 actions of another
1033 * heroŋpó (r-ŋ-p): adj. receiving something sent or put; being or
1034 having been created
1035 * hesīléh (s-l-h): nm. a throw
1036 * hêsiloh (s-l-h): nv. a bird-person, a person who flies
1037 * hesolhó (s-l-h): adj. being thrown-at
1038 * hētér: num. four
1039 * hetīhéb (t-h-b): nm. burglary, break-in
1040 * hêtihob (t-h-b): nv. thief (character class)
1041 * hêtihob (t-h-b): nf. mischievous child
1042 * hetohbó (t-h-b): adj. burgled, broken into; disorderly (from or as if
1043 from being ransacked by a burglar)
1044 * hibihlí (b-h-l): nf. a personal or familial god or spirit
1045 * hibitrí (b-t-r): nf. toe; digit (a unit of length)
1046 * hidirgʷí (d-r-gʷ): nf. ember
1047 * hifiptʰí (f-p-tʰ): nf. a moment, second
1048 * higʲilpí (gʲ-l-p): nf. purchase
1049 * hihimhí (h-m-h): nf. tide
1050 * hikingí (k-n-g): nf. tenant
1051 * himêh (h-m-h): nm. year
1052 * himéshe (h-m-h): nm. a cycle, a periodic event or pattern
1053 * himhé (h-m-h): nf.sg. cycles, repetition (in general); astrology,
1054 astronomy
1055 * hīmhé (h-m-h): nn. event of happening a second time
1056 * hîmhen (h-m-h): nn. cycle, event that happens cyclically
1057 * hīmhís (h-m-h): nf. transition between two stages of a cyclic process
1058 (e.g. between two seasons, between high and low tide, being day and
1059 night)
1060 * himidkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nf. word
1061 * hīmmóh (h-m-h): nn. cyclicity (the property of being cyclic); a
1062 regular pattern
1063 * hímoh (h-m-h): nm. imitation of a past event, re-enactment
1064 * hipikʲbí (p-kʲ-b): nf. exchange of blows; contest or competitive game
1065 (as in, an instance of playing the game, not the game in general)
1066 * hipikʲʰtí (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. shake
1067 * hipisŋí (p-s-ŋ): nf. pond, lake
1068 * hirihrí (r-h-r): nf. pet animal (sometimes used for harmless non-pet
1069 animals)
1070 * hiriŋpí (r-ŋ-p): nf. room
1071 * hisilhí (s-l-h): nf. feather
1072 * hōbehló/hōbéholo (b-h-l): vd. to lead sacrifices (direct object are
1073 the people on whose behalf the sacrifice is done/who are lead;
1074 indirect object is the god to whom the sacrifices are done)
1075 * hōbetró/hōbétoro (b-t-r): vt. to measure with a ruler or other
1076 instrument (this carries an implication of both precision and small
1077 absolute magnitude)
1078 * hōdergʷó/hōdérogʷo (d-r-gʷ): vd. to ignite, to set alight or aflame,
1079 to cause to illuminate or burn something else (the direct object is
1080 the heat or light source; the indirect object the thing burned,
1081 heated, or illuminated; either may be omitted)
1082 * hōfeptʰó/hōfépotʰo (f-p-tʰ): vt. to spend time performing an activity
1083 * hōgʲelpó/hōgʲélopo (gʲ-l-p): vd. to sell, to buy (often but not
1084 always with the passive particle for buying)
1085 * hōhemhó/hōhémoho (h-m-h): vt. to repeat an action; to cause a cyclic
1086 event to recur
1087 * hōkengó/hōkénogo (k-n-g): vd. to grant or bequeath a property or
1088 position (especially to an heir, child, or subordinate)
1089 * hōmedkʰó/hōmédokʰo (m-d-kʰ): vt/vd. to dictate, to cause to say or
1090 write
1091 * hómho (h-m-h): adj. happening again
1092 * hómhon (h-m-h): adj. cyclical, periodic
1093 * homishó (h-m-h): adj. after the transition between t stages of a
1094 cyclic process
1095 * homnóh (h-m-h): adj. cyclical, periodic
1096 * homóh (h-m-h): adj. having happened before
1097 * hómohih (h-m-h): adj. repeating an action
1098 * hómsih (h-m-h): adj. before the transition between two stages of a
1099 cyclic process
1100 * hōpekʲbó/hōpékʲobo (p-kʲ-b): vd. to lead in battle (the indirect
1101 object is the foes)
1102 * hōpekʲʰtó/hōpékʲʰoto (p-kʲʰ-t): vt. to put into motion, to cause to
1103 move or run
1104 * hōpesŋó/hōpésoŋo (p-s-ŋ): vt/vd. to pour (trans.); to pour onto/into
1105 (ditrans.)
