* Prepositional: used for the complement of most prepositions, although
some prepositions require or allow other cases.
+### Pronouns
+
+There are ten personal pronouns: a singular and a plural pronoun for
+each of the first and second persons, and three singular and three
+plural third-person pronouns, distinguished by gender.
+Each pronoun has forms for the different cases, although only the
+second person pronouns have vocative forms.
+
+The first and second person pronouns seem to be related to the verbal
+agreement affixes.
+The third-person masculine and feminine pronouns appear to derive from
+the verbal participle adjective "fomódkʰo" (meaning 'sapient' or
+'capable of language', active participle of the 5th form verb of the
+root m-d-kʰ), while the neuter pronouns derive from the verbal
+participle adjectives "moróŋpo" and "moroŋóp" (respectively meaning
+"arriving, nearby" or "leaving, distant"; passive and active
+participles of the 6th-form verb of the root r-ŋ-p).
+
+The forms of the personal pronouns are given in the table below:
+
+| usage | nom. | acc. | voc. | dat. | prep. |
+|----------|---------|----------|---------|---------|---------|
+| 1p.sg. | kʰn | kʰē | | kʰī | kʰo |
+| 1p.pl. | kʰīné | kʰēné | | kʰon | kʰenó |
+| 2p.sg. | tn | tē | tʰō | tī | to |
+| 2p.pl. | tīné | tēné | tʰŋ | ton | tenó |
+| 3p.sg.m. | fomótʰ | defmótʰ | | tifmótʰ | tefmótʰ |
+| 3p.sg.f. | gifmóg | kefmóg | | gofmóg | kimóg |
+| 3p.sg.n. | pmróŋ | pomróŋ | | bmróŋ | bomróŋ |
+| 3p.pl.m. | fomotʰí | defmtʰí | | tifmtʰí | tefmtʰí |
+| 3p.pl.f. | gifmgí | kefmgí | | gofmgí | kifmgí |
+| 3p.pl.n. | pmmrŋóp | pomrŋóp | | bmrŋóp | bomrŋóp |
+
+The third-person personal pronouns have two special uses:
+
+* In relative clauses, they represent the head noun within the relative
+ clause.
+* They may be placed between two noun phrases to represent that both
+ phrases have the same referent (serving a function similar to
+ apposition in English), in which case the pronoun and both
+ noun-phrases must agree in case, number, and gender.
+
+TKTK demonstratives?
+
+The interrogative pronouns derive from nouns of the root L-T-M
+("question"). TKTK
+
### Verbs
Verbs are inflected for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number.
having a meaning akin to 'many', and "dóho" 8000 being used to refer to
'everything' or 'more than can be counted'.
-Ordinal numbers can be formed by using the prepositionalclitic "dō-"
-('of') at the start of the number: "dōhekʷkokŋ fesso" for 21st.
+Ordinal numbers can be formed by using the prepositional clitic "sē-"
+('of') at the start of the number: "sēhekʷkokŋ fesso" for 21st.
Here are the numbers one-to-twenty:
they can be correlated with the right noun due to agreement.
Demonstratives must immediately precede and numerals must immediately
follow the noun when present.
-* Relative clauses follow the noun.
+* Relative clauses follow the noun, after any adjectives or numerals
* Prepositions
* Typically subject-verb-object, but it may vary.
* The question particle begins the sentence
be prefixed to its object.
Cliticized prepositions can be used with objects other than noun
phrases for various purposes.
+Some clitic forms are ambiguous between different prepositions.
Here are some of the prepositions in Midêkʰ with their meanings and
appropriate cases:
* petʰ/pē-: PREP in (time), during (DAT with the same meaning but the
additional indication that the events were located entirely in the
specified period)
+* rem/rē: PREP from; DAT away from
+* reŋ/rē: PREP to; DAT toward
* sen/sē-: of, belonging to
### Conjunctions
The conjunctions of Midêkʰ include:
* koko/-kokŋ: and, also
+* modo, which lacks a clitic and introduces a quotation.
+ It does not imply that the quotation is exact, although it is equally
+ usable for exact or direct quotations.
+* ropo, which lacks a clitic form and introduces a relative clause.
+
+### Relative clauses
+
+Relative clauses follow a noun phrase and are introduced by the
+relativizing conjunction "ropo".
+The relative clause is structured much as any other sentence, but must
+include a third-person personal pronoun of the same gender and number
+as the modified noun.
+This third-person pronoun is marked for case to indicate what role
+the modified noun plays in the relative clause.
## Semantics and Pragmatics
## Examples
+The sample texts will be in this format:
+
+* First, in a blockquote, the sample text is presented in (romanized)
+ Midêkʰ. For multi-sentence texts, the sentences are numbered in
+ parentheses.
+* For each sentence of the sample text, it is repeated in *_bold
+ italics_* (identified by number for multi-sentence texts).
