3 This is one of several conlanguages [][@:Rinna] is working on for an
4 eventual Dark Dungeons X (BECMI D&D retroclone) setting.
6 Some useful (HTML-and-JS) tools for working with Midêkʰ words may be
8 ](https://ekiru.github.io/conlang-tools/midekh/){title="Midêkʰ tools"}
10 rinna uses the token "TKTK" to mark places where more stuff is needed
13 a minimal map of the world in question is below for a bit of context.
14 it is also necessary to know that all or most sentient creatures in the
15 setting are anthropomorphic animals, but that the corresponding
16 ordinary animals also exist but are considered non-sentient.
18 ![map of an as-yet unnamed world, with three contents and a few
19 islands](https://lyssa-rpg-docs.neocities.org/media/blorb-world-map-minimal.png){width=600}
21 Rinna has the following goals for Midêkʰ:
23 * it will serve as a proto-language for a number of languages spoken
24 along the west coast and within the temperate interior (mostly the
25 30°-45° zone) of the southeastern continent, possibly plus some
26 further-flung offshoots.
27 * fae wants to build it around a system of biliteral or triliteral
28 consonantal roots (as in Afro-Asiatic languages such as Tamazight,
29 Egyptian, Amharic, Hebrew, Akkadian, etc.)
30 * fae is inclined to include few vowel qualities, but with some
31 additional complication such as pitch accent, vowel length, or
32 extensive use of diphthongs that may develop into a more extensive
33 vowel system in daughter languages.
34 * it should not be too difficult to pronounce for the native US
35 English and Rioplatense Spanish speakers likely to play in the
36 setting, particularly since the most likely places for faese games
37 to start out will have this language prominent.
38 but some such difficulties can be resolved in daughter languages via
40 * the proto-language and descendant languages will mostly but perhaps
41 not exclusively be used for names (of people/places/texts/etc.)
45 To help with approachability for English/Spanish speakers, [][@:Rinna]
46 opted to draw inspiration from
47 [Wikipedia's account of Proto-Indo-European phonology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology#Vowels){title="Wikipedia on reconstructed PIE phonology"}.
51 | | labial | coronal | p.velar | velar | l.velar | glottal |
52 |-----------|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-----:|:-------:|:-------:|
53 | nasal | m | n | | ŋ | | |
54 | voiceless | p | t | kʲ | k | kʷ | |
55 | voiced | b | d | gʲ | g | gʷ | |
56 | aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʲʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | |
57 | fricative | f | s | | | | h |
58 | liquid | | r l | | | | |
61 The language featured three series of stops: voiceless, voiced, and
62 aspirated (voicing was not phonemic in aspirated consonants).
63 Each of these series included a labial stop, a coronal (dental or
64 alveolar) stop, and three variants of a velar stop: a plain variant, a
65 palatalized variant, and a labialized variant.
67 There were three fricatives: a (bi)labial fricative, a coronal
68 fricative, and a glottal fricative.
70 There were three nasal stops: labial, coronal, and velar.
71 There were two coronal approximants: rhotic and lateral.
72 Both the nasals and the approximants could be used as syllable nuclei.
74 There were three vowels: `*e` (mid front), `*o` (mid back), and `*i`
76 Each vowel could be pronounced long or short, which was phonemic.
77 Long vowels are transcribed with a macron.
79 One syllable in each multisyllabic word was emphasized, likely with a
80 raised pitch (marked with an acute accent on the vowel).
81 Long vowels of accented syllables are marked with a circumflex for
84 A syllable begins with a consonant followed by either a vowel, a nasal,
85 or an approximant as a nucleus.
86 A syllable with a vowel can additionally have a final consonant.
90 Most content words are derived from a "root" (TKTK) consisting of two
91 to four (but usually three) consonants, which are combined with a
92 particular template (TKTK) of surrounding and intervening sounds
93 (mostly vowels) to form a particular word.
94 Roots will be represented with their consonants separated by hyphens,
95 for example: `m-d-kʰ` (which is the root for language).
96 Templates can include any vowel but only certain consonants: nasal
97 stops (n m ŋ), the coronal and glottal fricatives (s h), and the
98 voiceless coronal stop (t).
102 Unlike nouns and verbs, adjective are not derived from using a
103 combination of root and template, with the exception of the active and
104 passive participles of verbs.
105 Some adjectives are fixed words, but most are the result of affixation
108 Adjectives are marked for number, gender, and case to match the noun
113 Nouns are marked for number (singular and plural) and case using a
114 prefix for case and a suffix for number.
115 Each noun also has a gender: either masculine, feminine, or neuter.
117 The cases present in the language were:
119 * Nominative: used for the subject of the verb.
120 * Accusative: used for the object of transitive verbs.
121 * Vocative: used for a party directly addressed by the speaker.
122 * Dative: used for the recipient or beneficiary of an action.
123 * Prepositional: used for the complement of most prepositions, although
124 some prepositions require or allow other cases.
128 There are ten personal pronouns: a singular and a plural pronoun for
129 each of the first and second persons, and three singular and three
130 plural third-person pronouns, distinguished by gender.
131 Each pronoun has forms for the different cases, although only the
132 second person pronouns have vocative forms.
134 The first and second person pronouns seem to be related to the verbal
136 The third-person masculine and feminine pronouns appear to derive from
137 the verbal participle adjective "fomódkʰo" (meaning 'sapient' or
138 'capable of language', active participle of the 5th form verb of the
139 root m-d-kʰ), while the neuter pronouns derive from the verbal
140 participle adjectives "moróŋpo" and "moroŋóp" (respectively meaning
141 "arriving, nearby" or "leaving, distant"; passive and active
142 participles of the 6th-form verb of the root r-ŋ-p).
144 The forms of the personal pronouns are given in the table below:
146 | usage | nom. | acc. | voc. | dat. | prep. |
147 |----------|---------|----------|---------|---------|---------|
148 | 1p.sg. | kʰn | kʰē | | kʰī | kʰo |
149 | 1p.pl. | kʰīné | kʰēné | | kʰon | kʰenó |
150 | 2p.sg. | tn | tē | tʰō | tī | to |
151 | 2p.pl. | tīné | tēné | tʰŋ | ton | tenó |
152 | 3p.sg.m. | fomótʰ | defmótʰ | | tifmótʰ | tefmótʰ |
153 | 3p.sg.f. | gifmóg | kefmóg | | gofmóg | kimóg |
154 | 3p.sg.n. | pmróŋ | pomróŋ | | bmróŋ | bomróŋ |
155 | 3p.pl.m. | fomotʰí | defmtʰí | | tifmtʰí | tefmtʰí |
156 | 3p.pl.f. | gifmgí | kefmgí | | gofmgí | kifmgí |
157 | 3p.pl.n. | pmmrŋóp | pomrŋóp | | bmrŋóp | bomrŋóp |
159 The third-person personal pronouns have two special uses:
161 * In relative clauses, they represent the head noun within the relative
163 * They may be placed between two noun phrases to represent that both
164 phrases have the same referent (serving a function similar to
165 apposition in English), in which case the pronoun and both
166 noun-phrases must agree in case, number, and gender.
170 The interrogative pronouns derive from nouns of the root L-T-M
175 Verbs are inflected for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number.
176 Person is first, second, and third.
177 Number is either singular or plural.
179 There are two tenses, which reflect the time at which the action
182 * Non-past: used for events happening now, in the future, in the
183 immediate past, or at an uncertain time.
184 * Past: used for events that started in the past, but not the immediate
187 There are three aspects, although the continuous and habitual are only
188 distinguished in the indicative mood:
190 * Continuous: used to describe an ongoing process.
191 * Habitual: used to describe a recurring or cyclical activity.
192 * Perfective: used to describe an action as a single unit.
194 There are three moods:
196 * Indicative: used for statements of facts.
197 * Optative: used for wishes and hopes, conditional events, and some
199 * Subjunctive: used for hypothetical events, future events, and more
202 Issues such as questions and the active or passive voice are marked
203 elsewhere in a sentence.
205 There are three special forms of each verb:
207 * The verbal noun, which functions as a noun and can represent the act
208 of the verb occuring or a object related to the activity described by
210 The gender of a verbal noun is determined by the verb's conjugation
211 group, but they receive affixes for number and case normally.
212 * The active participle, which functions as an adjective or adverb and
213 indicates that the modified word is related to the subject of the
215 * The passive participle, which functions as an adjective or adverb and
216 indicates that the modified word is related to the verb's object.
218 Both participles receive the normal affixes for number, gender, and
223 Numerals attach to and modify nouns, but unlike adjectives are not
224 inflected for agreement.
225 For this reason they must immediately follow the modified noun.
227 The numerals are arranged rather regularly on a vigesimal basis:
229 * Numbers one to twenty have their own words, although the words for
230 11 through 19 are likely related to a combination of "b-t-r"
231 (measurement, leg) and the first nine numbers.
232 * Multiples of twenty are expressed as, for example, "fesso dōdekʷ"
233 ('40', literally 'twenty in-two').
234 * Numbers between two multiplies of twenty are expressed by
235 constructions such as "dekʷkokŋ" ('22', 'two-and twenty').
236 * Similar units exist for 400 "síkʲo" (20 times 20), and 8000 "dóho",
237 (20 times 20 times 20).