1106 * hōrehró/hōréhoro (r-h-r): vt. to cause to feel content or safe, to
1107 take care of
1108 * hōreŋpó/hōréŋopo (r-ŋ-p): v. to send, to put in a place (ditrans.,
1109 destination/recipient is indirect object); to create (trans.)
1110 * hōselhó/hōséloho (s-l-h): v. to throw (trans.), to throw at
1111 (ditrans.)
1112 * hot: num. eight
1113 * hōtehbó/hōtéhobo (t-h-b): vt. break into, burgle (a place)
1114 * ked: prep. with (takes the prepositional case);
1115 carrying/bringing/etc. (with verbs of motion, takes the accusative
1116 case)
1117 * kefmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural accusative
1118 * kefmóg: prn. third-person feminine singular accusative
1119 * kémneg/kemnēgé (k-n-g): vi. to obey, to be obedient
1120 * kéngi/keníg (k-n-g): vt. to own, to rule
1121 * kéngit/tekénig (k-n-g): v4. to share ownership of or authority over
1122 something (the owned or ruled thing takes the dative case)
1123 * kénnig/kengín (k-n-g): vt. to conquer, to obtain by force or power
1124 * kifmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural prepositional
1125 * kimóg: prn. third-person feminine singular prepositional
1126 * kinêg (k-n-g): nm. ruler, king (as a title, it was treated as varying
1127 in gender with the referent)
1128 * kinésge (k-n-g): nm. possessions (non-land property)
1129 * kinésge (k-n-g): nf. kingdom
1130 * kingé (k-n-g): nf. ownership (especially of land), rule, governance
1131 * kīngé (k-n-g): nn. fact of owning, position of authority or ownership
1132 * kîngen (k-n-g): nn. act of conquest
1133 * kīngís (k-n-g): nf. shared authority or ownership; harmony
1134 * kīnmóg (k-n-g): nn. obedience, act of obedience
1135 * -kokŋ/koko: conj. and, also
1136 * kóngo (k-n-g): adj. ruling, owning, authoritative
1137 * kóngon (k-n-g): adj. conquering, mighty
1138 * konisgó (k-n-g): adj. sharing (with a connotation of disharmony)
1139 * konnóg (k-n-g): adj. conquered, weak, desired
1140 * konóg (k-n-g): adj. owned, ruled, subordinate
1141 * kónohig (k-n-g): adj. bequeathing, inheriting, granting a property or
1142 position, receiving a property or position; related to the
1143 relationship between owner and heir or between ruler and subordinates
1144 * kónsig (k-n-g): adj. sharing (with connotations of harmony); joint,
1145 harmonious, collaborative
1146 * kʰē: prn. first-person singular accusative
1147 * kʰēné: prn. first-person plural accusative
1148 * kʰenó: prn. first-person plural prepositional
1149 * kʰī: prn. first-person singular dative
1150 * kʰīné: prn. first-person plural nominative
1151 * kʰn: prn. first-person singular nominative
1152 * kʰo: prn. first-person singular prepositional
1153 * kʰon: prn. first-person plural dative
1154 * médkʰi/medíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. speak, say, utter
1155 * médkʰit/temédikʰ (m-d-kʰ): v4. to converse or correspond
1156 * mémdekʰ/memdēkʰé (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be noisy, to make noise
1157 * méndikʰ/medkʰín (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. write
1158 * mibíhlo (b-h-l): nn. prayer
1159 * mibítro (b-t-r): nn. yardstick, ruler
1160 * midêkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. the Midêkʰ language
1161 * midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nf. command, order
1162 * midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nm. conversation, dialogue (this can refer to a
1163 spoken conversation or a written dialogue)
1164 * midírgʷo (d-r-gʷ): nn. torch, candle, artificial light or fire
1165 * midkʰé (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. linguistics, language in general
1166 * mīdkʰé (m-d-kʰ): nn. utterance, speech, act of speaking
1167 * mîdkʰen (m-d-kʰ): nn. text, act of writing
1168 * mīdkʰís (m-d-kʰ): nf. act of conversing or corresponding (in the
1169 singular it normally refers to one utterance or letter and its
