# Zheshoi
-Zheshoi (_ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕɵɪ/) is a language in
+Zheshoi (_ʒeßwi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕwi/) is a language in
the Jastu⹀Fizonal language family, derived from
[][:Languages/PreZheshoi].
### syllable structure
-The basic Zheshoi syllable is C(w)(ʀ)(y)V(ı)(C).
+The basic Zheshoi syllable is CHV(ı)(C).
This is analyzed as follows:8--:
-- An initial consonant
-- Zero or more medials (_w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, or _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
- in that order)
+- An initial consonant (C)
+- Zero or one medials (H; _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
+ _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, or _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz})
- A vowel (V) or diphthong (Vı)
- Optionally, a final consonant
All consonants are valid in both the initial and final position with
two broad exceptions:8--:
-- /ʔ/ and /h/ are not permitted as final consonants
+- /ʔ/ and /h/ are not permitted as final consonants.
- /g/ and /k/ are allophonic with /ʕ/ and /χ/ in the final position.
For simplicity, such consonants are traditionally analysed as
### medials
-There are three kinds of medial in Zheshoi, all of which may appear in
- a single syllable:8--:
+There are three kinds of medial in Zheshoi.
+Although multiple of these could appear in a single syllable in
+ Pre⹀Zheshoi, in Zheshoi only one is allowed:8--:
-- _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} phonemically indicates /w/, but this
- may be realized a variety of ways∶8--∶
+- _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [w] after voiced
+ consonants and [ʍ] after devoiced consonants.
- - /ʔw/ reduces to [w] and /hw/ is realized as [ʍ].
+- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [ɾ] after V⹀series
+ consonants, [l] after D⹀, J⹀, or G⹀series consonants, and [r] after
+ Ɂ⹀series consonants.
- - When followed by another medial, the preceding and following
- consonants are labialized and the [w] is dropped, so that /gwƦ/
- becomes [ɡʷrʷ], /twƦ/ becomes [tʷɫʷ], and /mwy/ becomes
- [mɥ].
-
- - Otherwise, the [w] is pronounced.
-
-- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is realized as [l] (rounded: [ɫʷ])
- after D⹀ or J⹀series consonants and [ɾ] (rounded: [rʷ]) otherwise.
-
-- _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is realized as [j] (rounded: [ɥ]).
- Any preceding /ʔ/ or /h/ is dropped.
+- _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [j] in all cases.
### vowels
altho due to shifts over time some of the neutral vowels have wound
up more close than the negatives.
Within each polarity, there are rounded (+U) and unrounded vowels.
-Additionally, each rounded or unrounded vowel can be iotized (+I),
- which usually results in a diphthong with /ɪ/, or rhoticized (+R),
- which adds R⹀colouring.
+Additionally, each rounded or unrounded vowel can be rhoticized (+R),
+ which adds R⹀colouring, and the unrounded vowels can be iotized (+I),
+ which usually results in a diphthong with /ɪ/.
The one exception is that there is no neutral vowel which is both
rounded and iotized.
-| Polarity | ∅ | +U | +I | +U +I | +R | +U +R |
-|:---------|:-----:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:--------:|
-| Positive | a /æ/ | ȣ /ɔ/ | aı /aɪ/ | ȣı /ɔɪ/ | aꝛ /ɑ˞/ | ȣꝛ /ɔ˞/ |
-| Neutral | ə /ə/ | u /u/ | i /i/ | | əꝛ /ʌ˞/ | uꝛ /ʊ˞/ |
-| Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/ | eı /eɪ/ | oı /ɵɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ |
+| Polarity | ∅ | +U | +I | +R | +U +R |
+|:---------|:-----:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:--------:|
+| Positive | a /æ/ | å /ɔ/ | aı /aɪ/ | aꝛ /ɑ˞/ | åꝛ /ɔ˞/ |
+| Neutral | ə /ə/ | u /u/ | i /i/ | əꝛ /ʌ˞/ | uꝛ /ʊ˞/ |
+| Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/ | eı /eɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ |
+
+The letter _æ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is used to indicate either
+ _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} or _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}
+ (depending on vowel harmony), and likewise for the letter
+ _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} and _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} or
+ _o_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}.
In addition to the above, Zheshoi features a syllabic /ɫ̩/, which
functions like a neutral vowel with the following restrictions: it
- may not be preceded by a medial, and it may not be followed by a
- final consonant.
+ may only be preceded by a voiced consonant (with no medial), and it
+ may not be followed by a final consonant.
It is called “lambda”, and written __{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}.
## morphology
_verbals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English verbs;
_articles_{as=dfn} are a somewhat unique word class whose role lies
somewhere between that of English articles and determiners
- (_the_{as=i}, _a_{as=i}, <i>some</i>…) and that of a pronoun.
+ (_the_{as=i}, _a_{as=i}, _some_{as=i}…) and that of a pronoun.
In addition to these three categories of word, Zheshoi also features a
number of other morphemes, including inflections, determiners, and
adpositions.
The verbal lexical stem consists of a single root.
+Verbal stems are classified into three groups, depending on their final
+ syllable:8--:
+
+- Those which end with a voiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel,
+- Those which end with a devoiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel, and
+- Those which end with a voiced consonant and lambda.
+
+This classification is maintained thru derivations and impacts the form
+ of the inflections.
+
+All verbals also have a definitite (positive or negative) assigned
+ vowel harmony, even when the verbal contains only neutral vowels.
+This harmony will influence derivations and inflections.
+
#### derived stem
```=html
<mspace width=mediummathspace />
<mover accent=false>
<mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
- <mi><abbr title=Out‐of‐control>OOC</abbr></mi>
+ <mi><abbr title=Verbalizer>VBZ</abbr></mi>
</mstyle>
<mover accent=true>
<mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
- <mi><abbr title=Control>CTR</abbr></mi>
+ <mi><abbr title=Class change>CC</abbr></mi>
</mover>
</mover>
<mspace width=mediummathspace />
</math>
```
-Verbals may be lexically marked for aspect and control.
+Verbals may be lexically marked for aspect in two places:
+A partially⹀reduplicative prefix indicates the habitual or
+ developmental aspects, and a suffix indicates perfectivity.
+These affixes can be combined.
(This analysis of aspect as “lexical”, and not “grammatical”, is a
morphological argument, not a syntactic one.)
-The marking of aspect is split between a possible reduplicative prefix
- (indicating habitual or “developmental” aspects) and a possible
- perfective suffix.
+
+The habitual prefix is _Cæ‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, where
+ _C_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is the initial consonant in the word.
+The develompental prefix is _Caı‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} for
+ positive verbals and _Cwi‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} for negative
+ ones.
+
+The perfective suffix can take the following forms:8--:
+
+- On verbals which end with a voiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel,
+ the R⹀colouring is dropped and _‐ɂwæꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}
+ is added.
+
+- On verbals which end with a devoiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel,
+ the R⹀colouring is dropped and _‐hwæꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}
+ is added.
+
+- On verbals which end with a voiced consonant and lambda, the final
+ syllable is replaced with _‐Cʀæı.ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
+ where _C_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is the _devoiced_ form of the
+ consonant.
#### inflected stem
The following are potential future directions for the language:8--:
-- Loss of simultaneous support for all three medials in every syllable.
- Loss of phonemic labialization with a corresponding split of
- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} into potentially as many options as
- /l/, /ɫ/ (which may merge with the syllabic equivalent), /ɾ/,
- and /r/; and of _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} into /j/ and /ɥ/.
-
- Rhoticization makes a good candidate for evolving into a tonal
system.
Lady’s Gitweb / Wiki / blobdiff