+* Each sentence has a tabular morpheme-by-morpheme inter-linear gloss
+ and then a translation into English.
+* The glosses mostly follow the
+ [](https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php){title="Leipzig
+ Glossing Rules"},
+ although the root and patterns of stems are not separated.
+
+The following all-caps abbreviations are used in the glossses:
+
+* person: 1(st-person), 2(nd-person), 3(rd-person)
+* number: S(in)G(ular), PL(ural)
+* gender: M(asculine), F(eminine), N(euter)
+* case: NOM(inative), ACC(usative), VOC(ative), DAT(ive),
+ PREP(ositional)
+* tense: P(a)ST, N(on-)P(a)st
+* aspect: CON(tinuous), HAB(itual), P(er)F(ecti)V(e)
+* mood: IND(icative), OPT(ati)V(e), S(u)BJ(uncti)V(e)
+* derivational affixes: ADJ(ectivalization)
+* QUOT: quotative, marks a quotation
+
Rinna's first example text will be what would translate to the English text below, but first fae needs a lottt of words and probably some more syntax to figure out.
+### A historical account
+
+> \(1) petʰ tehimêh sēbotʰren sen dēkinêg dēlohêrihor tefmótʰ
+> dēmidéskʰe-sēpikʲʰêtik, tedérigʷ grhêpikʲob gilohêsiloh ropo gifmóg
+> gʲelpín gehimidkʰíhi kefmgí gedīrgʷís-róŋohipi.
+> \(2) gifmóg medíkʰ modo midéskʰe-sēpikʲʰêtik tehbín dehebīhéli koko
+> fomótʰ hōnébosog gebihlek
+
+1: *_petʰ tehimêh sēbotʰren sen dēkinêg dēlohêrihor tefmótʰ
+dēmidéskʰe-sēpikʲʰêtik, tedérigʷ grhêpikʲob gilohêsiloh ropo gifmóg
+gʲelpín gehimidkʰíhi kefmgí gedīrgʷís-róŋohipi._*
+
+| petʰ | te-himêh | sē-botʰren | sen | dē-kinêg |
+| during | DAT-year(M.SG) | of-thirteen | of | PREP-king(M.SG) |
+
+| dē-lo-hêrihor | tefmótʰ | dē-midéskʰe-sē-pikʲʰêti-k |
+| PREP.M-ADJ-cat.person | 3.M.SG.PREP | PREP.M-command-of-horses-SG |
+
+| tedérigʷ | gr-hêpikʲob | gi-lo-hêsiloh |
+| dawn(PST.PFV.IND.3.SG) | NOM.F-fighter(SG) | NOM.F-ADJ-bird.person(SG) |
+
+| ropo | gifmóg | gʲelpín | ge-himidkʰí-hi |
+| that | 3.F.SG.NOM | take(PST.PFV.IND.3.SG) | ACC.F-word-PL |
+
+| kefmgí | ge-dīrgʷís-róŋohip-i |
+| 3.F.PL.ACC | ACC.F-dawn-sent-PL |
+
+"In the thirteenth year of Cat-King Command-of-horses, a bird fighter
+appeared who called herself (took the words) Dawn-sent."
+
+2: *_gifmóg medíkʰ modo midéskʰe-sēpikʲʰêtik tehbín dehebīhéli koko
+fomótʰ hōnébosog gebihlek_*
+
+| gifmóg | medíkʰ | modo | midéskʰe-sē-pikʲʰêti-k |
+| 3.F.SG.NOM | say(PST.PFV.IND.3.SG) | QUOT | (NOM.M).command-of-horses-SG) |
+
+| tehbín | de-hebīhél-i | koko |
+| steal(PST.PFV.IND.3.SG) | ACC.M-communal.sacrifice-PL | and |
+
+| fomótʰ | hōnéboso-g | ge-bihle-k |
+| 3.M.SG.NOM | offend(PST.PFV.IND.3)-SG | ACC.F-the.gods-SG |
+
+"She said that Command-of-horses stole from the sacrifices and offended
+the gods."
+
+The full planned english text:
+
> In the thirteenth year of Cat-King General-of-Horses, a heron-fighter appeared who called herself Sent-by-Dawn. She said that General-of-Horses stole from the sacrifices and offended the gods. Sent-by-Dawn gathered a great army of the people and overthrew the evil king. The people clamored for her to rule them, and she declined, but for three days they surrounded her tent and clamored for her to rule them. After three days without peace or slumber, Sent-by-Dawn emerged from her tent and again the people clamored for her to rule them. Finally she took up the crown, and led the sacrifices and stole nothing from the gods. That was how the first year of Heron-Queen Sent-by-Dawn began.