238 Multiples are formed just as with multiples of twenty.
239 400s follow 20s and 8000s follow 400s, with the connecting "kokŋ"
240 ('and') always attaching to the unit rather than the multiple, as for
241 example: "tʰonkokŋ fessokokŋ dōtʰon síkʲokokŋ dōdekʷ dóho" ('8863',
242 literally '3-and 20-and in-3 400-and in-2 8000').
244 The larger units are sometimes used more vaguely, with "síkʲo" 400
245 having a meaning akin to 'many', and "dóho" 8000 being used to refer to
246 'everything' or 'more than can be counted'.
248 Ordinal numbers can be formed by using the prepositional clitic "sē-"
249 ('of') at the start of the number: "sēhekʷkokŋ fesso" for 21st.
251 Here are the numbers one-to-twenty:
269 * "bētdelr" seventeen
274 And the units for larger numbers:
279 ## Derivational morphology
281 The derivational morphology of Midêkʰ is based around the combination
282 of a root with a template to form a stem (TKTK).
283 These stems are further modified by infection to arrive at final word
286 This section and the following one on inflectional morphology will
287 represent roots using their consonants separated by hyphens: e.g.
288 m-d-kʰ, p-ŋ-r, h-s-t.
289 Groups of roots sharing only certain components will be represented
290 with a question mark `?` for any unspecified consonants: p-?-r would
291 include p-ŋ-r, p-k-r, p-s-r, etc.
292 Templates will be written with their surrounding and intervening sounds
293 and with the position of each root consonant represented by a plus
294 sign, for example: `+i+ē+`.
295 Groups of templates sharing certain components will be represented
296 using a question mark for any unspecified template positions: for
297 example, `?+i+?+?` represents all noun templates (which all place a
298 short /i/ between the first two consonants).
300 This section and the following will primarily use the root `m-d-kʰ` as
301 an example to express how roots are combined with templates to form
304 ### Derivation of noun stems
306 All noun templates place /i/ between the first two consonants of the
307 root, other than the verbal noun patterns which place /ī/ there, a long
309 These are summarized below, with more details below:
311 | pattern | description | m-d-kʰ | gender | english gloss |
312 |---------|--------------|----------|--------|--------------------------|
313 | +i++é | abstraction | midkʰé | f | linguistics/all language |
314 | +i+ê+ | prototype | midêkʰ | varies | the Midêkʰ language |
315 | so+í+i+ | place | somídikʰ | n | TKTK |
316 | mi+í++o | instrument | mimídkʰo | n | pen, stylus |
317 | +i+és+e | emphasis | midéskʰe | m/f | conversation/command |
318 | hê+i+o+ | personal | hêmidokʰ | m/f | orator, author, sage |
319 | hi+i++í | diminutive | himidkʰí | f | word |
320 | ŋô+i++o | derogative | ŋômidkʰo | m | nonsense, pleading |
322 * The noun of abstraction represents the abstract category of the root,
323 both the set of all of the things (or at least a particular type of
324 thing) encompassed by the root, the idealized concept of the root,
325 and sometimes the academic, artistic, or other sort of field related
327 The noun of abstraction is not normally used in the plural, but this
328 may have occasionally happened in poetic language to refer to many or
329 all things belonging to the category.
330 * The prototype noun represents the prototypical object related to a
332 For some roots, the prototype refers to a specific thing (as "Midêkʰ"
333 for the language) as a proper noun, in which case it cannot be used
334 in the plural and it has feminine gender.
335 In other cases, it refers to a typical type of object related to the
336 root (e.g. p-s-ŋ 'liquid' has the prototype pisêŋ 'water'), in which
337 case the noun may be used in the plural and has neuter gender if it
338 refers to a mindless animal and masculine gender otherwise.
339 * Nouns of place refer to a place associated with the root.
340 * Nouns of instrument refer to a tool used in performing actions
341 associated with the root.
342 * Nouns of emphasis refer to a repetition or intense form of an action
344 They are usually masculine, but in some cases a root gives rise to
345 two nouns of emphasis with identical form but with one masculine and
347 When this occurs, typically the feminine noun relates to intense
348 action and the masculine noun relates to repeated action.
349 * The personal noun refers to a type of person associated with the
351 The noun is gendered according to the individual being referred to.
352 When not referring to a particular individual of known gender, the
353 word is typically masculine except when the meaning of the word was
354 strongly associated with women.
355 * Diminutives refer to something small or dear related to the root.
356 * Derogative nouns refer to something disapproved of related to the
358 * There are also several "common noun" patterns which can give rise to
359 various nouns associated with the root without specific semantic
360 implications from the pattern.
361 Each root only is used with a subset of the common noun patterns.
362 Some patterns for common nouns (with the resulting noun's gender in
363 brackets) include "+í+o+" (f), "to+i+í+" (n), "te+i++ó" (m),
364 "no+i+é+" (f), "si+í+e+" (m).
365 * Finally there are verbal noun patterns that are treated below.
367 ### Derivation of verb stems
369 Verbs are similarly formed by combining a semantic root with one of
371 Unlike nouns, the patterns for verbs are grouped into several "forms",
372 each form consisting of several patterns for different uses of a verb.
373 The application of the patterns of a form to a given root are
374 considered different variations of the same verb.
376 Verb forms will be distinguished using a number (e.g. 1st form, 2nd
378 Each form has patterns for the non-past tense stem, the past tense
379 stem, the verbal noun, the active participle, and the passive
381 The verb stems must then be inflected for aspect, mood, aspect, number,
382 and person to be used.
384 The patterns for each verb form are indicated in the following table,
385 with information about typical semantics and other properties of the
386 forms described after the table.
388 | Form | non-past | past | verbal noun | active part. | passive part. |
389 |------|----------|----------|-------------|--------------|---------------|
390 | 1st | +é++i | +e+í+ | +ī++é | +ó++o | +o+ó+ |
391 | 2nd | +én+i+ | +e++ín | +î++en | +ó++on | +o+nó+ |
392 | 3rd | hō+e++ó | hō+é+o+o | he+ī+é+ | +ó+ohi+ | he+o++ó |
393 | 4th | +é++it | te+é+i+ | +ī++ís | +ó+si+o | +o+is+ó |
394 | 5th | fe+é+e+ | fí+e+ē+ | fi+ī++í | fo+ó++o | fo+o+ó+ |
395 | 6th | +ém+e+ | +em+ē+é | +ī+mó+ | mo+o+ó+ | mo+ó++o |
397 * The 1st form refers to the action seen as most directly connected
398 with the meaning of the root.
399 They may be either transitive or intransitive depending on the
400 meaning of the verb, although ditransitive 1st form verbs are rare.
401 The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
402 * The 2nd form typically has a meaning related to some action with a
403 lasting effect or impact, although in some cases it is instead an
404 emphatic or more intense version of the root's 1st-form verb.
405 They may be either transitive or intransitive.
406 The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
407 * The 3rd form often functions as a causative, representing a
408 ditransitive form of a transitive 1st or 2nd form verb, or a
409 transitive form of an intransitive 1st or 2nd form verb.
410 When the 3rd form is a causative, it usually serves as causative for
411 both the 1st and 2nd form, not just one of them.
412 Even when not causative in meaning, the 3rd form is always transitive
414 The verbal noun is of masculine gender.
415 The active participle of ditransitive 3rd form verbs often relates to
416 either or both of the agent and patient of the action, with the
417 passive participle relating solely to the recipient or benefactor.
418 * The 4th form often refers to a reciprocal or repeated action related
420 4th form verbs interact atypically with the case system: when they
421 have reciprocal meaning, all parties typically take the nominative
422 case, although for emphasis a single participant can be treated as
423 the subject while a preposition is used to identify other
425 if the verb can ever have reciprocal meaning, it never takes an
427 even when the particular verb cannot have reciprocal meaning, any
428 patient of the described action must be marked for the dative case.
429 The verbal noun is of feminine gender.
430 The active and passive participles are generally used to refer to
431 different aspects of the subject(s), often but not always using the
432 active participle for a more agentive aspect of the action.
433 * The 5th form often has a meaning related to either capability of
434 performing some action or the acquisition or possession of a
435 non-physical quality (capability of action perhaps being considered a
436 non-physical quality);
437 in some cases the verb may be used for both meanings.
438 5th form verbs are only transitive when used to indicate capability.
439 The verbal noun is of masculine gender.
440 The passive participle of 5th form verbs is usually used as a sort of
441 negative: it indicates that something does not have the quality or
442 cannot perform the action.
443 * The 6th form often has a meaning related to either resulting from an
444 action or having or gaining some physical quality, such as colour or
446 As with the 5th form, many of these verbs may be used for both meanings.
447 6th form verbs are never transitive.
448 The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
449 The active participle of 6th form verbs, similar to the passive
450 participle of 5th form verbs, usually serves as a negative: it
451 indicates that something does not result from the action or does not
454 ### Derivation of adjectives
456 As noted above, adjectives are not derived via the combination of a
457 root and pattern (other than the participles of verbs).
458 Instead most of them arise from affixation of existing words.
460 Some of these derivational affixes are listed below:
462 * The prefix "lo-" forms the "relational" adjective from a noun, which
463 indicates that the modified noun is in some fashion related to the
465 * The prefix "tr-" negates an adjective.
