# Zheshoi
-Zheshoi (_ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕɵɪ/) is a language in
- the Jastu⹀Fizonal language family, derived from [][:PreZheshoi].
+Zheshoi (_ʒeßwi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕwi/) is a language in
+ the Jastu⹀Fizonal language family, derived from
+ [][:Languages/PreZheshoi].
## phonology
### syllable structure
-The basic Zheshoi syllable is C(w)(ʀ)(y)V(ı)(C).
+The basic Zheshoi syllable is CHV(ı)(C).
This is analyzed as follows:8--:
-- An initial consonant
-- Zero or more medials (_w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, or _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
- in that order)
+- An initial consonant (C)
+- Zero or one medials (H; _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
+ _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, or _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz})
- A vowel (V) or diphthong (Vı)
- Optionally, a final consonant
All consonants are valid in both the initial and final position with
two broad exceptions:8--:
-- /ʔ/ and /h/ are not permitted as final consonants
+- /ʔ/ and /h/ are not permitted as final consonants.
- /g/ and /k/ are allophonic with /ʕ/ and /χ/ in the final position.
For simplicity, such consonants are traditionally analysed as
### medials
-There are three kinds of medial in Zheshoi, all of which may appear in
- a single syllable:8--:
+There are three kinds of medial in Zheshoi.
+Although multiple of these could appear in a single syllable in
+ Pre⹀Zheshoi, in Zheshoi only one is allowed:8--:
-- _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} phonemically indicates /w/, but this
- may be realized a variety of ways∶8--∶
+- _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [w] after voiced
+ consonants and [ʍ] after devoiced consonants.
- - /ʔw/ reduces to [w] and /hw/ is realized as [ʍ].
+- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [ɾ] after V⹀series
+ consonants, [l] after D⹀, J⹀, or G⹀series consonants, and [r] after
+ Ɂ⹀series consonants.
- - When followed by another medial, the preceding and following
- consonants are labialized and the [w] is dropped, so that /gwƦ/
- becomes [ɡʷrʷ], /twƦ/ becomes [tʷɫʷ], and /mwy/ becomes
- [mɥ].
-
- - Otherwise, the [w] is pronounced.
-
-- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is realized as [l] (rounded: [ɫʷ])
- after D⹀ or J⹀series consonants and [ɾ] (rounded: [rʷ]) otherwise.
-
-- _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is realized as [j] (rounded: [ɥ]).
- Any preceding /ʔ/ or /h/ is dropped.
+- _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [j] in all cases.
### vowels
altho due to shifts over time some of the neutral vowels have wound
up more close than the negatives.
Within each polarity, there are rounded (+U) and unrounded vowels.
-Additionally, each rounded or unrounded vowel can be iotized (+I),
- which usually results in a diphthong with /ɪ/, or rhoticized (+R),
- which adds R⹀colouring.
+Additionally, each rounded or unrounded vowel can be rhoticized (+R),
+ which adds R⹀colouring, and the unrounded vowels can be iotized (+I),
+ which usually results in a diphthong with /ɪ/.
The one exception is that there is no neutral vowel which is both
rounded and iotized.
-| Polarity | ∅ | +U | +I | +U +I | +R | +U +R |
-|:---------|:-----:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:--------:|
-| Positive | a /æ/ | ȣ /ɔ/ | aı /aɪ/ | ȣı /ɔɪ/ | aꝛ /ɑ˞/ | ȣꝛ /ɔ˞/ |
-| Neutral | ə /ə/ | u /u/ | i /i/ | | əꝛ /ʌ˞/ | uꝛ /ʊ˞/ |
-| Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/ | eı /eɪ/ | oı /ɵɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ |
+| Polarity | ∅ | +U | +I | +R | +U +R |
+|:---------|:-----:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:--------:|
+| Positive | a /æ/ | å /ɔ/ | aı /aɪ/ | aꝛ /ɑ˞/ | åꝛ /ɔ˞/ |
+| Neutral | ə /ə/ | u /u/ | i /i/ | əꝛ /ʌ˞/ | uꝛ /ʊ˞/ |
+| Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/ | eı /eɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ |
+
+The letter _æ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is used to indicate either
+ _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} or _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}
+ (depending on vowel harmony), and likewise for the letter
+ _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} and _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} or
+ _o_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}.