1170 response; in the plural it can refer to an entire conversation or the
1171 entire correspondence between two or more people)
1172 * mīdmókʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. noise, sound
1173 * mídokʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. book, scroll
1174 * mifíptʰo (f-p-tʰ): nn. clock, point in time
1175 * migʲílpo (gʲ-l-p): nn. money, coin
1176 * mihímho (h-m-h): season, orbit
1177 * mikíngo (k-n-g): nn. administrator, deputy (one who manages the
1178 property or domain of a ruler or land-owner)
1179 * mimídkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nn. pen, stylus, other writing instrument
1180 * mipíkʲbo (p-kʲ-b): nn. weapon
1181 * mipíkʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. speed
1182 * mipísŋo (p-s-ŋ): nn. canal
1183 * miríhro (r-h-r): nn. throat, esp. the larynx
1184 * miríŋpo (r-ŋ-p): nn. mount, vehicle, means of transportation
1185 * misílho (s-l-h): nn. wing
1186 * mitíhbo (t-h-b): nn. hand
1187 * mobóhlo (b-h-l): adj. blessed, favoured by the gods
1188 * mobohól (b-h-l): adj. cursed, disfavoured by the gods
1189 * mobotór (b-t-r): adj. short
1190 * mobótro (b-t-r): adj. long
1191 * módkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. speaking, vocal
1192 * módkʰon (m-d-kʰ): adj. literate, writing
1193 * modiskʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. comprehending, listening
1194 * modnókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. written, textual, literary
1195 * modo: conj. introduces a quotation
1196 * módohikʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. dictating, imperious, acting indirectly
1197 * modókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. spoken, verbal, oral
1198 * modórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. hot, warm, heated (by some external source)
1199 * modorógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. cold, cool (with a connotation of not having
1200 been heated or having lost its heat)
1201 * módsikʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. communicating, expressive
1202 * mofopótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. not having happened (yet); having happened
1203 but long ago
1204 * mofóptʰo (f-p-tʰ): adj. recent, current; having actually happened
1205 * mogʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. worthless, cheap
1206 * mogʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. valuable, expensive
1207 * mohómho (h-m-h): adj. cyclic, repeating, following a regular pattern
1208 * mohomóh (h-m-h): adj. acyclic, not repeating, not following a regular
1209 pattern
1210 * mokóngo (k-n-g): adj. obedient; tame (of animals)
1211 * mokonóg (k-n-g): adj. disobedient, unruly; wild (of animals)
1212 * momódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. noisy, loud
1213 * momodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. quiet, noiseless, silent
1214 * mopókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. angry (especially violently so, with a
1215 connotation of being reactive but not necessarily unjustified)
1216 * mopokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. lacking anger, forgiving
1217 * mopokʲʰót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. stationary, immobile
1218 * mopókʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. mobile
1219 * mopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. melted, liquid, wet
1220 * moposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. dry
1221 * morohór (r-h-r): adj. restless, not docile, agitated (of animals)
1222 * moróhro (r-h-r): adj. calm, docile (of animals)
1223 * moroŋóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. leaving, not coming; distant, moving away
1224 * moróŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. coming, arriving; nearby
1225 * mosólho (s-l-h): adj. in the air, floating