466 * The suffixes "-kor" and "-kel" produce comparative forms of an
467 adjective, with "-kor" indicating more and "-kel" less.
471 ## Inflectional morphology
473 ### Noun and adjective inflection
475 Nouns receive a prefix for case and a suffix for number.
476 Each gender uses a separate set of case prefixes.
477 Adjectives use the same set of number suffixes, and they use the same
478 case markers as neuter nouns when modifying a neuter noun.
479 Adjectives modifying masculine or feminine nouns use slightly different
480 case markers from those used by the noun.
482 Here are the case prefixes:
484 | case | m.noun | m.adj. | f.noun | f.adj. | neuter |
485 |---------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
486 | nominative | - | - | gr- | gi- | pl- |
487 | accusative | de- | de- | ge- | ke- | po- |
488 | vocative | tʰo- | to- | kʰo- | ko- | pl- |
489 | dative | te- | ti- | gn- | go- | bo- |
490 | prepositional | dē- | dē- | kī- | kī- | pō- |
492 And the number suffixes, which differ depending on whether the stem
493 ends in a vowel or a consonant:
495 | number | after vowel | after consonant |
496 |----------|-------------|-----------------|
497 | singular | -k | - |
498 | plural | -hi | -i |
502 Verb stems produced by derivation are inflected for aspect, mood,
504 One affix marks aspect and mood, a prefix marks person, and a suffix
505 marks number, with aspect-mood applied before person and number (such
506 that an aspect-mood prefix follows the person prefix and an aspect-mood
507 suffix precedes the number prefix).
508 The verb agrees in person and number with the syntactic subject (the
509 noun or pronoun in the nominative case).
511 The indicative mood uses a prefix for aspect-mood in the continuous
512 aspect, a suffix in the habitual aspect, and the plain stem in the
514 The indicative habitual suffix is identical to the continuous prefix.
515 In contrast, the optative and subjunctive moods uniformly use suffixes
516 for aspect-mood and do not distinguish the continuous and habitual
518 All of these aspect-mood aspects are indicated in the table below (with
519 the hyphen marking where the stem is attached):
521 | mood | continuous | habitual | perfective |
522 |-------------|------------|----------|------------|
523 | indicative | bi- | -bi | - |
524 | optative | -r | -r | -n |
525 | subjunctive | -l | -l | -m |
527 The number suffixes for verbs differ depending on whether they follow a
528 vowel or a consonant, and are listed in the table below:
530 | number | after vowel | after consonant |
531 |----------|-------------|-----------------|
532 | singular | -g | - |
533 | plural | -hē | -ē |
535 The person suffixes are invariant and are listed in the table below:
543 As an example, here are a few inflections of the 2nd-form non-past
544 stem "méndikʰ" (write):
546 * biméndikʰē: they are writing (indicative non-past continuous
548 * tmbiméndikʰ: you(sg.) are writing (indicative non-past continuous
550 * kʰoméndikʰē: we write (indicative non-past perfective 1st-person plural)
554 As a summary of word order concerns:
556 * Adjectives usually follow the noun but may be placed elsewhere as
557 they can be correlated with the right noun due to agreement.
558 Demonstratives must immediately precede and numerals must immediately
559 follow the noun when present.
560 * Relative clauses follow the noun, after any adjectives or numerals
562 * Typically subject-verb-object, but it may vary.
563 * The question particle begins the sentence
564 * Questions do not alter sentence order
565 * Conditional sentences typically places the condition before the
567 * Comparisons are of the form adjective-marker-standard (i.e. the
568 adjective being compared, an analogue to "than", then the standard
569 against which the comparison is being made)
573 Prepositions are placed before a noun or noun phrase to express various
574 relationships or to confer semantic roles on their objects.
576 Each preposition consists of a word ending in a consonant (often
578 Most prepositions also have a clitic form which is formed by dropping
579 the final consonant and lenghtening the preceding vowel and which can
580 be prefixed to its object.
581 Cliticized prepositions can be used with objects other than noun
582 phrases for various purposes.
583 Some clitic forms are ambiguous between different prepositions.
585 Here are some of the prepositions in Midêkʰ with their meanings and
588 * dol/dō-: PREP in, within; DAT
589 * fin/fī-: as; measuring to
590 * ked/kē: PREP with; ACC carrying/bringing/etc. (with verbs of motion)
591 * petʰ/pē-: PREP in (time), during (DAT with the same meaning but the
592 additional indication that the events were located entirely in the
594 * rem/rē: PREP from; DAT away from
595 * reŋ/rē: PREP to; DAT toward
596 * sen/sē-: of, belonging to
600 Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses in various
603 As with prepositions, conjunctions often have a clitic form.
604 Unlike prepositions, clitic conjunctions are suffixes and are not
607 The conjunctions of Midêkʰ include:
609 * koko/-kokŋ: and, also
610 * modo, which lacks a clitic and introduces a quotation.
611 It does not imply that the quotation is exact, although it is equally
612 usable for exact or direct quotations.
613 * ropo, which lacks a clitic form and introduces a relative clause.
617 Relative clauses follow a noun phrase and are introduced by the
618 relativizing conjunction "ropo".
619 The relative clause is structured much as any other sentence, but must
620 include a third-person personal pronoun of the same gender and number
621 as the modified noun.
622 This third-person pronoun is marked for case to indicate what role
623 the modified noun plays in the relative clause.
625 ## Semantics and Pragmatics
635 The sample texts will be in this format:
637 * First, in a blockquote, the sample text is presented in (romanized)
638 Midêkʰ. For multi-sentence texts, the sentences are numbered in
640 * For each sentence of the sample text, it is repeated in *_bold
641 italics_* (identified by number for multi-sentence texts).
642 * Each sentence has a tabular morpheme-by-morpheme inter-linear gloss
643 and then a translation into English.
644 * The glosses mostly follow the
645 [](https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php){title="Leipzig
647 although the root and patterns of stems are not separated.
649 The following all-caps abbreviations are used in the glossses:
651 * person: 1(st-person), 2(nd-person), 3(rd-person)
652 * number: S(in)G(ular), PL(ural)
653 * gender: M(asculine), F(eminine), N(euter)
654 * case: NOM(inative), ACC(usative), VOC(ative), DAT(ive),
656 * tense: P(a)ST, N(on-)P(a)st
657 * aspect: CON(tinuous), HAB(itual), P(er)F(ecti)V(e)
658 * mood: IND(icative), OPT(ati)V(e), S(u)BJ(uncti)V(e)
659 * derivational affixes: ADJ(ectivalization)
661 Rinna's first example text will be what would translate to the English text below, but first fae needs a lottt of words and probably some more syntax to figure out.
663 ### A historical account
665 > (1) petʰ tehimêh sēbotʰren sen dēkinêg dēlohêrihor tefmótʰ temidéskʰe-sēpikʲʰêtik, tedérigʷ grhêpikʲob gilohêsiloh ropo gifmóg gʲelpín gehimidkʰíhi kefmgí gedīrgʷís-róŋohipi.
667 1: *_petʰ tehimêh sēbotʰren sen dēkinêg dēlohêrihor tefmótʰ
668 dēmidéskʰe-sēpikʲʰêtik, tedérigʷ grhêpikʲob gilohêsiloh ropo gifmóg
669 gʲelpín gehimidkʰíhi kefmgí gedīrgʷís-róŋohipi._*
671 | petʰ | te-himêh | sē-botʰren | sen | dē-kinêg |
672 | during | DAT-year(M.SG) | of-thirteen | of | PREP-king(M.SG) |
674 | dē-lo-hêrihor | tefmótʰ | dē-midéskʰe-sē-pikʲʰêti-k |
675 | PREP.M-ADJ-cat.person | 3.M.SG.PREP | PREP.M-command-of-horses-SG |
677 | tedérigʷ | gr-hêpikʲob | gi-lo-hêsiloh |
678 | dawn(PST.PFV.IND.3.SG) | NOM.F-fighter(SG) | NOM.F-ADJ-bird.person(SG) |
680 | ropo | gifmóg | gʲelpín | ge-himidkʰí-hi |
681 | that | 3.F.SG.NOM | take(PST.PFV.IND.3.SG) | ACC.F-word-PL |
683 | kefmgí | ge-dīrgʷís-róŋohip-i |
684 | 3.F.PL.ACC | ACC.F-dawn-sent-PL |
686 "In the thirteenth year of Cat-King Command-of-horses, a bird fighter
687 appeared who called herself (took the words) Dawn-sent."
689 The full planned english text:
691 > In the thirteenth year of Cat-King General-of-Horses, a heron-fighter appeared who called herself Sent-by-Dawn. She said that General-of-Horses stole from the sacrifices and offended the gods. Sent-by-Dawn gathered a great army of the people and overthrew the evil king. The people clamored for her to rule them, and she declined, but for three days they surrounded her tent and clamored for her to rule them. After three days without peace or slumber, Sent-by-Dawn emerged from her tent and again the people clamored for her to rule them. Finally she took up the crown, and led the sacrifices and stole nothing from the gods. That was how the first year of Heron-Queen Sent-by-Dawn began.
697 Lists here are sorted using roughly the collation order of English.
698 Accented and long vowels are in the same position as the
699 unaccented/short analogues.