TKTK
### Roots
+* b-h-l: worship, god
* b-t-r: length, measurement, (leg)
* d-r-gʷ: fire, light, sun
* f-p-tʰ: time
* gʲ-l-p: transfer, commerce
* h-m-h: period, cycle
+* k-n-g: own, rule
* m-d-kʰ: language
+* n-s-b: hatred, hostility
* p-kʲ-b: battle
* p-kʲʰ-t: movement
* p-s-ŋ: liquid/water
* r-h-r: purr
* r-ŋ-p: location, existence
* s-l-h: flight
+* t-h-b: extract, steal
TKTK
Verbs are listed with the present stem separated from the past stem by
a slash, but collated according the present stem.
+* béhli/behíl (b-h-l): vt. to worship, to pray
+* béhlit/tebéhil (b-h-l): v4. to be devoted to a god, to dedicate one's
+ self to a god's service or worship (the god takes the dative case)
+* bémhel/bemhēlé (b-h-l): vi. to be blessed, to receive a blessing
* bémter/bemtēré (b-t-r): vi. to be long, to have a measurement (the
measurement is indicated using the preposition fin), to lengthen
+* bénhil/behlín (b-h-l): vd. to sacrifice (indirect object is the god)
* béntir/betrín (b-t-r): vi. to measure, especially to measure a
distance by walking it carefully (the thing measured is indicated
using the preposition dol and the dative case)
* bétri/betír (b-t-r): vi. to walk
* betrikʷ: num. eleven
* bétrit/tebétir (b-t-r): vi. to pace back and forth, to patrol
+* bihêl (b-h-l): nf.sg. Bihêl, the sky goddess, queen of the gods
+* bihésle (b-h-l): nm. piety (this refers to the socially-expected
+ normal level of devotion to the gods)
+* bihésle (b-h-l): nf. intense devotion to the gods (this is an
+ exceptional, more intense devotion than the masculine noun)
+* bihle (b-h-l): nf.sg. the gods, collectively
+* bīhlé (b-h-l): nn. act of worship
+* bîhlen (b-h-l): nn. thing sacrificed
+* bīhlís (b-h-l): nf. a person dedicated to a god's service
+* bīhmól (b-h-l): nn. blessedness, state of being blessed or favoured
+ by the gods
* bitésre (b-t-r): nm. notch, marking (as the markings on a ruler)
* bitêr (b-t-r): nm. leg; pace (a unit of length)
* bītmór (b-t-r): nn. a measurement.
* bītré (b-t-r): nn. a step
* bîtren (b-t-r): nn. an act of measuring
* bītrís (b-t-r): nf. a pacing, a round of a patrol path
+* bmrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural dative
+* bmróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular dative
+* bohisló (b-h-l): adj. relating to the god to which a "bīhlis" is
+ devoted
+* bóhlo (b-h-l): adj. worshiping, worshipful, praying
+* bóhlon (b-h-l): adj. sacrificing (as in, performing a religious
+ sacrifice)
+* bohnól (b-h-l): adj. sacrificial, sacrificed
+* bóhohil (b-h-l): adj. leading sacrifices; sacrificing communally
+* bohól (b-h-l): adj. receiving worship, worthy of worship
+* bóhsil (b-h-l): adj. devoted to a god
+* bomrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural prepositional
+* bomróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular prepositional
* botisró (b-t-r): adj. pacing, patrolling (emphasizing the repetition
in time)
* botnór (b-t-r): adj. measured
* botʰren: num. thirteen
* bmgʲér: num. nineteen
* botr: num. eighteen
+* defmótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular accusative
+* defmtʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural accusative
* dehegʲi: num. ten
* dekʷ: num. two
* démregʷ/demrēgʷé (d-r-gʷ): vi. to be or become hot (generally not as
* dórohigʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. burning dangerously, dangerous
* dórsigʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. dawning (only used of the sun or the dawn
goddess)
+* febéhel/fíbehēl (b-h-l): vi. to be divine, to deserve worship
* febéter/fíbetēr (b-t-r): vi. to be clearly defined or bounded (rarely
used transitively to mean the subject is defined or has its
boundaries defined by the object)
* fefépetʰ/fífepētʰ (f-p-tʰ): vi. to be possible; to be in the future
* fegʲélep/fígʲelēp (gʲ-l-p): vi. to be generous
* fehémeh/fíhemēh (h-m-h): vi. to be eternal, to be immortal
+* fekéneg/fíkenēg (k-n-g): vi. to have authority, to be respected
* femédekʰ/fímedēkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be or become sapient, to be
capable of language
* fémpetʰ/fempētʰé (f-p-tʰ): vi. to be current; to have happened
+* fenébes/fínebēs (n-b-s): vi. be petty; hold a grudge (the target of
+ the grudge may be indicated in the dative)
* fénpitʰ/feptʰín (f-p-tʰ): vt. to last for a duration; to be of a