1226 * mosolóh (s-l-h): adj. not in the air, not flying, heavier than air
1227 * motóhbo (t-h-b): adj. scarce (of a thing); poor (of a person)
1228 * motohób (t-h-b): adj. abundant in quantity; wealthy
1229 * nemígʲi: num. nine
1230 * nobihél (b-h-l): nf. a sort of priestess to Bihêl that will be so
1231 popular among tw if this setting ever develops a tumblr-analogue
1232 * nobitér (b-t-r): nf. long journey on foot
1233 * nodirégʷ (d-r-gʷ): nf. fuel for fire, firewood, kindling
1234 * nohiméh (h-m-h): nf. period or duration of a cycle
1235 * nokinég (k-n-g): nf. block of rented land
1236 * nomidékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. message, letter
1237 * nopikʲéb (p-kʲ-b): nf. insult; reason that a fight started
1238 * nopikʲʰét (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. jump
1239 * noriŋép (r-ŋ-p): nf. tent
1240 * nôpisŋo (p-s-ŋ): nm. urine
1241 * notihéb (t-h-b): nf. need (thing that is needed)
1242 * ŋôbihlo (b-h-l): nm. a person cursed by a god or the gods
1243 * ŋôbitro (b-t-r): nm. heel, sole of foot
1244 * ŋôdirgʷo (d-r-gʷ): nm. ash, follower-on
1245 * ŋôfiptʰo (f-p-tʰ): nm. delay
1246 * ŋôgʲilpo (gʲ-l-p): nm. theft
1247 * ŋôhimho (h-m-h): nm. mating season of a mindless animal
1248 * ŋôkingo (k-n-g): nm. rent, tax; thing owed to your social "superior"
1249 * ŋômidkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nm. nonsense, pathetic request
1250 * ŋôpikʲbo (p-kʲ-b): nm. anger, rage, fury (the connotations are of
1251 driving to physical violences and being unjustified or unreasonable)
1252 * ŋôpikʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. coward
1253 * ŋôrihro (r-h-r): nm. overly dependent and helpless person
1254 * ŋôriŋpo (r-ŋ-p): nm. dangerous place, cliff
1255 * ŋôsilho (s-l-h): nm. bad omen
1256 * ŋôtihbo (t-h-b): nm. criminal
1257 * pēfe: num. five
1258 * pékʲbi/pekʲíb (p-kʲ-b): vt. to fight; to compete against
1259 * pékʲbit/tepékʲib (p-kʲ-b): v4. to be enemies, to feud violently
1260 * pékʲʰti/pekʲʰít (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to move one's self
1261 * pékʲʰtit/tepékʲʰit (p-kʲʰ-t): v4. to dance
1262 * pémkʲeb/pemkʲēbé (p-kʲ-b): vi. to be or become angry
1263 * pémkʲʰet/pemkʲʰēté (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to be mobile
1264 * pémseŋ/pemsēŋé (p-s-ŋ): vi. to become liquid, to melt, to be or
1265 become wet
1266 * pénkʲib/pekʲbín (p-kʲ-b): vt. to kill (primarily in a fight or
1267 battle); to defeat in a contest
1268 * pénkʲʰit/pekʲʰtín (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to run
1269 * pénsiŋ/pesŋín (p-s-ŋ): vi/vt. pool (intr.); cover in liquid, flood,
1270 overflow (trans.)
1271 * pésŋi/pesíŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. flow
1272 * pésŋit/tepésiŋ (p-s-ŋ): v4. to rise and fall over time (as tides or
1273 water level in a lake or river)
1274 * pikʲbé (p-kʲ-b): nf. battle, combat (used to speak of battle or
1275 combat in general); tactics (as the art of study of battle)
1276 * pīkʲbé (p-kʲ-b): nn. act of fighting; strike, blow
1277 * pîkʲben (p-kʲ-b): nn. act of killing, victory in battle or a contest
1278 * pīkʲbís (p-kʲ-b): nf. violent feud, enemyship
1279 * pikʲêb (p-kʲ-b): nm. fight, small battle
1280 * pikʲésbe (p-kʲ-b): nm. series of battles or fights; series of
1281 contests in which the victor of the entire series is determined by
1282 the winner of more individual contests
1283 * pikʲésbe (p-kʲ-b): nf. battle with heavy death tolls; fight to the
1284 death
1285 * pīkʲmób (p-kʲ-b): nn. anger (especially violent anger, with a
1286 connotation of being reactive but not necessarily unjustified)
1287 * pikʲʰéste (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. oscillation, vibration
1288 * pikʲʰéste (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. sudden or short movement
1289 * pikʲʰêt (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. horse