701 Aspirated consonants follow the non-aspirated analog.
702 For the velar consonants, the plain version comes first, followed by
703 the palatized, and finally the labialized.
707 * b-h-l: worship, god
708 * b-t-r: length, measurement, (leg)
709 * d-r-gʷ: fire, light, sun
711 * gʲ-l-p: transfer, commerce
712 * h-m-h: period, cycle
717 * p-s-ŋ: liquid/water
719 * r-ŋ-p: location, existence
721 * t-h-b: extract, steal
725 ### Word stems and complete words
727 Format: stem or word (root, if any): part of speech. gloss (notes)
729 Parts of speech: **n**oun (**m**asculine, **f**eminine, **n**euter,
730 **v**arying by referent), **v**erb (**t**ransitive, **i**ntransitive,
731 **d**itransitive, **4**th form), **adj**ective, **num**eral,
732 **prep**osition, **conjunction**.
734 Verbs are listed with the present stem separated from the past stem by
735 a slash, but collated according the present stem.
737 * béhli/behíl (b-h-l): vt. to worship, to pray
738 * béhlit/tebéhil (b-h-l): v4. to be devoted to a god, to dedicate one's
739 self to a god's service or worship (the god takes the dative case)
740 * bémhel/bemhēlé (b-h-l): vi. to be blessed, to receive a blessing
741 * bémter/bemtēré (b-t-r): vi. to be long, to have a measurement (the
742 measurement is indicated using the preposition fin), to lengthen
743 * bénhil/behlín (b-h-l): vd. to sacrifice (indirect object is the god)
744 * béntir/betrín (b-t-r): vi. to measure, especially to measure a
745 distance by walking it carefully (the thing measured is indicated
746 using the preposition dol and the dative case)
747 * bēptefr: num. fifteen
748 * bētdelr: num. seventeen
749 * bētetŕ: num. fourteen
750 * betdor: num. twelve
751 * bētgʲr: num. sixteen
752 * bétri/betír (b-t-r): vi. to walk
753 * betrikʷ: num. eleven
754 * bétrit/tebétir (b-t-r): vi. to pace back and forth, to patrol
755 * bihêl (b-h-l): nf.sg. Bihêl, the sky goddess, queen of the gods
756 * bihésle (b-h-l): nm. piety (this refers to the socially-expected
757 normal level of devotion to the gods)
758 * bihésle (b-h-l): nf. intense devotion to the gods (this is an
759 exceptional, more intense devotion than the masculine noun)
760 * bihle (b-h-l): nf.sg. the gods, collectively
761 * bīhlé (b-h-l): nn. act of worship
762 * bîhlen (b-h-l): nn. thing sacrificed
763 * bīhlís (b-h-l): nf. a person dedicated to a god's service
764 * bīhmól (b-h-l): nn. blessedness, state of being blessed or favoured
766 * bitésre (b-t-r): nm. notch, marking (as the markings on a ruler)
767 * bitêr (b-t-r): nm. leg; pace (a unit of length)
768 * bītmór (b-t-r): nn. a measurement.
769 * bitré (b-t-r): nf.sg. measurement, distance, length
770 * bītré (b-t-r): nn. a step
771 * bîtren (b-t-r): nn. an act of measuring
772 * bītrís (b-t-r): nf. a pacing, a round of a patrol path
773 * bmrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural dative
774 * bmróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular dative
775 * bohisló (b-h-l): adj. relating to the god to which a "bīhlis" is
777 * bóhlo (b-h-l): adj. worshiping, worshipful, praying
778 * bóhlon (b-h-l): adj. sacrificing (as in, performing a religious
780 * bohnól (b-h-l): adj. sacrificial, sacrificed
781 * bóhohil (b-h-l): adj. leading sacrifices; sacrificing communally
782 * bohól (b-h-l): adj. receiving worship, worthy of worship
783 * bóhsil (b-h-l): adj. devoted to a god
784 * bomrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural prepositional
785 * bomróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular prepositional
786 * botisró (b-t-r): adj. pacing, patrolling (emphasizing the repetition
788 * botnór (b-t-r): adj. measured
789 * bótohir (b-t-r): adj. measuring with a ruler or other instrument
790 (this carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
792 * botór (b-t-r): adj. walked through
793 * bótro (b-t-r): adj. walking
794 * bótron (b-t-r): adj. measuring
795 * bótsir (b-t-r): adj. pacing, patrolling (emphasizing the repetition
797 * botʰren: num. thirteen
798 * bmgʲér: num. nineteen
799 * botr: num. eighteen
800 * defmótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular accusative
801 * defmtʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural accusative
804 * démregʷ/demrēgʷé (d-r-gʷ): vi. to be or become hot (generally not as
805 an intrinsic trait, for that see the 1st form verb "dérgʷi/derígʷ")
806 * dénrigʷ/dergʷín (d-r-gʷ): vi/vt. to burn, to heat intensely (the
807 object, if present, is something that is being burned or heated using
808 the fire, not merely the fuel)
809 * dérgʷi/derígʷ (d-r-gʷ): v. to shine or give off heat (intr.); to
810 shine on or heat up (trans.)
811 * dérgʷit/tedérigʷ (d-r-gʷ): v4. to dawn, to come into power or one's
813 * dirêgʷ (d-r-gʷ): nf. the sun
814 * dirésgʷe (d-r-gʷ): nm. intense or large fire (especially if
815 accidental or natural)
816 * dirgʷé (d-r-gʷ): nf. fire (the element), light
817 * dīrgʷé (d-r-gʷ): nn. a fire, a light, act of shining or heating
818 * dîrgʷen (d-r-gʷ): nn. act of burning, intense heat
819 * dīrgʷís (d-r-gʷ): nf. dawn; period of greatest power and influence in
820 one's life, one's prime; dawn goddess
821 * dīrmógʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. heat, warmth (generally from an external
823 * dírogʷ (d-r-gʷ): nm. hot thing (especially a rock)
825 * dol: prep. in, within (takes prepositional case); through (takes
827 * dórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. shining, giving off heat
828 * dórgʷon (d-r-gʷ): adj. burning (of the flame itself), extremely hot
829 (of a fire or other heat source)
830 * dorisgʷó (d-r-gʷ): adj. in one's prime, dawning (used metaphorically
831 of things other than the sun or the dawn goddess)
832 * dornógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. burned (receiving burns or damage from the
833 fire, not merely being used as fuel), extremely hot (from external
835 * dorógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. lit, warm, heated
836 * dórohigʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. burning dangerously, dangerous
837 * dórsigʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. dawning (only used of the sun or the dawn
839 * febéhel/fíbehēl (b-h-l): vi. to be divine, to deserve worship
840 * febéter/fíbetēr (b-t-r): vi. to be clearly defined or bounded (rarely
841 used transitively to mean the subject is defined or has its
842 boundaries defined by the object)
843 * fedéregʷ/fíderēgʷ (d-r-gʷ): vi. to be magically or spiritually
844 powerful; to be dangerous
845 * fefépetʰ/fífepētʰ (f-p-tʰ): vi. to be possible; to be in the future
846 * fegʲélep/fígʲelēp (gʲ-l-p): vi. to be generous
847 * fehémeh/fíhemēh (h-m-h): vi. to be eternal, to be immortal
848 * fekéneg/fíkenēg (k-n-g): vi. to have authority, to be respected
849 * femédekʰ/fímedēkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be or become sapient, to be
851 * fémpetʰ/fempētʰé (f-p-tʰ): vi. to be current; to have happened
852 * fénpitʰ/feptʰín (f-p-tʰ): vt. to last for a duration; to be of a
854 * fepékʲeb/fípekʲēb (p-kʲ-b): vi. to have martial bravery or skill
855 * fepékʲʰet/fípekʲʰēt (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to be or become willful (in the
856 sense of directing your own actions)
857 * fepéseŋ/fípesēŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. to be variable or flexible, to change
858 * féptʰi/fepítʰ (f-p-tʰ): vi/t. to happen or happen at a time (the time
860 * féptʰit/tefépitʰ (f-p-tʰ): v4. to spend time together (whether in the
861 sense of hanging out, or having been thru a lot together, or what
863 * feréher/fírehēr (r-h-r): vi. to be content, to feel safe
864 * feréŋep/fíreŋēp (r-ŋ-p): vi. to be available, to not be busy (in the
865 sense of having the time to go to other places)
866 * feséleh/físelēh (s-l-h): vi. to be or become free (unconstrained)
868 * fetéheb/fítehēb (t-h-b): vi. to be absent, to not be present
869 * fibīhlí (b-h-l): nm. divinity; the property of being worthy of worship
870 * fibītrí (b-t-r): nm. a definition or act of defining, a boundary or
871 act of specifying boundaries
872 * fidīrgʷí (d-r-gʷ): nm. danger, great magical or spiritual power
873 * fifīptʰí (f-p-tʰ): nm. possibility, the future (both in general. a
874 specific possible or future event is "fípotʰ fofóptʰo")
875 * figʲīlpí (gʲ-l-p): nm. generosity
876 * fihīmhí (h-m-h): nm. eternity, endless time; immortality, endless
878 * fikīngí (k-n-g): nm. respect, authority
879 * fimīdkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nm. sapience
880 * fin: prep. as; measuring (used with the verb bémter/bemtēré to
881 indicate the measurement of the subject of the verb)
882 * fipéstʰe (f-p-tʰ): nm. interval between two events
883 * fipéstʰe (f-p-tʰ): nf. duration, period of time
884 * fipêtʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. a while, minute
885 * fipīkʲbí (p-kʲ-b): nm. bravery or skill in battle
886 * fipīkʲʰtí (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. self-direction or will
887 * fipīsŋí (p-s-ŋ): nm. mutability, variability, change