specified age
* fepékʲeb/fípekʲēb (p-kʲ-b): vi. to have martial bravery or skill
sense of having the time to go to other places)
* feséleh/físelēh (s-l-h): vi. to be or become free (unconstrained)
* fesso: num. twenty
+* fetéheb/fítehēb (t-h-b): vi. to be absent, to not be present
+* fibīhlí (b-h-l): nm. divinity; the property of being worthy of worship
* fibītrí (b-t-r): nm. a definition or act of defining, a boundary or
act of specifying boundaries
* fidīrgʷí (d-r-gʷ): nm. danger, great magical or spiritual power
* figʲīlpí (gʲ-l-p): nm. generosity
* fihīmhí (h-m-h): nm. eternity, endless time; immortality, endless
life
+* fikīngí (k-n-g): nm. respect, authority
* fimīdkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nm. sapience
* fin: prep. as; measuring (used with the verb bémter/bemtēré to
indicate the measurement of the subject of the verb)
+* finībsí (n-b-s): nm. pettiness, grudging demeanor
* fipéstʰe (f-p-tʰ): nm. interval between two events
* fipéstʰe (f-p-tʰ): nf. duration, period of time
* fipêtʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. a while, minute
general trait see "rihré")
* firīŋpí (r-ŋ-p): nm. availability (to go)
* fisīlhí (s-l-h): nm. freedom from constraint
+* fitīhbí (t-h-b): nm. absence
+* fobóhlo (b-h-l): adj. divine, worthy of worship
+* fobohól (b-h-l): adj. not divine, not worthy of worship; mortal
* fobótro (b-t-r): adj. clearly defined, bounded, finite in extent
* fobotór (b-t-r): adj. indefinable, unbounded, infinite
* fodórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. dangerous, magically or spiritually powerful
* fohomóh (h-m-h): adj. temporary; mortal
* fogʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. ungenerous, covetous
* fogʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. generous
+* fokóngo (k-n-g): adj. respected, authoritative
+* fokonóg (k-n-g): adj. disrespected, lacking authority, unable to
+ command obedience
* fomódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. sapient, capable of language
* fomodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. non-sapient, incapable of language, mindless
+* fomótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular nominative
+* fomotʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural nominative
+* fonobós (n-b-s): adj. forgiving
+* fonóbso (n-b-s): adj. petty; grudging, holding a grudge
* fopistʰó (f-p-tʰ): adj. having experienced a lot together
* fopnótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. relating to the duration or age of an event or
thing; old
* fosólho (s-l-h): adj. free from constraint
* fosolóh (s-l-h): adj. constrained, not free (the specifics of
application to people varied a lot in different places)
+* fotóhbo (t-h-b): adj. absent
+* fotohób (t-h-b): adj. present
+* gifmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural nominative
+* gifmóg: prn. third-person feminine singular nominative
+* gofmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural dative
+* gofmóg: prn. third-person feminine singular dative
* gʲélpi/gʲelíp (gʲ-l-p): vd. to give
* gʲélpit/tegʲélip (gʲ-l-p): v4. to trade, to exchange, to swap
* gʲémlep/gʲemlēpé (gʲ-l-p): vi. to be valuable, to have value
* gʲólpon (gʲ-l-p): adj. taking
* gʲólsip (gʲ-l-p): adj. trading, exchanging, swapping; commercially
active
+* hebīhél (b-h-l): nm. communal sacrifice
+* hêbihol (b-h-l): nv. a god
* hebītér (b-t-r): nm.ean act of measuring with a ruler or other
instrument, a measurement taken with a ruler or other instrument
(this carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
magnitude)
* hêbitor (b-t-r): nv. walker, runner (specifically referring to a
person who travels a long distance on foot)
+* hebohló (b-h-l): adj. worshipped communally; pertaining to a god
+ worshipped as communal or state religion; major (of gods)
* hebotró (b-t-r): adj. measured with a ruler or other instrument (this
carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
magnitude)
* hehīméh (h-m-h): nm. act of repeating an action; repeated action
* hêhimoh (h-m-h): nv. astrologer, astronomer
* hehomhó (h-m-h): adj. being repeated (of an action)
+* hekīnég (k-n-g): nm. thing inherited/bequeathed, thing granted
+* hêkinog (k-n-g): nv. owner (especially of land)
+* hekongó (k-n-g): adj. inherited, granted; obtained by other's