1290 * pīkʲʰmót (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. mobility
1291 * pikʲʰté (p-kʲʰ-t): nf.sg. motion, movement
1292 * pīkʲʰté (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. a movement, a motion
1293 * pîkʲʰten (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. an act of running, a running pace
1294 * pīkʲʰtís (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. a dance, a dance step
1295 * pisêŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. water
1296 * pisésŋe (p-s-ŋ): nm. flood
1297 * pīsmóŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. melting
1298 * pisŋé (p-s-ŋ): nf.sg. liquids (the state of matter, and the science
1299 of its behavior)
1300 * pīsŋé (p-s-ŋ): nn. act of flowing
1301 * pîsŋen (p-s-ŋ): nn. pool, puddle, act of pooling
1302 * pīsŋís (p-s-ŋ): nf. tide, change in level (especially of a fluid)
1303 * pmmrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural nominative
1304 * pmróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular nominative
1305 * pókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting, attacking
1306 * pókʲbon (p-kʲ-b): adj. killing, winning; lethal; victorious
1307 * pokʲisbó (p-kʲ-b): adj. enemy
1308 * pokʲnób (p-kʲ-b): adj. being killed, losing; fatally wounded or
1309 slain; defeated
1310 * pokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting, being attacked
1311 * pókʲohib (p-kʲ-b): adj. leading in battle, battling, fighting in a
1312 battle; tactical
1313 * pókʲsib (p-kʲ-b): adj. feuding, recurrently fighting
1314 * pokʲʰistó (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. dancing (especially following a lead or an
1315 established dance)
1316 * pókʲʰohit (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. causing things to move, impactful
1317 * pokʲʰót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. moving (due to external forces)
1318 * pokʲʰnót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. running (typically used of animals)
1319 * pókʲʰsit (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. dancing (especially when leading or
1320 creatively)
1321 * pókʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. moving (on its own), mobile
1322 * pókʲʰton (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. running (typically used of people)
1323 * pomrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural accusative
1324 * pomróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular accusative
1325 * pósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. flowing, fluid
1326 * pósŋon (p-s-ŋ): adj. pooling, overflowing, stagnant
1327 * posnóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. submerged, flooded, overflowed
1328 * pósohiŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. pouring (the one pouring a fluid), being
1329 poured, raining
1330 * posóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. watered (as e.g. plants, soil), irrigated
1331 * réhri/rehír (r-h-r): vi. to purr, to make other noises expressing
1332 contentment
1333 * réhrit/teréhir (r-h-r); v4. to mutually care for each other, to love
1334 (emphasizing action taken to care for one another)
1335 * rem/rē: prep. away from (takes the dative); from (takes the
1336 prepositional) (the clitic form is ambiguous with "reŋ")
1337 * rémher/remhēré (r-h-r): vi. to be calm, to be docile (especially used
1338 of animals)
1339 * rémŋep/remŋēpé (r-ŋ-p): vi. to come, to arrive; to bring (using
1340 preposition ked and the accusative case to indicate what is brought)
1341 * rénhir/rehrín (r-h-r): vi. to roar
1342 * rénŋip/reŋpín (r-ŋ-p): vt. to go to a place
1343 * reŋ/rē: prep. toward (takes the dative); to (takes the prepositional)
1344 (the clitic form is ambiguous with "rem")
1345 * réŋpi/reŋíp (r-ŋ-p): vi/vt. to be at a place (trans.); to dwell or
1346 live in a place (intr./trans.); to exist (intr.)