888 * fīpmótʰ (f-p-tʰ): nn. now, the present moment (in the singular); the
890 * fípotʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. event, thing that may happen or have happened
891 (compared to fīptʰé, this may be used for more hypothetical events)
892 * fiptʰé (f-p-tʰ): nf.sg. time (in general)
893 * fīptʰé (f-p-tʰ): nn. event, thing that in fact happened
894 * fîptʰen (f-p-tʰ): nn. duration; age (of a person or thing)
895 * fīptʰís (f-p-tʰ): nf. act of spending time with another person;
896 shared experience, camaradery, time spent together
897 * firīhrí (r-h-r): nm. contentment, feeling of safety (the concrete
898 feeling in the moment; for the feeling in the abstract or as a
899 general trait see "rihré")
900 * firīŋpí (r-ŋ-p): nm. availability (to go)
901 * fisīlhí (s-l-h): nm. freedom from constraint
902 * fitīhbí (t-h-b): nm. absence
903 * fobóhlo (b-h-l): adj. divine, worthy of worship
904 * fobohól (b-h-l): adj. not divine, not worthy of worship; mortal
905 * fobótro (b-t-r): adj. clearly defined, bounded, finite in extent
906 * fobotór (b-t-r): adj. indefinable, unbounded, infinite
907 * fodórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. dangerous, magically or spiritually powerful
908 * fodorógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. not dangeorus, weak of soul or power
909 * fofopótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. impossible, not going to happen
910 * fofóptʰo (f-p-tʰ): adj. possible, in the future, potential
911 * fohómho (h-m-h): adj. eternal; immortal
912 * fohomóh (h-m-h): adj. temporary; mortal
913 * fogʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. ungenerous, covetous
914 * fogʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. generous
915 * fokóngo (k-n-g): adj. respected, authoritative
916 * fokonóg (k-n-g): adj. disrespected, lacking authority, unable to
918 * fomódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. sapient, capable of language
919 * fomodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. non-sapient, incapable of language, mindless
920 * fomótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular nominative
921 * fomotʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural nominative
922 * fopistʰó (f-p-tʰ): adj. having experienced a lot together
923 * fopnótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. relating to the duration or age of an event or
925 * fópohitʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. spending time doing something, busy
926 * fopókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. brave or skillful in battle
927 * fopokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. cowardly or unreliable in battle
928 * fopokʲʰót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. passive, controlled by others
929 * fopókʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. willful, self-directed
930 * fopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. variable, flexible, changing
931 * foposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. static, rigid, unmoving
932 * fopótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. relating to the time at which a thing happened,
934 * fópsitʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. companionable
935 * fóptʰo (f-p-tʰ): adj. happening, occurring (emphasizing that it
936 happened at a known time)
937 * fóptʰon (f-p-tʰ): adj. having duration, particularly a long one
938 * forohór (r-h-r): adj. discontent, feeling unsafe
939 * foróhro (r-h-r): adj. content, feeling safe
940 * foroŋóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. busy, not available (to go to a place)
941 * foróŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. available (to go)
942 * fosólho (s-l-h): adj. free from constraint
943 * fosolóh (s-l-h): adj. constrained, not free (the specifics of
944 application to people varied a lot in different places)
945 * fotóhbo (t-h-b): adj. absent
946 * fotohób (t-h-b): adj. present
947 * gifmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural nominative
948 * gifmóg: prn. third-person feminine singular nominative
949 * gofmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural dative
950 * gofmóg: prn. third-person feminine singular dative
951 * gʲélpi/gʲelíp (gʲ-l-p): vd. to give
952 * gʲélpit/tegʲélip (gʲ-l-p): v4. to trade, to exchange, to swap
953 * gʲémlep/gʲemlēpé (gʲ-l-p): vi. to be valuable, to have value
954 * gʲénlip/gʲelpín (gʲ-l-p): vd. to take
955 * gʲilêp (gʲ-l-p): nm. gift
956 * gʲiléspe (gʲ-l-p): nm. transaction
957 * gʲīlmóp (gʲ-l-p): nn. property of being valuable
958 * gʲílop (gʲ-l-p): nm. commercial relationship
959 * gʲilpé (gʲ-l-p): nf. exchange, commerce
960 * gʲīlpé (gʲ-l-p): nn. act of giving, sale
961 * gʲîlpen (gʲ-l-p): nn. act of taking
962 * gʲīlpís (gʲ-l-p): nf. act of exchanging or swapping
963 * gʲolispó (gʲ-l-p): adj. exchanged, swapped, traded (the thing that is
965 * gʲolnóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. taken, stolen
966 * gʲólohip (gʲ-l-p): adj. selling
967 * gʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. given as a gift
968 * gʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. giving
969 * gʲólpon (gʲ-l-p): adj. taking
970 * gʲólsip (gʲ-l-p): adj. trading, exchanging, swapping; commercially
972 * hebīhél (b-h-l): nm. communal sacrifice
973 * hêbihol (b-h-l): nv. a god
974 * hebītér (b-t-r): nm.ean act of measuring with a ruler or other
975 instrument, a measurement taken with a ruler or other instrument
976 (this carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
978 * hêbitor (b-t-r): nv. walker, runner (specifically referring to a
979 person who travels a long distance on foot)
980 * hebohló (b-h-l): adj. worshipped communally; pertaining to a god
981 worshipped as communal or state religion; major (of gods)
982 * hebotró (b-t-r): adj. measured with a ruler or other instrument (this
983 carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
985 * hedīrégʷ (d-r-gʷ): nm. act of starting a fire
986 * hêdirogʷ (d-r-gʷ): nv. priest, shaman
988 * hedorgʷó (d-r-gʷ): adj. having been burned intentionally or maliciously
989 * hêfipotʰ (f-p-tʰ): nv. elder, old person
990 * hefīpétʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. act or process of spending time; pastime,
991 time-consuming activity
992 * hefoptʰó (f-p-tʰ): adj. time-consuming, worth doing
994 * hegʲīlép (gʲ-l-p): nm. act of selling or buying
995 * hêgʲilop (gʲ-l-p): nv. merchant (one who buys and sells goods)
996 * hegʲolpó (gʲ-l-p): adj. sold
997 * hehīméh (h-m-h): nm. act of repeating an action; repeated action
998 * hêhimoh (h-m-h): nv. astrologer, astronomer
999 * hehomhó (h-m-h): adj. being repeated (of an action)
1000 * hekīnég (k-n-g): nm. thing inherited/bequeathed, thing granted
1001 * hêkinog (k-n-g): nv. owner (especially of land)
1002 * hekongó (k-n-g): adj. inherited, granted; obtained by other's
1003 goodwill rather than one's own action or inherent worth
1005 * hémhi/hemíh (h-m-h): vi. to happen again
1006 * hémhit/tehémih (h-m-h): vi. to transition to the next iteration or
1007 stage of a cyclic process
1008 * hemīdékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. dictation, decree, declaration
1009 * hêmidokʰ (m-d-kʰ): nv. orator, author, sage
1010 * hémmeh/hemmēhé (h-m-h): vi. to be cyclical
1011 * hemodkʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. being dictated to, subservient,
1013 * hénmih/hemhín (h-m-h): vi. to happen cyclically
1014 * hepīkʲéb (p-kʲ-b): nm. battle-leadership
1015 * hêpikʲob (p-kʲ-b): nv. fighter (character class); participant in a
1017 * hepīkʲʰét (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. act of moving something else, impetus
1018 * hêpikʲʰot (p-kʲʰ-t): nv. horse-person, runner
1019 * hepīséŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. pouring, a pour, a cupful
1020 * hêpisoŋ (p-s-ŋ): nv. cupbearer
1021 * hepokʲbó (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting in a battle (with the connotation of
1023 * hepokʲʰtó (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. being moved
1024 * heposŋó (p-s-ŋ): adj. being poured into, filled
1025 * herīhér (r-h-r): nm. act that makes someone feel safe or content, act
1027 * hêrihor (r-h-r): nv. cat-person
1028 * herīŋép (r-ŋ-p): nm. act of sending or putting; message; act of
1030 * hêriŋop (r-ŋ-p): nv. inhabitant, resident
1031 * herohró (r-h-r): adj. cared for, feeling safe or content due to the
1033 * heroŋpó (r-ŋ-p): adj. receiving something sent or put; being or
1035 * hesīléh (s-l-h): nm. a throw
1036 * hêsiloh (s-l-h): nv. a bird-person, a person who flies
1037 * hesolhó (s-l-h): adj. being thrown-at
1039 * hetīhéb (t-h-b): nm. burglary, break-in
1040 * hêtihob (t-h-b): nv. thief (character class)
1041 * hêtihob (t-h-b): nf. mischievous child
1042 * hetohbó (t-h-b): adj. burgled, broken into; disorderly (from or as if
1043 from being ransacked by a burglar)
1044 * hibihlí (b-h-l): nf. a personal or familial god or spirit
1045 * hibitrí (b-t-r): nf. toe; digit (a unit of length)