+ goodwill rather than one's own action or inherent worth
* hekʷ: num. one
* hémhi/hemíh (h-m-h): vi. to happen again
* hémhit/tehémih (h-m-h): vi. to transition to the next iteration or
* hémmeh/hemmēhé (h-m-h): vi. to be cyclical
* hemodkʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. being dictated to, subservient,
representative of
+* henībés (n-b-s): nm. act of insulting, disparaging, or offending
+* hênibos (n-b-s): nv. rival
* hénmih/hemhín (h-m-h): vi. to happen cyclically
+* henobsó (n-b-s): adj. insulted, offended, disparaged
* hepīkʲéb (p-kʲ-b): nm. battle-leadership
* hêpikʲob (p-kʲ-b): nv. fighter (character class); participant in a
fight
* hêsiloh (s-l-h): nv. a bird-person, a person who flies
* hesolhó (s-l-h): adj. being thrown-at
* hētér: num. four
+* hetīhéb (t-h-b): nm. burglary, break-in
+* hêtihob (t-h-b): nv. thief (character class)
+* hêtihob (t-h-b): nf. mischievous child
+* hetohbó (t-h-b): adj. burgled, broken into; disorderly (from or as if
+ from being ransacked by a burglar)
+* hibihlí (b-h-l): nf. a personal or familial god or spirit
* hibitrí (b-t-r): nf. toe; digit (a unit of length)
* hidirgʷí (d-r-gʷ): nf. ember
* hifiptʰí (f-p-tʰ): nf. a moment, second
* higʲilpí (gʲ-l-p): nf. purchase
* hihimhí (h-m-h): nf. tide
+* hikingí (k-n-g): nf. tenant
* himêh (h-m-h): nm. year
* himéshe (h-m-h): nm. a cycle, a periodic event or pattern
* himhé (h-m-h): nf.sg. cycles, repetition (in general); astrology,
* hīmmóh (h-m-h): nn. cyclicity (the property of being cyclic); a
regular pattern
* hímoh (h-m-h): nm. imitation of a past event, re-enactment
+* hinibsí (n-b-s): nf. enemy
* hipikʲbí (p-kʲ-b): nf. exchange of blows; contest or competitive game
(as in, an instance of playing the game, not the game in general)
* hipikʲʰtí (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. shake
animals)
* hiriŋpí (r-ŋ-p): nf. room
* hisilhí (s-l-h): nf. feather
+* hōbehló/hōbéholo (b-h-l): vd. to lead sacrifices (direct object are
+ the people on whose behalf the sacrifice is done/who are lead;
+ indirect object is the god to whom the sacrifices are done)
* hōbetró/hōbétoro (b-t-r): vt. to measure with a ruler or other
instrument (this carries an implication of both precision and small
absolute magnitude)
always with the passive particle for buying)
* hōhemhó/hōhémoho (h-m-h): vt. to repeat an action; to cause a cyclic
event to recur
+* hōkengó/hōkénogo (k-n-g): vd. to grant or bequeath a property or
+ position (especially to an heir, child, or subordinate)
* hōmedkʰó/hōmédokʰo (m-d-kʰ): vt/vd. to dictate, to cause to say or
write
* hómho (h-m-h): adj. happening again
* hómohih (h-m-h): adj. repeating an action
* hómsih (h-m-h): adj. before the transition between two stages of a
cyclic process
+* hōnebsó/hōnéboso (n-b-s): vt/vd. insult, offend (trans.); disparage,
+ insult to others (ditrans., ACC for insulted/disparaged party, DAT
+ for hearers)
* hōpekʲbó/hōpékʲobo (p-kʲ-b): vd. to lead in battle (the indirect
object is the foes)
* hōpekʲʰtó/hōpékʲʰoto (p-kʲʰ-t): vt. to put into motion, to cause to
* hōselhó/hōséloho (s-l-h): v. to throw (trans.), to throw at
(ditrans.)
* hot: num. eight
+* hōtehbó/hōtéhobo (t-h-b): vt. break into, burgle (a place)
* ked: prep. with (takes the prepositional case);
carrying/bringing/etc. (with verbs of motion, takes the accusative
case)
+* kefmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural accusative
+* kefmóg: prn. third-person feminine singular accusative
+* kémneg/kemnēgé (k-n-g): vi. to obey, to be obedient
+* kéngi/keníg (k-n-g): vt. to own, to rule
+* kéngit/tekénig (k-n-g): v4. to share ownership of or authority over
+ something (the owned or ruled thing takes the dative case)
+* kénnig/kengín (k-n-g): vt. to conquer, to obtain by force or power
+* kifmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural prepositional
+* kimóg: prn. third-person feminine singular prepositional
+* kinêg (k-n-g): nm. ruler, king (as a title, it was treated as varying
+ in gender with the referent)
+* kinésge (k-n-g): nm. possessions (non-land property)
+* kinésge (k-n-g): nf. kingdom
+* kingé (k-n-g): nf. ownership (especially of land), rule, governance
+* kīngé (k-n-g): nn. fact of owning, position of authority or ownership
+* kîngen (k-n-g): nn. act of conquest
+* kīngís (k-n-g): nf. shared authority or ownership; harmony
