be prefixed to its object.
Cliticized prepositions can be used with objects other than noun
phrases for various purposes.
+Some clitic forms are ambiguous between different prepositions.
Here are some of the prepositions in Midêkʰ with their meanings and
appropriate cases:
* petʰ/pē-: PREP in (time), during (DAT with the same meaning but the
additional indication that the events were located entirely in the
specified period)
+* rem/rē: PREP from; DAT away from
+* reŋ/rē: PREP to; DAT toward
* sen/sē-: of, belonging to
### Conjunctions
The conjunctions of Midêkʰ include:
* koko/-kokŋ: and, also
+* modo, which lacks a clitic and introduces a quotation.
+ It does not imply that the quotation is exact, although it is equally
+ usable for exact or direct quotations.
* ropo, which lacks a clitic form and introduces a relative clause.
### Relative clauses
### Roots
+* b-h-l: worship, god
* b-t-r: length, measurement, (leg)
* d-r-gʷ: fire, light, sun
* f-p-tʰ: time
* h-m-h: period, cycle
* k-n-g: own, rule
* m-d-kʰ: language
+* n-s-b: hatred, hostility
* p-kʲ-b: battle
* p-kʲʰ-t: movement
* p-s-ŋ: liquid/water
* r-h-r: purr
* r-ŋ-p: location, existence
* s-l-h: flight
+* t-h-b: extract, steal
TKTK
Verbs are listed with the present stem separated from the past stem by
a slash, but collated according the present stem.
+* béhli/behíl (b-h-l): vt. to worship, to pray
+* béhlit/tebéhil (b-h-l): v4. to be devoted to a god, to dedicate one's
+ self to a god's service or worship (the god takes the dative case)
+* bémhel/bemhēlé (b-h-l): vi. to be blessed, to receive a blessing
* bémter/bemtēré (b-t-r): vi. to be long, to have a measurement (the
measurement is indicated using the preposition fin), to lengthen
+* bénhil/behlín (b-h-l): vd. to sacrifice (indirect object is the god)
* béntir/betrín (b-t-r): vi. to measure, especially to measure a
distance by walking it carefully (the thing measured is indicated
using the preposition dol and the dative case)
* bétri/betír (b-t-r): vi. to walk
* betrikʷ: num. eleven
* bétrit/tebétir (b-t-r): vi. to pace back and forth, to patrol
+* bihêl (b-h-l): nf.sg. Bihêl, the sky goddess, queen of the gods
+* bihésle (b-h-l): nm. piety (this refers to the socially-expected
+ normal level of devotion to the gods)
+* bihésle (b-h-l): nf. intense devotion to the gods (this is an
+ exceptional, more intense devotion than the masculine noun)
+* bihle (b-h-l): nf.sg. the gods, collectively
+* bīhlé (b-h-l): nn. act of worship
+* bîhlen (b-h-l): nn. thing sacrificed
+* bīhlís (b-h-l): nf. a person dedicated to a god's service
+* bīhmól (b-h-l): nn. blessedness, state of being blessed or favoured
+ by the gods
* bitésre (b-t-r): nm. notch, marking (as the markings on a ruler)
* bitêr (b-t-r): nm. leg; pace (a unit of length)
* bītmór (b-t-r): nn. a measurement.