In addition to the above, Zheshoi features a syllabic /ɫ̩/, which
functions like a neutral vowel with the following restrictions: it
- may not be preceded by a medial, and it may not be followed by a
- final consonant.
+ may only be preceded by a voiced consonant (with no medial), and it
+ may not be followed by a final consonant.
It is called “lambda”, and written __{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}.
+## morphology
+
+(This information is just copied from some documentation I found on my
+ computer and may not be entirely accurate yet.
+[][@:Lady]{.sig})
+
+### morphological word classes
+
+Zheshoi has three main categories of words which may serve as a
+ morphological stem: articles, nominals, and verbals.
+_Nominals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English nouns, and
+ _verbals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English verbs;
+ _articles_{as=dfn} are a somewhat unique word class whose role lies
+ somewhere between that of English articles and determiners
+ (_the_{as=i}, _a_{as=i}, _some_{as=i}…) and that of a pronoun.
+In addition to these three categories of word, Zheshoi also features a
+ number of other morphemes, including inflections, determiners, and
+ adpositions.
+These morphemes are represented through affixes or clitics, attached to
+ article, nominal, or verbal stems.
+
+### article morphology
+
+#### lexical stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Lexical stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+ <mi style=font-weight:bold><abbr title=Null>∅</abbr></mi>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Lexical stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+Articles are used to mark grammatical, as well as some lexical,
+ features for the associated (possibly hypothetical) nominal lexeme.
+As pro⹀forms referring to a nominal antecedent, they cannot have a
+ lexical root, and consequently their lexical stem is always null.
+
+#### derived stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Derived stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+ <mrow>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Lexical stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
+ </mrow>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mover accent=false>
+ <mrow>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Numeral>NUM</abbr></mi>
+ <mo fence=false form=postfix>+</mo>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Quantity>QNT</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ </mtable>
+ </mstyle>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+ </mrow>
+ <mover accent=true>
+ <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Amount>AMT</abbr></mi>
+ </mover>
+ </mover>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mi><abbr title=Location>LOC</abbr></mi>
+ </mstyle>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Derived stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+Although articles do not have a lexical root, they do mark a number of
+ lexical properties, which can conventionally be thought of as
+ _succeeding_ the null lexical stem.
+These properties are: amount, as a numeral or quantifier, and location.
+None of these properties are required, and the inflected stem of an
+ article may be null.
+
+Numerals are not a distinct word class in Zheshoi, but are instead
+ morphologically marked on articles.
+This differs from the gramatical feature of _number_ (also marked on
+ articles, but through inflection rather than derivation), which
+ simply categorizes words as singular or plural.
+Numeral morphemes are akin to English cardinal numbers (_one_{as=i},
+ _two_{as=i}, _three_{as=i}, ⁊·c), and as these morphemes may
+ (hypothetically) be infinitely large, their structure can be quite
+ complex.
+
+#### inflected stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Inflected stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+ <mover accent=false>
+ <mrow>
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mi><abbr title=Definiteness>DEF</abbr></mi>
+ </mstyle>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mi><abbr title=Plurality>PL</abbr></mi>
+ </mstyle>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mover accent=false>
+ <mrow>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Negation>NEG</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi mathvariant=normal><abbr title=Interrogative>Q</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ </mtable>
+ </mstyle>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+ </mrow>
+ <mover accent=true>
+ <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Irreality>IRR</abbr></mi>
+ </mover>
+ </mover>
+ </mrow>
+ <mover accent=true>
+ <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Specificity>SPEC</abbr></mi>
+ </mover>
+ </mover>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mrow>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Derived stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
+ </mrow>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Inflected stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+The grammatical properties encoded by articles are definiteness,
+ plurality, and irreality (negation or interrogativity).