+* kīnmóg (k-n-g): nn. obedience, act of obedience
* -kokŋ/koko: conj. and, also
+* kóngo (k-n-g): adj. ruling, owning, authoritative
+* kóngon (k-n-g): adj. conquering, mighty
+* konisgó (k-n-g): adj. sharing (with a connotation of disharmony)
+* konnóg (k-n-g): adj. conquered, weak, desired
+* konóg (k-n-g): adj. owned, ruled, subordinate
+* kónohig (k-n-g): adj. bequeathing, inheriting, granting a property or
+ position, receiving a property or position; related to the
+ relationship between owner and heir or between ruler and subordinates
+* kónsig (k-n-g): adj. sharing (with connotations of harmony); joint,
+ harmonious, collaborative
+* kʰē: prn. first-person singular accusative
+* kʰēné: prn. first-person plural accusative
+* kʰenó: prn. first-person plural prepositional
+* kʰī: prn. first-person singular dative
+* kʰīné: prn. first-person plural nominative
+* kʰn: prn. first-person singular nominative
+* kʰo: prn. first-person singular prepositional
+* kʰon: prn. first-person plural dative
* médkʰi/medíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. speak, say, utter
* médkʰit/temédikʰ (m-d-kʰ): v4. to converse or correspond
* mémdekʰ/memdēkʰé (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be noisy, to make noise
* méndikʰ/medkʰín (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. write
+* mibíhlo (b-h-l): nn. prayer
* mibítro (b-t-r): nn. yardstick, ruler
* midêkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. the Midêkʰ language
* midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nf. command, order
* mifíptʰo (f-p-tʰ): nn. clock, point in time
* migʲílpo (gʲ-l-p): nn. money, coin
* mihímho (h-m-h): season, orbit
+* mikíngo (k-n-g): nn. administrator, deputy (one who manages the
+ property or domain of a ruler or land-owner)
* mimídkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nn. pen, stylus, other writing instrument
+* miníbso (n-b-s): nn. insult, slight
* mipíkʲbo (p-kʲ-b): nn. weapon
* mipíkʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. speed
* mipísŋo (p-s-ŋ): nn. canal
* miríhro (r-h-r): nn. throat, esp. the larynx
* miríŋpo (r-ŋ-p): nn. mount, vehicle, means of transportation
* misílho (s-l-h): nn. wing
+* mitíhbo (t-h-b): nn. hand
+* mobóhlo (b-h-l): adj. blessed, favoured by the gods
+* mobohól (b-h-l): adj. cursed, disfavoured by the gods
* mobotór (b-t-r): adj. short
* mobótro (b-t-r): adj. long
* módkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. speaking, vocal
* módkʰon (m-d-kʰ): adj. literate, writing
* modiskʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. comprehending, listening
* modnókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. written, textual, literary
+* modo: conj. introduces a quotation
* módohikʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. dictating, imperious, acting indirectly
* modókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. spoken, verbal, oral
* modórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. hot, warm, heated (by some external source)
* mohómho (h-m-h): adj. cyclic, repeating, following a regular pattern
* mohomóh (h-m-h): adj. acyclic, not repeating, not following a regular
pattern
+* mokóngo (k-n-g): adj. obedient; tame (of animals)
+* mokonóg (k-n-g): adj. disobedient, unruly; wild (of animals)
* momódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. noisy, loud
* momodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. quiet, noiseless, silent
+* monobós (n-b-s): adj. not disliked (not necessarily popular either);
+ having friends or allies
+* monóbso (n-b-s): adj. disliked; unpopular
* mopókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. angry (especially violently so, with a
connotation of being reactive but not necessarily unjustified)
* mopokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. lacking anger, forgiving
* moróŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. coming, arriving; nearby
* mosólho (s-l-h): adj. in the air, floating
* mosolóh (s-l-h): adj. not in the air, not flying, heavier than air
+* motóhbo (t-h-b): adj. scarce (of a thing); poor (of a person)
+* motohób (t-h-b): adj. abundant in quantity; wealthy
+* nébsi/nebís (n-b-s): vt. oppose, argue with
+* nébsit/tenébis (n-b-s): v4. to be rivals, to compete with
+ (commercially or socially)
+* némbes/nembēsé (n-b-s): vi. be disliked, be unpopular; lack friends