* bītrís (b-t-r): nf. a pacing, a round of a patrol path
* bmrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural dative
* bmróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular dative
+* bohisló (b-h-l): adj. relating to the god to which a "bīhlis" is
+ devoted
+* bóhlo (b-h-l): adj. worshiping, worshipful, praying
+* bóhlon (b-h-l): adj. sacrificing (as in, performing a religious
+ sacrifice)
+* bohnól (b-h-l): adj. sacrificial, sacrificed
+* bóhohil (b-h-l): adj. leading sacrifices; sacrificing communally
+* bohól (b-h-l): adj. receiving worship, worthy of worship
+* bóhsil (b-h-l): adj. devoted to a god
* bomrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural prepositional
* bomróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular prepositional
* botisró (b-t-r): adj. pacing, patrolling (emphasizing the repetition
* dórohigʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. burning dangerously, dangerous
* dórsigʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. dawning (only used of the sun or the dawn
goddess)
+* febéhel/fíbehēl (b-h-l): vi. to be divine, to deserve worship
* febéter/fíbetēr (b-t-r): vi. to be clearly defined or bounded (rarely
used transitively to mean the subject is defined or has its
boundaries defined by the object)
* femédekʰ/fímedēkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be or become sapient, to be
capable of language
* fémpetʰ/fempētʰé (f-p-tʰ): vi. to be current; to have happened
+* fenébes/fínebēs (n-b-s): vi. be petty; hold a grudge (the target of
+ the grudge may be indicated in the dative)
* fénpitʰ/feptʰín (f-p-tʰ): vt. to last for a duration; to be of a
specified age
* fepékʲeb/fípekʲēb (p-kʲ-b): vi. to have martial bravery or skill
sense of having the time to go to other places)
* feséleh/físelēh (s-l-h): vi. to be or become free (unconstrained)
* fesso: num. twenty
+* fetéheb/fítehēb (t-h-b): vi. to be absent, to not be present
+* fibīhlí (b-h-l): nm. divinity; the property of being worthy of worship
* fibītrí (b-t-r): nm. a definition or act of defining, a boundary or
act of specifying boundaries
* fidīrgʷí (d-r-gʷ): nm. danger, great magical or spiritual power
* fimīdkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nm. sapience
* fin: prep. as; measuring (used with the verb bémter/bemtēré to
indicate the measurement of the subject of the verb)
+* finībsí (n-b-s): nm. pettiness, grudging demeanor
* fipéstʰe (f-p-tʰ): nm. interval between two events
* fipéstʰe (f-p-tʰ): nf. duration, period of time
* fipêtʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. a while, minute
general trait see "rihré")
* firīŋpí (r-ŋ-p): nm. availability (to go)
* fisīlhí (s-l-h): nm. freedom from constraint
+* fitīhbí (t-h-b): nm. absence
+* fobóhlo (b-h-l): adj. divine, worthy of worship
+* fobohól (b-h-l): adj. not divine, not worthy of worship; mortal
* fobótro (b-t-r): adj. clearly defined, bounded, finite in extent
* fobotór (b-t-r): adj. indefinable, unbounded, infinite
* fodórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. dangerous, magically or spiritually powerful
* fomodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. non-sapient, incapable of language, mindless
* fomótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular nominative
* fomotʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural nominative
+* fonobós (n-b-s): adj. forgiving
+* fonóbso (n-b-s): adj. petty; grudging, holding a grudge
* fopistʰó (f-p-tʰ): adj. having experienced a lot together
* fopnótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. relating to the duration or age of an event or
thing; old
* fosólho (s-l-h): adj. free from constraint
* fosolóh (s-l-h): adj. constrained, not free (the specifics of
application to people varied a lot in different places)
+* fotóhbo (t-h-b): adj. absent
+* fotohób (t-h-b): adj. present
* gifmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural nominative
* gifmóg: prn. third-person feminine singular nominative
* gofmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural dative
* gʲólpon (gʲ-l-p): adj. taking
* gʲólsip (gʲ-l-p): adj. trading, exchanging, swapping; commercially
active
+* hebīhél (b-h-l): nm. communal sacrifice
+* hêbihol (b-h-l): nv. a god
* hebītér (b-t-r): nm.ean act of measuring with a ruler or other
instrument, a measurement taken with a ruler or other instrument
(this carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
magnitude)