+Together, these properties define the _specificity_{as=dfn} of the
+ article.
+Although Zheshoi requires the specificity of nominals to be defined, it
+ does not require them to be marked in all cases, and the resulting
+ inflected stem may be null.
+
+### nominal morphology
+
+#### lexical stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Lexical stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+ <mi style=font-weight:bold>√ROOT</mi>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Lexical stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+The nominal lexical stem consists of a single root.
+
+#### derived stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Derived stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+ <mover accent=false>
+ <mrow>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Augmentative>𝐴𝑈𝐺</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Diminutive>𝐷𝐼𝑀</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ </mtable>
+ </mstyle>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+ </mrow>
+ <mover accent=true>
+ <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Intensifier>INT</abbr></mi>
+ </mover>
+ </mover>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mrow>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Lexical stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
+ </mrow>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mover accent=false>
+ <mrow>
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mi><abbr title=Verbalizer>VBZ</abbr></mi>
+ </mstyle>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mover accent=false>
+ <mrow>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Actor>ACT</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Instrument>INST</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Generic nominalizer>NM</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ </mtable>
+ </mstyle>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+ </mrow>
+ <mover accent=true>
+ <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Nominalizer>NMZ</abbr></mi>
+ </mover>
+ </mover>
+ </mrow>
+ <mover accent=true>
+ <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Class change>CC</abbr></mi>
+ </mover>
+ </mover>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Derived stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+The lexical properties which are marked on nominals include intensity,
+ as either augmentative or diminuitive, and class⹀change, through
+ verbalizers and nominalizers.
+Augmentatives and diminuitives are marked via reduplicative prefixes,
+ and so are italicized in the diagram above.
+
+Nominalization is required for lexical stems which are verbal in
+ nature; in addition, a nominal lexical stem may be verbalized and
+ then nominalized again.
+
+#### inflected stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Inflected stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+ <mrow>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Derived stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
+ </mrow>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Inflected stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+Nominals are not themselves inflected; instead, their associated
+ article is.
+
+### verbal morphology
+
+#### lexical stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Lexical stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+ <mi style=font-weight:bold>√ROOT</mi>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Lexical stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+The verbal lexical stem consists of a single root.
+
+Verbal stems are classified into three groups, depending on their final
+ syllable:8--:
+
+- Those which end with a voiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel,
+- Those which end with a devoiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel, and
+- Those which end with a voiced consonant and lambda.
+
+This classification is maintained thru derivations and impacts the form
+ of the inflections.
+
+All verbals also have a definitite (positive or negative) assigned
+ vowel harmony, even when the verbal contains only neutral vowels.
+This harmony will influence derivations and inflections.
+
+#### derived stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Derived stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+ <mover accent=false>
+ <mrow>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Developmental>𝐷𝐸𝑉</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Habitual>𝐻𝐴𝐵</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ </mtable>
+ </mstyle>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+ </mrow>
+ <mover accent=true>
+ <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+ <msub>
+ <mi><abbr title=Aspect>ASP</abbr></mi>
+ <mn>1</mn>
+ </msub>
+ </mover>
+ </mover>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mrow>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Lexical stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
+ </mrow>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mover accent=false>
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mi><abbr title=Verbalizer>VBZ</abbr></mi>
+ </mstyle>
+ <mover accent=true>
+ <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Class change>CC</abbr></mi>
+ </mover>
+ </mover>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mover accent=false>
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mi><abbr title=Perfective>PFV</abbr></mi>
+ </mstyle>
+ <mover accent=true>
+ <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+ <msub>
+ <mi><abbr title=Aspect>ASP</abbr></mi>
+ <mn>2</mn>
+ </msub>
+ </mover>
+ </mover>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Derived stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+Verbals may be lexically marked for aspect in two places:
+A partially⹀reduplicative prefix indicates the habitual or
+ developmental aspects, and a suffix indicates perfectivity.