1046 * hidirgʷí (d-r-gʷ): nf. ember
1047 * hifiptʰí (f-p-tʰ): nf. a moment, second
1048 * higʲilpí (gʲ-l-p): nf. purchase
1049 * hihimhí (h-m-h): nf. tide
1050 * hikingí (k-n-g): nf. tenant
1051 * himêh (h-m-h): nm. year
1052 * himéshe (h-m-h): nm. a cycle, a periodic event or pattern
1053 * himhé (h-m-h): nf.sg. cycles, repetition (in general); astrology,
1055 * hīmhé (h-m-h): nn. event of happening a second time
1056 * hîmhen (h-m-h): nn. cycle, event that happens cyclically
1057 * hīmhís (h-m-h): nf. transition between two stages of a cyclic process
1058 (e.g. between two seasons, between high and low tide, being day and
1060 * himidkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nf. word
1061 * hīmmóh (h-m-h): nn. cyclicity (the property of being cyclic); a
1063 * hímoh (h-m-h): nm. imitation of a past event, re-enactment
1064 * hipikʲbí (p-kʲ-b): nf. exchange of blows; contest or competitive game
1065 (as in, an instance of playing the game, not the game in general)
1066 * hipikʲʰtí (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. shake
1067 * hipisŋí (p-s-ŋ): nf. pond, lake
1068 * hirihrí (r-h-r): nf. pet animal (sometimes used for harmless non-pet
1070 * hiriŋpí (r-ŋ-p): nf. room
1071 * hisilhí (s-l-h): nf. feather
1072 * hōbehló/hōbéholo (b-h-l): vd. to lead sacrifices (direct object are
1073 the people on whose behalf the sacrifice is done/who are lead;
1074 indirect object is the god to whom the sacrifices are done)
1075 * hōbetró/hōbétoro (b-t-r): vt. to measure with a ruler or other
1076 instrument (this carries an implication of both precision and small
1078 * hōdergʷó/hōdérogʷo (d-r-gʷ): vd. to ignite, to set alight or aflame,
1079 to cause to illuminate or burn something else (the direct object is
1080 the heat or light source; the indirect object the thing burned,
1081 heated, or illuminated; either may be omitted)
1082 * hōfeptʰó/hōfépotʰo (f-p-tʰ): vt. to spend time performing an activity
1083 * hōgʲelpó/hōgʲélopo (gʲ-l-p): vd. to sell, to buy (often but not
1084 always with the passive particle for buying)
1085 * hōhemhó/hōhémoho (h-m-h): vt. to repeat an action; to cause a cyclic
1087 * hōkengó/hōkénogo (k-n-g): vd. to grant or bequeath a property or
1088 position (especially to an heir, child, or subordinate)
1089 * hōmedkʰó/hōmédokʰo (m-d-kʰ): vt/vd. to dictate, to cause to say or
1091 * hómho (h-m-h): adj. happening again
1092 * hómhon (h-m-h): adj. cyclical, periodic
1093 * homishó (h-m-h): adj. after the transition between t stages of a
1095 * homnóh (h-m-h): adj. cyclical, periodic
1096 * homóh (h-m-h): adj. having happened before
1097 * hómohih (h-m-h): adj. repeating an action
1098 * hómsih (h-m-h): adj. before the transition between two stages of a
1100 * hōpekʲbó/hōpékʲobo (p-kʲ-b): vd. to lead in battle (the indirect
1102 * hōpekʲʰtó/hōpékʲʰoto (p-kʲʰ-t): vt. to put into motion, to cause to
1104 * hōpesŋó/hōpésoŋo (p-s-ŋ): vt/vd. to pour (trans.); to pour onto/into
1106 * hōrehró/hōréhoro (r-h-r): vt. to cause to feel content or safe, to
1108 * hōreŋpó/hōréŋopo (r-ŋ-p): v. to send, to put in a place (ditrans.,
1109 destination/recipient is indirect object); to create (trans.)
1110 * hōselhó/hōséloho (s-l-h): v. to throw (trans.), to throw at
1113 * hōtehbó/hōtéhobo (t-h-b): vt. break into, burgle (a place)
1114 * ked: prep. with (takes the prepositional case);
1115 carrying/bringing/etc. (with verbs of motion, takes the accusative
1117 * kefmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural accusative
1118 * kefmóg: prn. third-person feminine singular accusative
1119 * kémneg/kemnēgé (k-n-g): vi. to obey, to be obedient
1120 * kéngi/keníg (k-n-g): vt. to own, to rule
1121 * kéngit/tekénig (k-n-g): v4. to share ownership of or authority over
1122 something (the owned or ruled thing takes the dative case)
1123 * kénnig/kengín (k-n-g): vt. to conquer, to obtain by force or power
1124 * kifmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural prepositional
1125 * kimóg: prn. third-person feminine singular prepositional
1126 * kinêg (k-n-g): nm. ruler, king (as a title, it was treated as varying
1127 in gender with the referent)
1128 * kinésge (k-n-g): nm. possessions (non-land property)
1129 * kinésge (k-n-g): nf. kingdom
1130 * kingé (k-n-g): nf. ownership (especially of land), rule, governance
1131 * kīngé (k-n-g): nn. fact of owning, position of authority or ownership
1132 * kîngen (k-n-g): nn. act of conquest
1133 * kīngís (k-n-g): nf. shared authority or ownership; harmony
1134 * kīnmóg (k-n-g): nn. obedience, act of obedience
1135 * -kokŋ/koko: conj. and, also
1136 * kóngo (k-n-g): adj. ruling, owning, authoritative
1137 * kóngon (k-n-g): adj. conquering, mighty
1138 * konisgó (k-n-g): adj. sharing (with a connotation of disharmony)
1139 * konnóg (k-n-g): adj. conquered, weak, desired
1140 * konóg (k-n-g): adj. owned, ruled, subordinate
1141 * kónohig (k-n-g): adj. bequeathing, inheriting, granting a property or
1142 position, receiving a property or position; related to the
1143 relationship between owner and heir or between ruler and subordinates
1144 * kónsig (k-n-g): adj. sharing (with connotations of harmony); joint,
1145 harmonious, collaborative
1146 * kʰē: prn. first-person singular accusative
1147 * kʰēné: prn. first-person plural accusative
1148 * kʰenó: prn. first-person plural prepositional
1149 * kʰī: prn. first-person singular dative
1150 * kʰīné: prn. first-person plural nominative
1151 * kʰn: prn. first-person singular nominative
1152 * kʰo: prn. first-person singular prepositional
1153 * kʰon: prn. first-person plural dative
1154 * médkʰi/medíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. speak, say, utter
1155 * médkʰit/temédikʰ (m-d-kʰ): v4. to converse or correspond
1156 * mémdekʰ/memdēkʰé (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be noisy, to make noise
1157 * méndikʰ/medkʰín (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. write
1158 * mibíhlo (b-h-l): nn. prayer
1159 * mibítro (b-t-r): nn. yardstick, ruler
1160 * midêkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. the Midêkʰ language
1161 * midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nf. command, order
1162 * midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nm. conversation, dialogue (this can refer to a
1163 spoken conversation or a written dialogue)
1164 * midírgʷo (d-r-gʷ): nn. torch, candle, artificial light or fire
1165 * midkʰé (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. linguistics, language in general
1166 * mīdkʰé (m-d-kʰ): nn. utterance, speech, act of speaking
1167 * mîdkʰen (m-d-kʰ): nn. text, act of writing
1168 * mīdkʰís (m-d-kʰ): nf. act of conversing or corresponding (in the
1169 singular it normally refers to one utterance or letter and its
1170 response; in the plural it can refer to an entire conversation or the
1171 entire correspondence between two or more people)
1172 * mīdmókʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. noise, sound
1173 * mídokʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. book, scroll
1174 * mifíptʰo (f-p-tʰ): nn. clock, point in time
1175 * migʲílpo (gʲ-l-p): nn. money, coin
1176 * mihímho (h-m-h): season, orbit
1177 * mikíngo (k-n-g): nn. administrator, deputy (one who manages the
1178 property or domain of a ruler or land-owner)
1179 * mimídkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nn. pen, stylus, other writing instrument
1180 * mipíkʲbo (p-kʲ-b): nn. weapon
1181 * mipíkʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. speed
1182 * mipísŋo (p-s-ŋ): nn. canal
1183 * miríhro (r-h-r): nn. throat, esp. the larynx
1184 * miríŋpo (r-ŋ-p): nn. mount, vehicle, means of transportation
1185 * misílho (s-l-h): nn. wing
1186 * mitíhbo (t-h-b): nn. hand
1187 * mobóhlo (b-h-l): adj. blessed, favoured by the gods
1188 * mobohól (b-h-l): adj. cursed, disfavoured by the gods
1189 * mobotór (b-t-r): adj. short
1190 * mobótro (b-t-r): adj. long
1191 * módkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. speaking, vocal
1192 * módkʰon (m-d-kʰ): adj. literate, writing
1193 * modiskʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. comprehending, listening
1194 * modnókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. written, textual, literary
1195 * modo: conj. introduces a quotation
1196 * módohikʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. dictating, imperious, acting indirectly
1197 * modókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. spoken, verbal, oral
1198 * modórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. hot, warm, heated (by some external source)
1199 * modorógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. cold, cool (with a connotation of not having
1200 been heated or having lost its heat)
1201 * módsikʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. communicating, expressive
1202 * mofopótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. not having happened (yet); having happened
1204 * mofóptʰo (f-p-tʰ): adj. recent, current; having actually happened
1205 * mogʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. worthless, cheap