* hêbitor (b-t-r): nv. walker, runner (specifically referring to a
person who travels a long distance on foot)
+* hebohló (b-h-l): adj. worshipped communally; pertaining to a god
+ worshipped as communal or state religion; major (of gods)
* hebotró (b-t-r): adj. measured with a ruler or other instrument (this
carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
magnitude)
* hémmeh/hemmēhé (h-m-h): vi. to be cyclical
* hemodkʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. being dictated to, subservient,
representative of
+* henībés (n-b-s): nm. act of insulting, disparaging, or offending
+* hênibos (n-b-s): nv. rival
* hénmih/hemhín (h-m-h): vi. to happen cyclically
+* henobsó (n-b-s): adj. insulted, offended, disparaged
* hepīkʲéb (p-kʲ-b): nm. battle-leadership
* hêpikʲob (p-kʲ-b): nv. fighter (character class); participant in a
fight
* hêsiloh (s-l-h): nv. a bird-person, a person who flies
* hesolhó (s-l-h): adj. being thrown-at
* hētér: num. four
+* hetīhéb (t-h-b): nm. burglary, break-in
+* hêtihob (t-h-b): nv. thief (character class)
+* hêtihob (t-h-b): nf. mischievous child
+* hetohbó (t-h-b): adj. burgled, broken into; disorderly (from or as if
+ from being ransacked by a burglar)
+* hibihlí (b-h-l): nf. a personal or familial god or spirit
* hibitrí (b-t-r): nf. toe; digit (a unit of length)
* hidirgʷí (d-r-gʷ): nf. ember
* hifiptʰí (f-p-tʰ): nf. a moment, second
* hīmmóh (h-m-h): nn. cyclicity (the property of being cyclic); a
regular pattern
* hímoh (h-m-h): nm. imitation of a past event, re-enactment
+* hinibsí (n-b-s): nf. enemy
* hipikʲbí (p-kʲ-b): nf. exchange of blows; contest or competitive game
(as in, an instance of playing the game, not the game in general)
* hipikʲʰtí (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. shake
animals)
* hiriŋpí (r-ŋ-p): nf. room
* hisilhí (s-l-h): nf. feather
+* hōbehló/hōbéholo (b-h-l): vd. to lead sacrifices (direct object are
+ the people on whose behalf the sacrifice is done/who are lead;
+ indirect object is the god to whom the sacrifices are done)
* hōbetró/hōbétoro (b-t-r): vt. to measure with a ruler or other
instrument (this carries an implication of both precision and small
absolute magnitude)
* hómohih (h-m-h): adj. repeating an action
* hómsih (h-m-h): adj. before the transition between two stages of a
cyclic process
+* hōnebsó/hōnéboso (n-b-s): vt/vd. insult, offend (trans.); disparage,
+ insult to others (ditrans., ACC for insulted/disparaged party, DAT
+ for hearers)
* hōpekʲbó/hōpékʲobo (p-kʲ-b): vd. to lead in battle (the indirect
object is the foes)
* hōpekʲʰtó/hōpékʲʰoto (p-kʲʰ-t): vt. to put into motion, to cause to
* hōselhó/hōséloho (s-l-h): v. to throw (trans.), to throw at
(ditrans.)
* hot: num. eight
+* hōtehbó/hōtéhobo (t-h-b): vt. break into, burgle (a place)
* ked: prep. with (takes the prepositional case);
carrying/bringing/etc. (with verbs of motion, takes the accusative
case)
* médkʰit/temédikʰ (m-d-kʰ): v4. to converse or correspond
* mémdekʰ/memdēkʰé (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be noisy, to make noise
* méndikʰ/medkʰín (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. write
+* mibíhlo (b-h-l): nn. prayer
* mibítro (b-t-r): nn. yardstick, ruler
* midêkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. the Midêkʰ language
* midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nf. command, order
* mikíngo (k-n-g): nn. administrator, deputy (one who manages the
property or domain of a ruler or land-owner)
* mimídkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nn. pen, stylus, other writing instrument
+* miníbso (n-b-s): nn. insult, slight
* mipíkʲbo (p-kʲ-b): nn. weapon
* mipíkʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. speed
* mipísŋo (p-s-ŋ): nn. canal
* miríhro (r-h-r): nn. throat, esp. the larynx
* miríŋpo (r-ŋ-p): nn. mount, vehicle, means of transportation
* misílho (s-l-h): nn. wing
+* mitíhbo (t-h-b): nn. hand
+* mobóhlo (b-h-l): adj. blessed, favoured by the gods
+* mobohól (b-h-l): adj. cursed, disfavoured by the gods
* mobotór (b-t-r): adj. short
* mobótro (b-t-r): adj. long
* módkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. speaking, vocal
* módkʰon (m-d-kʰ): adj. literate, writing
* modiskʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. comprehending, listening
* modnókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. written, textual, literary
+* modo: conj. introduces a quotation
* módohikʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. dictating, imperious, acting indirectly
* modókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. spoken, verbal, oral
* modórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. hot, warm, heated (by some external source)
* mokonóg (k-n-g): adj. disobedient, unruly; wild (of animals)
* momódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. noisy, loud
* momodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. quiet, noiseless, silent
+* monobós (n-b-s): adj. not disliked (not necessarily popular either);
+ having friends or allies
+* monóbso (n-b-s): adj. disliked; unpopular
* mopókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. angry (especially violently so, with a
connotation of being reactive but not necessarily unjustified)
* mopokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. lacking anger, forgiving
* moróŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. coming, arriving; nearby
* mosólho (s-l-h): adj. in the air, floating
* mosolóh (s-l-h): adj. not in the air, not flying, heavier than air
+* motóhbo (t-h-b): adj. scarce (of a thing); poor (of a person)
+* motohób (t-h-b): adj. abundant in quantity; wealthy
+* nébsi/nebís (n-b-s): vt. oppose, argue with
+* nébsit/tenébis (n-b-s): v4. to be rivals, to compete with
+ (commercially or socially)
+* némbes/nembēsé (n-b-s): vi. be disliked, be unpopular; lack friends
+ and allies
* nemígʲi: num. nine
+* nénbis/nebsín (n-b-s): vt. to hate
+* nibês (n-b-s): nm. grudge
+* nibês (n-b-s): nf. Nibês, a demon of vengeance
+* nibésse (n-b-s): nm. enduring rivalry
+* nibésse (n-b-s): nf. mortal hatred
+* nībmós (n-b-s): nn. unpopularity; lack of friends
+* nibsé (n-b-s): nf. hostility, antagonism, hate (in general)
+* nībsé (n-b-s): nn. act of opposition, disagreement
+* nîbsen (n-b-s): nn. an individual hatred
+* nībsís (n-b-s): nf. an individual rivalry
+* nobihél (b-h-l): nf. a sort of priestess to Bihêl that will be so
+ popular among tw if this setting ever develops a tumblr-analogue
* nobitér (b-t-r): nf. long journey on foot
+* nobissó (n-b-s): adj. unfriendly
+* nobnós (n-b-s): adj. hated, despicable
+* nóbohis (n-b-s): adj. insulting, offensive, disparaging
+* nobós (n-b-s): adj. opposed; bad, wrong, worth opposing or
+ disagreeing with
+* nóbsis (n-b-s): adj. competing, rivalrous
+* nóbso (n-b-s): adj. opposing, disagreeing
+* nóbson (n-b-s): adj. hating, hateful
* nodirégʷ (d-r-gʷ): nf. fuel for fire, firewood, kindling
* nohiméh (h-m-h): nf. period or duration of a cycle
* nokinég (k-n-g): nf. block of rented land
* nopikʲʰét (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. jump
* noriŋép (r-ŋ-p): nf. tent
* nôpisŋo (p-s-ŋ): nm. urine
+* notihéb (t-h-b): nf. need (thing that is needed)
+* ŋôbihlo (b-h-l): nm. a person cursed by a god or the gods
* ŋôbitro (b-t-r): nm. heel, sole of foot
* ŋôdirgʷo (d-r-gʷ): nm. ash, follower-on
* ŋôfiptʰo (f-p-tʰ): nm. delay
* ŋôhimho (h-m-h): nm. mating season of a mindless animal
* ŋôkingo (k-n-g): nm. rent, tax; thing owed to your social "superior"
* ŋômidkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nm. nonsense, pathetic request
+* ŋônibso (n-b-s): nm. vengeance, hatred
* ŋôpikʲbo (p-kʲ-b): nm. anger, rage, fury (the connotations are of
driving to physical violences and being unjustified or unreasonable)
* ŋôpikʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. coward
* ŋôrihro (r-h-r): nm. overly dependent and helpless person
* ŋôriŋpo (r-ŋ-p): nm. dangerous place, cliff
* ŋôsilho (s-l-h): nm. bad omen
+* ŋôtihbo (t-h-b): nm. criminal
* pēfe: num. five
* pékʲbi/pekʲíb (p-kʲ-b): vt. to fight; to compete against
* pékʲbit/tepékʲib (p-kʲ-b): v4. to be enemies, to feud violently
contentment
* réhrit/teréhir (r-h-r); v4. to mutually care for each other, to love
(emphasizing action taken to care for one another)
+* rem/rē: prep. away from (takes the dative); from (takes the
+ prepositional) (the clitic form is ambiguous with "reŋ")
* rémher/remhēré (r-h-r): vi. to be calm, to be docile (especially used
of animals)
* rémŋep/remŋēpé (r-ŋ-p): vi. to come, to arrive; to bring (using
preposition ked and the accusative case to indicate what is brought)
* rénhir/rehrín (r-h-r): vi. to roar
* rénŋip/reŋpín (r-ŋ-p): vt. to go to a place
+* reŋ/rē: prep. toward (takes the dative); to (takes the prepositional)
+ (the clitic form is ambiguous with "rem")
* réŋpi/reŋíp (r-ŋ-p): vi/vt. to be at a place (trans.); to dwell or
live in a place (intr./trans.); to exist (intr.)