+ and allies
* nemígʲi: num. nine
+* nénbis/nebsín (n-b-s): vt. to hate
+* nibês (n-b-s): nm. grudge
+* nibês (n-b-s): nf. Nibês, a demon of vengeance
+* nibésse (n-b-s): nm. enduring rivalry
+* nibésse (n-b-s): nf. mortal hatred
+* nībmós (n-b-s): nn. unpopularity; lack of friends
+* nibsé (n-b-s): nf. hostility, antagonism, hate (in general)
+* nībsé (n-b-s): nn. act of opposition, disagreement
+* nîbsen (n-b-s): nn. an individual hatred
+* nībsís (n-b-s): nf. an individual rivalry
+* nobihél (b-h-l): nf. a sort of priestess to Bihêl that will be so
+ popular among tw if this setting ever develops a tumblr-analogue
* nobitér (b-t-r): nf. long journey on foot
+* nobissó (n-b-s): adj. unfriendly
+* nobnós (n-b-s): adj. hated, despicable
+* nóbohis (n-b-s): adj. insulting, offensive, disparaging
+* nobós (n-b-s): adj. opposed; bad, wrong, worth opposing or
+ disagreeing with
+* nóbsis (n-b-s): adj. competing, rivalrous
+* nóbso (n-b-s): adj. opposing, disagreeing
+* nóbson (n-b-s): adj. hating, hateful
* nodirégʷ (d-r-gʷ): nf. fuel for fire, firewood, kindling
* nohiméh (h-m-h): nf. period or duration of a cycle
+* nokinég (k-n-g): nf. block of rented land
* nomidékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. message, letter
* nopikʲéb (p-kʲ-b): nf. insult; reason that a fight started
* nopikʲʰét (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. jump
* noriŋép (r-ŋ-p): nf. tent
* nôpisŋo (p-s-ŋ): nm. urine
+* notihéb (t-h-b): nf. need (thing that is needed)
+* ŋôbihlo (b-h-l): nm. a person cursed by a god or the gods
* ŋôbitro (b-t-r): nm. heel, sole of foot
* ŋôdirgʷo (d-r-gʷ): nm. ash, follower-on
* ŋôfiptʰo (f-p-tʰ): nm. delay
* ŋôgʲilpo (gʲ-l-p): nm. theft
* ŋôhimho (h-m-h): nm. mating season of a mindless animal
+* ŋôkingo (k-n-g): nm. rent, tax; thing owed to your social "superior"
* ŋômidkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nm. nonsense, pathetic request
+* ŋônibso (n-b-s): nm. vengeance, hatred
* ŋôpikʲbo (p-kʲ-b): nm. anger, rage, fury (the connotations are of
driving to physical violences and being unjustified or unreasonable)
* ŋôpikʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. coward
* ŋôrihro (r-h-r): nm. overly dependent and helpless person
* ŋôriŋpo (r-ŋ-p): nm. dangerous place, cliff
* ŋôsilho (s-l-h): nm. bad omen
+* ŋôtihbo (t-h-b): nm. criminal
* pēfe: num. five
* pékʲbi/pekʲíb (p-kʲ-b): vt. to fight; to compete against
* pékʲbit/tepékʲib (p-kʲ-b): v4. to be enemies, to feud violently
* pīsŋé (p-s-ŋ): nn. act of flowing
* pîsŋen (p-s-ŋ): nn. pool, puddle, act of pooling
* pīsŋís (p-s-ŋ): nf. tide, change in level (especially of a fluid)
+* pmmrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural nominative
+* pmróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular nominative
* pókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting, attacking
* pókʲbon (p-kʲ-b): adj. killing, winning; lethal; victorious
* pokʲisbó (p-kʲ-b): adj. enemy
creatively)
* pókʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. moving (on its own), mobile
* pókʲʰton (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. running (typically used of people)
+* pomrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural accusative
+* pomróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular accusative
* pósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. flowing, fluid
* pósŋon (p-s-ŋ): adj. pooling, overflowing, stagnant
* posnóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. submerged, flooded, overflowed
contentment
* réhrit/teréhir (r-h-r); v4. to mutually care for each other, to love
(emphasizing action taken to care for one another)
+* rem/rē: prep. away from (takes the dative); from (takes the
+ prepositional) (the clitic form is ambiguous with "reŋ")
* rémher/remhēré (r-h-r): vi. to be calm, to be docile (especially used
of animals)
* rémŋep/remŋēpé (r-ŋ-p): vi. to come, to arrive; to bring (using
preposition ked and the accusative case to indicate what is brought)
* rénhir/rehrín (r-h-r): vi. to roar
* rénŋip/reŋpín (r-ŋ-p): vt. to go to a place
+* reŋ/rē: prep. toward (takes the dative); to (takes the prepositional)
+ (the clitic form is ambiguous with "rem")
* réŋpi/reŋíp (r-ŋ-p): vi/vt. to be at a place (trans.); to dwell or
live in a place (intr./trans.); to exist (intr.)