1206 * mogʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. valuable, expensive
1207 * mohómho (h-m-h): adj. cyclic, repeating, following a regular pattern
1208 * mohomóh (h-m-h): adj. acyclic, not repeating, not following a regular
1210 * mokóngo (k-n-g): adj. obedient; tame (of animals)
1211 * mokonóg (k-n-g): adj. disobedient, unruly; wild (of animals)
1212 * momódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. noisy, loud
1213 * momodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. quiet, noiseless, silent
1214 * mopókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. angry (especially violently so, with a
1215 connotation of being reactive but not necessarily unjustified)
1216 * mopokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. lacking anger, forgiving
1217 * mopokʲʰót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. stationary, immobile
1218 * mopókʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. mobile
1219 * mopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. melted, liquid, wet
1220 * moposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. dry
1221 * morohór (r-h-r): adj. restless, not docile, agitated (of animals)
1222 * moróhro (r-h-r): adj. calm, docile (of animals)
1223 * moroŋóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. leaving, not coming; distant, moving away
1224 * moróŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. coming, arriving; nearby
1225 * mosólho (s-l-h): adj. in the air, floating
1226 * mosolóh (s-l-h): adj. not in the air, not flying, heavier than air
1227 * motóhbo (t-h-b): adj. scarce (of a thing); poor (of a person)
1228 * motohób (t-h-b): adj. abundant in quantity; wealthy
1229 * nemígʲi: num. nine
1230 * nobihél (b-h-l): nf. a sort of priestess to Bihêl that will be so
1231 popular among tw if this setting ever develops a tumblr-analogue
1232 * nobitér (b-t-r): nf. long journey on foot
1233 * nodirégʷ (d-r-gʷ): nf. fuel for fire, firewood, kindling
1234 * nohiméh (h-m-h): nf. period or duration of a cycle
1235 * nokinég (k-n-g): nf. block of rented land
1236 * nomidékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. message, letter
1237 * nopikʲéb (p-kʲ-b): nf. insult; reason that a fight started
1238 * nopikʲʰét (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. jump
1239 * noriŋép (r-ŋ-p): nf. tent
1240 * nôpisŋo (p-s-ŋ): nm. urine
1241 * notihéb (t-h-b): nf. need (thing that is needed)
1242 * ŋôbihlo (b-h-l): nm. a person cursed by a god or the gods
1243 * ŋôbitro (b-t-r): nm. heel, sole of foot
1244 * ŋôdirgʷo (d-r-gʷ): nm. ash, follower-on
1245 * ŋôfiptʰo (f-p-tʰ): nm. delay
1246 * ŋôgʲilpo (gʲ-l-p): nm. theft
1247 * ŋôhimho (h-m-h): nm. mating season of a mindless animal
1248 * ŋôkingo (k-n-g): nm. rent, tax; thing owed to your social "superior"
1249 * ŋômidkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nm. nonsense, pathetic request
1250 * ŋôpikʲbo (p-kʲ-b): nm. anger, rage, fury (the connotations are of
1251 driving to physical violences and being unjustified or unreasonable)
1252 * ŋôpikʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. coward
1253 * ŋôrihro (r-h-r): nm. overly dependent and helpless person
1254 * ŋôriŋpo (r-ŋ-p): nm. dangerous place, cliff
1255 * ŋôsilho (s-l-h): nm. bad omen
1256 * ŋôtihbo (t-h-b): nm. criminal
1258 * pékʲbi/pekʲíb (p-kʲ-b): vt. to fight; to compete against
1259 * pékʲbit/tepékʲib (p-kʲ-b): v4. to be enemies, to feud violently
1260 * pékʲʰti/pekʲʰít (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to move one's self
1261 * pékʲʰtit/tepékʲʰit (p-kʲʰ-t): v4. to dance
1262 * pémkʲeb/pemkʲēbé (p-kʲ-b): vi. to be or become angry
1263 * pémkʲʰet/pemkʲʰēté (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to be mobile
1264 * pémseŋ/pemsēŋé (p-s-ŋ): vi. to become liquid, to melt, to be or
1266 * pénkʲib/pekʲbín (p-kʲ-b): vt. to kill (primarily in a fight or
1267 battle); to defeat in a contest
1268 * pénkʲʰit/pekʲʰtín (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to run
1269 * pénsiŋ/pesŋín (p-s-ŋ): vi/vt. pool (intr.); cover in liquid, flood,
1271 * pésŋi/pesíŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. flow
1272 * pésŋit/tepésiŋ (p-s-ŋ): v4. to rise and fall over time (as tides or
1273 water level in a lake or river)
1274 * pikʲbé (p-kʲ-b): nf. battle, combat (used to speak of battle or
1275 combat in general); tactics (as the art of study of battle)
1276 * pīkʲbé (p-kʲ-b): nn. act of fighting; strike, blow
1277 * pîkʲben (p-kʲ-b): nn. act of killing, victory in battle or a contest
1278 * pīkʲbís (p-kʲ-b): nf. violent feud, enemyship
1279 * pikʲêb (p-kʲ-b): nm. fight, small battle
1280 * pikʲésbe (p-kʲ-b): nm. series of battles or fights; series of
1281 contests in which the victor of the entire series is determined by
1282 the winner of more individual contests
1283 * pikʲésbe (p-kʲ-b): nf. battle with heavy death tolls; fight to the
1285 * pīkʲmób (p-kʲ-b): nn. anger (especially violent anger, with a
1286 connotation of being reactive but not necessarily unjustified)
1287 * pikʲʰéste (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. oscillation, vibration
1288 * pikʲʰéste (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. sudden or short movement
1289 * pikʲʰêt (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. horse
1290 * pīkʲʰmót (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. mobility
1291 * pikʲʰté (p-kʲʰ-t): nf.sg. motion, movement
1292 * pīkʲʰté (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. a movement, a motion
1293 * pîkʲʰten (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. an act of running, a running pace
1294 * pīkʲʰtís (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. a dance, a dance step
1295 * pisêŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. water
1296 * pisésŋe (p-s-ŋ): nm. flood
1297 * pīsmóŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. melting
1298 * pisŋé (p-s-ŋ): nf.sg. liquids (the state of matter, and the science
1300 * pīsŋé (p-s-ŋ): nn. act of flowing
1301 * pîsŋen (p-s-ŋ): nn. pool, puddle, act of pooling
1302 * pīsŋís (p-s-ŋ): nf. tide, change in level (especially of a fluid)
1303 * pmmrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural nominative
1304 * pmróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular nominative
1305 * pókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting, attacking
1306 * pókʲbon (p-kʲ-b): adj. killing, winning; lethal; victorious
1307 * pokʲisbó (p-kʲ-b): adj. enemy
1308 * pokʲnób (p-kʲ-b): adj. being killed, losing; fatally wounded or
1310 * pokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting, being attacked
1311 * pókʲohib (p-kʲ-b): adj. leading in battle, battling, fighting in a
1313 * pókʲsib (p-kʲ-b): adj. feuding, recurrently fighting
1314 * pokʲʰistó (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. dancing (especially following a lead or an
1316 * pókʲʰohit (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. causing things to move, impactful
1317 * pokʲʰót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. moving (due to external forces)
1318 * pokʲʰnót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. running (typically used of animals)
1319 * pókʲʰsit (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. dancing (especially when leading or
1321 * pókʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. moving (on its own), mobile
1322 * pókʲʰton (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. running (typically used of people)
1323 * pomrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural accusative
1324 * pomróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular accusative
1325 * pósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. flowing, fluid
1326 * pósŋon (p-s-ŋ): adj. pooling, overflowing, stagnant
1327 * posnóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. submerged, flooded, overflowed
1328 * pósohiŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. pouring (the one pouring a fluid), being
1330 * posóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. watered (as e.g. plants, soil), irrigated
1331 * réhri/rehír (r-h-r): vi. to purr, to make other noises expressing
1333 * réhrit/teréhir (r-h-r); v4. to mutually care for each other, to love
1334 (emphasizing action taken to care for one another)
1335 * rem/rē: prep. away from (takes the dative); from (takes the
1336 prepositional) (the clitic form is ambiguous with "reŋ")
1337 * rémher/remhēré (r-h-r): vi. to be calm, to be docile (especially used
1339 * rémŋep/remŋēpé (r-ŋ-p): vi. to come, to arrive; to bring (using
1340 preposition ked and the accusative case to indicate what is brought)
1341 * rénhir/rehrín (r-h-r): vi. to roar
1342 * rénŋip/reŋpín (r-ŋ-p): vt. to go to a place
1343 * reŋ/rē: prep. toward (takes the dative); to (takes the prepositional)
1344 (the clitic form is ambiguous with "rem")
1345 * réŋpi/reŋíp (r-ŋ-p): vi/vt. to be at a place (trans.); to dwell or
1346 live in a place (intr./trans.); to exist (intr.)