1347 * réŋpit/teréŋip (r-ŋ-p): v4. to meet together (coming to a place to
1348 meet up, not meeting for the first time)
1349 * rihêr (r-h-r): nm. purr
1350 * rihésre (r-h-r): nm. affectionate sounds made between lovers
1351 * rīhmór (r-h-r): nn. calmness, docility (especially in animals)
1352 * ríhor (r-h-r): nm. contentment noises, particularly from animals or
1353 children
1354 * rihré (r-h-r): nf. contentment, feeling of safety (primarily used to
1355 discuss it in the abstract, or to describe a person's general
1356 demeanor; for in-the-moment experiences of this feeling, see
1357 "firīhrí")
1358 * rīhré (r-h-r): nn. act of purring
1359 * rîhren (r-h-r): nn. act of roaring, roar
1360 * rīhrís (r-h-r): nf. love relationship (especially between young
1361 people)
1362 * riŋêp (r-ŋ-p): nm. dwelling, house
1363 * riŋéspe (r-ŋ-p): nm. city, town
1364 * riŋéspe (r-ŋ-p): nf. road, path, trail
1365 * rīŋmóp (r-ŋ-p): nn. moment of arrival, act of coming
1366 * riŋpé (r-ŋ-p): nf.sg. locality (the idea of being in a place),
1367 existence
1368 * rīŋpé (r-ŋ-p): nn. location of someone or something; act of dwelling
1369 in a place, residence; fact of existing
1370 * rîŋpen (r-ŋ-p): nn. act of going, moment of departure
1371 * rīŋpís (r-ŋ-p): nf. act of meeting, meeting
1372 * rohisró (r-h-r): adj. loved (emphasizing lover(s) taking care of you)
1373 * rohnór (r-h-r): adj. making threatening noises (only used with
1374 animals)
1375 * rohór (r-h-r): adj. making noises of contentment
1376 * róhohir (r-h-r): adj. caretaking, making others to feel safe
1377 * róhro (r-h-r): adj. purring
1378 * róhron (r-h-r): adj. roaring
1379 * róhsir (r-h-r): adj. loving (with an emphasis on action taken to make
1380 lover(s) feel safe and content)
1381 * roŋispó (r-ŋ-p): adj. meeting by chance or spontaneously
1382 * roŋnóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. being gone to, destination
1383 * róŋohip (r-ŋ-p): adj. sending, sent; putting, being put; creating
1384 * roŋóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. occupied, inhabited (of a place)
1385 * róŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. being in a place, local; dwelling in a place, at
1386 home, resident; existing
1387 * róŋpon (r-ŋ-p): adj. going
1388 * róŋsip (r-ŋ-p): adj. arranging to meet, meeting intentionally
1389 * ropo: conj. introduces a relative clause
1390 * sélhi/selíh (s-l-h): vi. to fly
1391 * sélhit/tesélih (s-l-h): v4. to overfly (the place or thing flown over
1392 takes the dative case); (rarely) to fly high or ascend
1393 * sémleh/semlēhé (s-l-h): vi. to be in the air, to float in the air
1394 * sen: prep. of, belonging to
1395 * sénlih/selhín (s-l-h): v. to fly downward rapidly, to swoop (intr.);
1396 to swoop down on (trans.)
1397 * sifípetʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. age, era (long period of time of often vague
1398 duration)
1399 * síkʲo: num. 400
1400 * silêh (s-l-h): nn. mindless bird, flying animal
1401 * siléshe (s-l-h): nm. a flight, journey by flight
1402 * siléshe (s-l-h): nf. a flying ascent
1403 * silhé (s-l-h): nf.sg. flight, the art of flying
1404 * sīlhé (s-l-h): nn. act of flying, flap of wings
1405 * sîlhen (s-l-h): nn. a flying descent, a swoop
1406 * sīlhís (s-l-h): nf. an act of overflying
1407 * sīlmóh (s-l-h): nn. the state of being in the air or floating
1408 * síloh (s-l-h): nv. bat-person, a mammalian person who flies
1409 * simídekʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. language, script
1410 * sipíkʲeb (p-kʲ-b): nm. wound, injury (used for injuries from fights,
1411 battle, or physical contests)
1412 * sipíkʲʰet (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. acceleration
1413 * sipíseŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. mouthful (esp. of liquids)
1414 * sisíleh (s-l-h): nm. wingspan
1415 * sobíhil (b-h-l): nn. temple, place of worship
1416 * sobítir (b-t-r): nn. a far away place
1417 * sodírigʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. hearth, firepit
1418 * sofípitʰ (f-p-tʰ): nn. time of day, hour
1419 * sogʲílip (gʲ-l-p): nn. market
1420 * sohímih (h-m-h): nn. planet (including the sun but not the fixed
1421 stars)
1422 * sokínig (k-n-g): nn. domain (land owned or controlled by a land-owner
1423 or ruler)
1424 * sólho (s-l-h): adj. flying, flapping
1425 * sólhon (s-l-h): adj. swooping, flying downward
1426 * solishó (s-l-h): adj. flying high
1427 * solnóh (s-l-h): adj. swooped down upon
1428 * solóh (s-l-h): adj. flying, wind-borne
1429 * sólohih (s-l-h): adj. throwing, being thrown, moving through the air
1430 * sólsih (s-l-h): adj. overflying something
1431 * somídikʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. TKTK (some sort of language place)
1432 * sopíkʲib (p-kʲ-b): nn. battlefield, scene of a fight
1433 * sopíkʲʰit (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. path
1434 * sopísiŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. body of water or other liquid, esp. an ocean
1435 * soríhir (r-h-r): nn. place of safety, home (in the sense of place
1436 where one feels secure)
1437 * soríŋip (r-ŋ-p): nn. place
1438 * sosílih (s-l-h): nn. high up place to perch on
1439 * sotíhib (t-h-b): nn. hiding place, hideout
1440 * petʰ: prep. during, in (in the sense of a time period) (the dative
1441 case indicates that the events described took place exclusively in
1442 the time period, while the prepositional case does not specify
1443 whether they extend outside of this time in either direction).