* réŋpit/teréŋip (r-ŋ-p): v4. to meet together (coming to a place to
home, resident; existing
* róŋpon (r-ŋ-p): adj. going
* róŋsip (r-ŋ-p): adj. arranging to meet, meeting intentionally
+* ropo: conj. introduces a relative clause
* sélhi/selíh (s-l-h): vi. to fly
* sélhit/tesélih (s-l-h): v4. to overfly (the place or thing flown over
takes the dative case); (rarely) to fly high or ascend
* sīlmóh (s-l-h): nn. the state of being in the air or floating
* síloh (s-l-h): nv. bat-person, a mammalian person who flies
* simídekʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. language, script
+* siníbes (n-b-s): nm. disrespect
* sipíkʲeb (p-kʲ-b): nm. wound, injury (used for injuries from fights,
battle, or physical contests)
* sipíkʲʰet (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. acceleration
* sipíseŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. mouthful (esp. of liquids)
* sisíleh (s-l-h): nm. wingspan
+* sobíhil (b-h-l): nn. temple, place of worship
* sobítir (b-t-r): nn. a far away place
* sodírigʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. hearth, firepit
* sofípitʰ (f-p-tʰ): nn. time of day, hour
* sogʲílip (gʲ-l-p): nn. market
* sohímih (h-m-h): nn. planet (including the sun but not the fixed
stars)
+* sokínig (k-n-g): nn. domain (land owned or controlled by a land-owner
+ or ruler)
* sólho (s-l-h): adj. flying, flapping
* sólhon (s-l-h): adj. swooping, flying downward
* solishó (s-l-h): adj. flying high
* solóh (s-l-h): adj. flying, wind-borne
* sólohih (s-l-h): adj. throwing, being thrown, moving through the air
* sólsih (s-l-h): adj. overflying something
-* somídikʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. TKTK (some sort of language place)
+* somídikʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. gathering place
+* soníbis (n-b-s): nn. a public place (with the connotation of a place
+ where one meets one's rivals enemies and might strive to insult or
+ outdo them)
* sopíkʲib (p-kʲ-b): nn. battlefield, scene of a fight
* sopíkʲʰit (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. path
* sopísiŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. body of water or other liquid, esp. an ocean
where one feels secure)
* soríŋip (r-ŋ-p): nn. place
* sosílih (s-l-h): nn. high up place to perch on
+* sotíhib (t-h-b): nn. hiding place, hideout
* petʰ: prep. during, in (in the sense of a time period) (the dative
case indicates that the events described took place exclusively in
the time period, while the prepositional case does not specify
whether they extend outside of this time in either direction).
+* tē: prn. second-person singular accusative
* tedirgʷó (d-r-gʷ): nm. burn
+* tefmótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular prepositional
+* tefmtʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural prepositional
+* tekingó (k-ng): nm. non-inheriting descendant of a land-owner or
+ ruler
+* téhbi/tehíb (t-h-b): vt. extract, remove
+* téhbit/tetéhib (t-h-b): v4. to miss one another
+* témheb/temhēbé (t-h-b): vi. to be scarce (of a thing); to be poor (of
+ a person)
+* tēné: prn. second-person plural accusative
+* ténhib/tehbín (t-h-b): vt. steal
+* tenibsó (n-b-s): nm. insult, offensive act
+* tenó: prn. second-person plural prepositional
* tepisŋó (p-s-ŋ): nm. blood
* terihró (r-h-r): nm. whimpers, pleading noises
* teriŋpó (r-ŋ-p): nm. starting point
+* tī: prn. second-person singular dative
+* tifmótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular dative
+* tifmtʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural dative
+* tihbé (t-h-b): nf. removal, absence (all in the abstract); metallurgy
+* tīhbé (t-h-b): nn. act of removal
+* tîhben (t-h-b): nn. act of stealing, theft
+* tīhbís (t-h-b): nf. state of missing one another; loneliness
+* tihêb (t-h-b): nm. thief (person who steals)
+* tihésbe (t-h-b): nm. poverty
+* tihésbe (t-h-b): nf. bad luck
+* tīhmób (t-h-b): nn. scarcity
+* tíhob (t-h-b): nm. windfall
+* tīné: prn. second-person plural nominative
+* tn: prn. second-person singular nominative
+* to: prn. second-person singular prepositional
* tobitír (b-t-r): nn. foot, paw; foot (a unit of length)
* todirígʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. day
* togʲilíp (gʲ-l-p): nn. price
+* tóhbo (t-h-b): adj. extracting, removing
+* tóhbon (t-h-b): adj. stealing
* tohimíh (h-m-h): nn. day-night cycle
+* tohisbó (t-h-b): adj. lonely
+* tohnób (t-h-b): adj. stolen
+* tohób (t-h-b): adj. extracted, removed
+* tóhohib (t-h-b): adj. burgling, breaking into
+* tóhsib (t-h-b): adj. missing someone
+* tokiníg (k-n-g): nn. heir to property or position
* tōmidíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. sentence
+* ton: prn. second-person plural dative
* topikʲíb (p-kʲ-b): nn. rabid or aggressive animal
* tōpisíŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. cup, waterskin, jug
* torihír (r-h-r): nn. mindless cat
* toriŋíp (r-ŋ-p): nn. destination
* tosilíh (s-l-h): nn. mindless bat, flying mindless mammal
+* totihíb (t-h-b): nn. stolen good; loot
+* tʰŋ: prn. second-person plural vocative
+* tʰō: prn. second-person singular vocative
* tʰon: num. three
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