1347 * réŋpit/teréŋip (r-ŋ-p): v4. to meet together (coming to a place to
1348 meet up, not meeting for the first time)
1349 * rihêr (r-h-r): nm. purr
1350 * rihésre (r-h-r): nm. affectionate sounds made between lovers
1351 * rīhmór (r-h-r): nn. calmness, docility (especially in animals)
1352 * ríhor (r-h-r): nm. contentment noises, particularly from animals or
1354 * rihré (r-h-r): nf. contentment, feeling of safety (primarily used to
1355 discuss it in the abstract, or to describe a person's general
1356 demeanor; for in-the-moment experiences of this feeling, see
1358 * rīhré (r-h-r): nn. act of purring
1359 * rîhren (r-h-r): nn. act of roaring, roar
1360 * rīhrís (r-h-r): nf. love relationship (especially between young
1362 * riŋêp (r-ŋ-p): nm. dwelling, house
1363 * riŋéspe (r-ŋ-p): nm. city, town
1364 * riŋéspe (r-ŋ-p): nf. road, path, trail
1365 * rīŋmóp (r-ŋ-p): nn. moment of arrival, act of coming
1366 * riŋpé (r-ŋ-p): nf.sg. locality (the idea of being in a place),
1368 * rīŋpé (r-ŋ-p): nn. location of someone or something; act of dwelling
1369 in a place, residence; fact of existing
1370 * rîŋpen (r-ŋ-p): nn. act of going, moment of departure
1371 * rīŋpís (r-ŋ-p): nf. act of meeting, meeting
1372 * rohisró (r-h-r): adj. loved (emphasizing lover(s) taking care of you)
1373 * rohnór (r-h-r): adj. making threatening noises (only used with
1375 * rohór (r-h-r): adj. making noises of contentment
1376 * róhohir (r-h-r): adj. caretaking, making others to feel safe
1377 * róhro (r-h-r): adj. purring
1378 * róhron (r-h-r): adj. roaring
1379 * róhsir (r-h-r): adj. loving (with an emphasis on action taken to make
1380 lover(s) feel safe and content)
1381 * roŋispó (r-ŋ-p): adj. meeting by chance or spontaneously
1382 * roŋnóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. being gone to, destination
1383 * róŋohip (r-ŋ-p): adj. sending, sent; putting, being put; creating
1384 * roŋóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. occupied, inhabited (of a place)
1385 * róŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. being in a place, local; dwelling in a place, at
1386 home, resident; existing
1387 * róŋpon (r-ŋ-p): adj. going
1388 * róŋsip (r-ŋ-p): adj. arranging to meet, meeting intentionally
1389 * ropo: conj. introduces a relative clause
1390 * sélhi/selíh (s-l-h): vi. to fly
1391 * sélhit/tesélih (s-l-h): v4. to overfly (the place or thing flown over
1392 takes the dative case); (rarely) to fly high or ascend
1393 * sémleh/semlēhé (s-l-h): vi. to be in the air, to float in the air
1394 * sen: prep. of, belonging to
1395 * sénlih/selhín (s-l-h): v. to fly downward rapidly, to swoop (intr.);
1396 to swoop down on (trans.)
1397 * sifípetʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. age, era (long period of time of often vague
1400 * silêh (s-l-h): nn. mindless bird, flying animal
1401 * siléshe (s-l-h): nm. a flight, journey by flight
1402 * siléshe (s-l-h): nf. a flying ascent
1403 * silhé (s-l-h): nf.sg. flight, the art of flying
1404 * sīlhé (s-l-h): nn. act of flying, flap of wings
1405 * sîlhen (s-l-h): nn. a flying descent, a swoop
1406 * sīlhís (s-l-h): nf. an act of overflying
1407 * sīlmóh (s-l-h): nn. the state of being in the air or floating
1408 * síloh (s-l-h): nv. bat-person, a mammalian person who flies
1409 * simídekʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. language, script
1410 * sipíkʲeb (p-kʲ-b): nm. wound, injury (used for injuries from fights,
1411 battle, or physical contests)
1412 * sipíkʲʰet (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. acceleration
1413 * sipíseŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. mouthful (esp. of liquids)
1414 * sisíleh (s-l-h): nm. wingspan
1415 * sobíhil (b-h-l): nn. temple, place of worship
1416 * sobítir (b-t-r): nn. a far away place
1417 * sodírigʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. hearth, firepit
1418 * sofípitʰ (f-p-tʰ): nn. time of day, hour
1419 * sogʲílip (gʲ-l-p): nn. market
1420 * sohímih (h-m-h): nn. planet (including the sun but not the fixed
1422 * sokínig (k-n-g): nn. domain (land owned or controlled by a land-owner
1424 * sólho (s-l-h): adj. flying, flapping
1425 * sólhon (s-l-h): adj. swooping, flying downward
1426 * solishó (s-l-h): adj. flying high
1427 * solnóh (s-l-h): adj. swooped down upon
1428 * solóh (s-l-h): adj. flying, wind-borne
1429 * sólohih (s-l-h): adj. throwing, being thrown, moving through the air
1430 * sólsih (s-l-h): adj. overflying something
1431 * somídikʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. TKTK (some sort of language place)
1432 * sopíkʲib (p-kʲ-b): nn. battlefield, scene of a fight
1433 * sopíkʲʰit (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. path
1434 * sopísiŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. body of water or other liquid, esp. an ocean
1435 * soríhir (r-h-r): nn. place of safety, home (in the sense of place
1436 where one feels secure)
1437 * soríŋip (r-ŋ-p): nn. place
1438 * sosílih (s-l-h): nn. high up place to perch on
1439 * sotíhib (t-h-b): nn. hiding place, hideout
1440 * petʰ: prep. during, in (in the sense of a time period) (the dative
1441 case indicates that the events described took place exclusively in
1442 the time period, while the prepositional case does not specify
1443 whether they extend outside of this time in either direction).
1444 * tē: prn. second-person singular accusative
1445 * tedirgʷó (d-r-gʷ): nm. burn
1446 * tefmótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular prepositional
1447 * tefmtʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural prepositional
1448 * tekingó (k-ng): nm. non-inheriting descendant of a land-owner or
1450 * téhbi/tehíb (t-h-b): vt. extract, remove
1451 * téhbit/tetéhib (t-h-b): v4. to miss one another
1452 * témheb/temhēbé (t-h-b): vi. to be scarce (of a thing); to be poor (of
1454 * ténhib/tehbín (t-h-b): vt. steal
1455 * tēné: prn. second-person plural accusative
1456 * tenó: prn. second-person plural prepositional
1457 * tepisŋó (p-s-ŋ): nm. blood
1458 * terihró (r-h-r): nm. whimpers, pleading noises
1459 * teriŋpó (r-ŋ-p): nm. starting point
1460 * tī: prn. second-person singular dative
1461 * tifmótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular dative
1462 * tifmtʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural dative
1463 * tihbé (t-h-b): nf. removal, absence (all in the abstract); metallurgy
1464 * tīhbé (t-h-b): nn. act of removal
1465 * tîhben (t-h-b): nn. act of stealing, theft
1466 * tīhbís (t-h-b): nf. state of missing one another; loneliness
1467 * tihêb (t-h-b): nm. thief (person who steals)
1468 * tihésbe (t-h-b): nm. poverty
1469 * tihésbe (t-h-b): nf. bad luck
1470 * tīhmób (t-h-b): nn. scarcity
1471 * tíhob (t-h-b): nm. windfall
1472 * tīné: prn. second-person plural nominative
1473 * tn: prn. second-person singular nominative
1474 * to: prn. second-person singular prepositional
1475 * tobitír (b-t-r): nn. foot, paw; foot (a unit of length)
1476 * todirígʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. day
1477 * togʲilíp (gʲ-l-p): nn. price
1478 * tóhbo (t-h-b): adj. extracting, removing
1479 * tóhbon (t-h-b): adj. stealing
1480 * tohimíh (h-m-h): nn. day-night cycle
1481 * tohisbó (t-h-b): adj. lonely
1482 * tohnób (t-h-b): adj. stolen
1483 * tohób (t-h-b): adj. extracted, removed
1484 * tóhohib (t-h-b): adj. burgling, breaking into
1485 * tóhsib (t-h-b): adj. missing someone
1486 * tokiníg (k-n-g): nn. heir to property or position
1487 * tōmidíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. sentence
1488 * ton: prn. second-person plural dative
1489 * topikʲíb (p-kʲ-b): nn. rabid or aggressive animal
1490 * tōpisíŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. cup, waterskin, jug
1491 * torihír (r-h-r): nn. mindless cat
1492 * toriŋíp (r-ŋ-p): nn. destination
1493 * tosilíh (s-l-h): nn. mindless bat, flying mindless mammal
1494 * totihíb (t-h-b): nn. stolen good; loot
1495 * tʰŋ: prn. second-person plural vocative
1496 * tʰō: prn. second-person singular vocative