1444 * tē: prn. second-person singular accusative
1445 * tedirgʷó (d-r-gʷ): nm. burn
1446 * tefmótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular prepositional
1447 * tefmtʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural prepositional
1448 * tekingó (k-ng): nm. non-inheriting descendant of a land-owner or
1449 ruler
1450 * téhbi/tehíb (t-h-b): vt. extract, remove
1451 * téhbit/tetéhib (t-h-b): v4. to miss one another
1452 * témheb/temhēbé (t-h-b): vi. to be scarce (of a thing); to be poor (of
1453 a person)
1454 * ténhib/tehbín (t-h-b): vt. steal
1455 * tēné: prn. second-person plural accusative
1456 * tenó: prn. second-person plural prepositional
1457 * tepisŋó (p-s-ŋ): nm. blood
1458 * terihró (r-h-r): nm. whimpers, pleading noises
1459 * teriŋpó (r-ŋ-p): nm. starting point
1460 * tī: prn. second-person singular dative
1461 * tifmótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular dative
1462 * tifmtʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural dative
1463 * tihbé (t-h-b): nf. removal, absence (all in the abstract); metallurgy
1464 * tīhbé (t-h-b): nn. act of removal
1465 * tîhben (t-h-b): nn. act of stealing, theft
1466 * tīhbís (t-h-b): nf. state of missing one another; loneliness
1467 * tihêb (t-h-b): nm. thief (person who steals)
1468 * tihésbe (t-h-b): nm. poverty
1469 * tihésbe (t-h-b): nf. bad luck
1470 * tīhmób (t-h-b): nn. scarcity
1471 * tíhob (t-h-b): nm. windfall
1472 * tīné: prn. second-person plural nominative
1473 * tn: prn. second-person singular nominative
1474 * to: prn. second-person singular prepositional
1475 * tobitír (b-t-r): nn. foot, paw; foot (a unit of length)
1476 * todirígʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. day
1477 * togʲilíp (gʲ-l-p): nn. price
1478 * tóhbo (t-h-b): adj. extracting, removing
1479 * tóhbon (t-h-b): adj. stealing
1480 * tohimíh (h-m-h): nn. day-night cycle
1481 * tohisbó (t-h-b): adj. lonely
1482 * tohnób (t-h-b): adj. stolen
1483 * tohób (t-h-b): adj. extracted, removed
1484 * tóhohib (t-h-b): adj. burgling, breaking into
1485 * tóhsib (t-h-b): adj. missing someone
1486 * tokiníg (k-n-g): nn. heir to property or position
1487 * tōmidíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. sentence
1488 * ton: prn. second-person plural dative
1489 * topikʲíb (p-kʲ-b): nn. rabid or aggressive animal
1490 * tōpisíŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. cup, waterskin, jug
1491 * torihír (r-h-r): nn. mindless cat
1492 * toriŋíp (r-ŋ-p): nn. destination
1493 * tosilíh (s-l-h): nn. mindless bat, flying mindless mammal
1494 * totihíb (t-h-b): nn. stolen good; loot
1495 * tʰŋ: prn. second-person plural vocative
1496 * tʰō: prn. second-person singular vocative
1497 * tʰon: num. three
This page took 0.181169 seconds and 3 git commands to generate.