+These affixes can be combined.
+(This analysis of aspect as “lexical”, and not “grammatical”, is a
+ morphological argument, not a syntactic one.)
+
+The habitual prefix is _Cæ‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, where
+ _C_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is the initial consonant in the word.
+The develompental prefix is _Caı‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} for
+ positive verbals and _Cwi‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} for negative
+ ones.
+
+The perfective suffix can take the following forms:8--:
+
+- On verbals which end with a voiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel,
+ the R⹀colouring is dropped and _‐ɂwæꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}
+ is added.
+
+- On verbals which end with a devoiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel,
+ the R⹀colouring is dropped and _‐hwæꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}
+ is added.
+
+- On verbals which end with a voiced consonant and lambda, the final
+ syllable is replaced with _‐Cʀæı.ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
+ where _C_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is the _devoiced_ form of the
+ consonant.
+
+#### inflected stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Inflected stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+ <mover accent=false>
+ <mover accent=false>
+ <mrow>
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mi><abbr title=Negation>NEG</abbr></mi>
+ </mstyle>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mi><abbr title=Deontic>DEO</abbr></mi>
+ </mstyle>
+ </mrow>
+ <mover accent=true>
+ <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Irreality>IRR</abbr></mi>
+ </mover>
+ </mover>
+ <mover accent=true>
+ <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+ <msub>
+ <mi><abbr title=Mood>MOD</abbr></mi>
+ <mn>1</mn>
+ </msub>
+ </mover>
+ </mover>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mrow>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Derived stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
+ </mrow>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mover accent=false>
+ <mrow>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Future>FUT</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Infinitive>INF</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Present>PRS</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Past>PST</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ </mtable>
+ </mstyle>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+ </mrow>
+ <mover accent=true>
+ <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Tense>TNS</abbr></mi>
+ </mover>
+ </mover>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mover accent=false>
+ <mrow>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Definiteness>DEF</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Honorific>HON</abbr></mi>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mi><abbr title=Plurality>PL</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ </mtable>
+ </mstyle>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+ </mrow>
+ <mover accent=true>
+ <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Specificity>SPEC</abbr></mi>
+ </mover>
+ </mover>
+ <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+ <mover accent=false>
+ <mrow>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+ <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+ <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Alethic>ALE</abbr>‐<abbr title=Jussive>JUS</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Deductive>DDUC</abbr>‐<abbr title=Hortative>HORT</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Mirative>MIR</abbr>‐<abbr title=Interrogative>Q</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ <mtr>
+ <mtd>
+ <mi><abbr title=Optative>OPT</abbr>‐<abbr title=Permissive>PERM</abbr></mi>
+ </mtd>
+ </mtr>
+ </mtable>
+ </mstyle>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+ </mrow>
+ <mover accent=true>
+ <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+ <msub>
+ <mi><abbr title=Mood>MOD</abbr></mi>
+ <mn>2</mn>
+ </msub>
+ </mover>
+ </mover>
+ <msub>
+ <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
+ <mi><abbr title=Inflected stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
+ </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+Zheshoi verbals are heavily inflected, marking mood, tense, and
+ specificity—the latter of which must agree with the article of the
+ verbal’s subject.
+Each modal suffix can indicate two possible moods; which is intended is
+ signalled by the presence or absence of an additional (deontic) modal
+ prefix.
+
## future
The following are potential future directions for the language:8--:
-- Loss of simultaneous support for all three medials in every syllable.
- Loss of phonemic labialization with a corresponding split of
- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} into potentially as many options as
- /l/, /ɫ/ (which may merge with the syllabic equivalent), /ɾ/,
- and /r/; and of _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} into /j/ and /ɥ/.
-
- Rhoticization makes a good candidate for evolving into a tonal
system.
Lady’s Gitweb / Wiki / blobdiff