* réŋpit/teréŋip (r-ŋ-p): v4. to meet together (coming to a place to
* sīlmóh (s-l-h): nn. the state of being in the air or floating
* síloh (s-l-h): nv. bat-person, a mammalian person who flies
* simídekʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. language, script
+* siníbes (n-b-s): nm. disrespect
* sipíkʲeb (p-kʲ-b): nm. wound, injury (used for injuries from fights,
battle, or physical contests)
* sipíkʲʰet (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. acceleration
* sipíseŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. mouthful (esp. of liquids)
* sisíleh (s-l-h): nm. wingspan
+* sobíhil (b-h-l): nn. temple, place of worship
* sobítir (b-t-r): nn. a far away place
* sodírigʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. hearth, firepit
* sofípitʰ (f-p-tʰ): nn. time of day, hour
* solóh (s-l-h): adj. flying, wind-borne
* sólohih (s-l-h): adj. throwing, being thrown, moving through the air
* sólsih (s-l-h): adj. overflying something
-* somídikʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. TKTK (some sort of language place)
+* somídikʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. gathering place
+* soníbis (n-b-s): nn. a public place (with the connotation of a place
+ where one meets one's rivals enemies and might strive to insult or
+ outdo them)
* sopíkʲib (p-kʲ-b): nn. battlefield, scene of a fight
* sopíkʲʰit (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. path
* sopísiŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. body of water or other liquid, esp. an ocean
where one feels secure)
* soríŋip (r-ŋ-p): nn. place
* sosílih (s-l-h): nn. high up place to perch on
+* sotíhib (t-h-b): nn. hiding place, hideout
* petʰ: prep. during, in (in the sense of a time period) (the dative
case indicates that the events described took place exclusively in
the time period, while the prepositional case does not specify
* tefmtʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural prepositional
* tekingó (k-ng): nm. non-inheriting descendant of a land-owner or
ruler
+* téhbi/tehíb (t-h-b): vt. extract, remove
+* téhbit/tetéhib (t-h-b): v4. to miss one another
+* témheb/temhēbé (t-h-b): vi. to be scarce (of a thing); to be poor (of
+ a person)
* tēné: prn. second-person plural accusative
+* ténhib/tehbín (t-h-b): vt. steal
+* tenibsó (n-b-s): nm. insult, offensive act
* tenó: prn. second-person plural prepositional
* tepisŋó (p-s-ŋ): nm. blood
* terihró (r-h-r): nm. whimpers, pleading noises
* teriŋpó (r-ŋ-p): nm. starting point
+* tī: prn. second-person singular dative
* tifmótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular dative
* tifmtʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural dative
-* tī: prn. second-person singular dative
+* tihbé (t-h-b): nf. removal, absence (all in the abstract); metallurgy
+* tīhbé (t-h-b): nn. act of removal
+* tîhben (t-h-b): nn. act of stealing, theft
+* tīhbís (t-h-b): nf. state of missing one another; loneliness
+* tihêb (t-h-b): nm. thief (person who steals)
+* tihésbe (t-h-b): nm. poverty
+* tihésbe (t-h-b): nf. bad luck
+* tīhmób (t-h-b): nn. scarcity
+* tíhob (t-h-b): nm. windfall
* tīné: prn. second-person plural nominative
* tn: prn. second-person singular nominative
* to: prn. second-person singular prepositional
* tobitír (b-t-r): nn. foot, paw; foot (a unit of length)
* todirígʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. day
* togʲilíp (gʲ-l-p): nn. price
+* tóhbo (t-h-b): adj. extracting, removing
+* tóhbon (t-h-b): adj. stealing
* tohimíh (h-m-h): nn. day-night cycle
+* tohisbó (t-h-b): adj. lonely
+* tohnób (t-h-b): adj. stolen
+* tohób (t-h-b): adj. extracted, removed
+* tóhohib (t-h-b): adj. burgling, breaking into
+* tóhsib (t-h-b): adj. missing someone
* tokiníg (k-n-g): nn. heir to property or position
* tōmidíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. sentence
* ton: prn. second-person plural dative
* torihír (r-h-r): nn. mindless cat
* toriŋíp (r-ŋ-p): nn. destination
* tosilíh (s-l-h): nn. mindless bat, flying mindless mammal
+* totihíb (t-h-b): nn. stolen good; loot
* tʰŋ: prn. second-person plural vocative
* tʰō: prn. second-person singular vocative
* tʰon: num. three
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