X-Git-Url: https://git.ladys.computer/Wiki/blobdiff_plain/12fdcd3ceb83712368c68543b70beede61c4a964..ce191a937f215ec01fee7f3b5c0e8cdc83cab305:/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot?ds=sidebyside
diff --git a/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot b/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot
index 0e83e35..c79ee46 100644
--- a/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot
+++ b/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
# Zheshoi
-Zheshoi (_ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕɵɪ/) is a language in
- the Jastu⹀Fizonal language family, derived from [][:PreZheshoi].
+Zheshoi (_ʒeßwi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕwi/) is a language in
+ the Jastu⹀Fizonal language family, derived from
+ [][:Languages/PreZheshoi].
## phonology
### syllable structure
-The basic Zheshoi syllable is C(w)(ʀ)(y)V(ı)(C).
+The basic Zheshoi syllable is CHV(ı)(C).
This is analyzed as follows:8--:
-- An initial consonant
-- Zero or more medials (_w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, or _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
- in that order)
+- An initial consonant (C)
+- Zero or one medials (H; _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
+ _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, or _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz})
- A vowel (V) or diphthong (Vı)
- Optionally, a final consonant
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Note that /n/ is equated with the allophonic /ŋ/ for this
All consonants are valid in both the initial and final position with
two broad exceptions:8--:
-- /ʔ/ and /h/ are not permitted as final consonants
+- /ʔ/ and /h/ are not permitted as final consonants.
- /g/ and /k/ are allophonic with /ʕ/ and /χ/ in the final position.
For simplicity, such consonants are traditionally analysed as
@@ -50,26 +50,18 @@ All consonants are valid in both the initial and final position with
### medials
-There are three kinds of medial in Zheshoi, all of which may appear in
- a single syllable:8--:
+There are three kinds of medial in Zheshoi.
+Although multiple of these could appear in a single syllable in
+ Pre⹀Zheshoi, in Zheshoi only one is allowed:8--:
-- _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} phonemically indicates /w/, but this
- may be realized a variety of ways∶8--∶
+- _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [w] after voiced
+ consonants and [ʍ] after devoiced consonants.
- - /ʔw/ reduces to [w] and /hw/ is realized as [ʍ].
+- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [ɾ] after V⹀series
+ consonants, [l] after D⹀, J⹀, or G⹀series consonants, and [r] after
+ Ɂ⹀series consonants.
- - When followed by another medial, the preceding and following
- consonants are labialized and the [w] is dropped, so that /gwƦ/
- becomes [ɡʷrʷ], /twƦ/ becomes [tʷɫʷ], and /mwy/ becomes
- [mɥ].
-
- - Otherwise, the [w] is pronounced.
-
-- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is realized as [l] (rounded: [ɫʷ])
- after D⹀ or J⹀series consonants and [ɾ] (rounded: [rʷ]) otherwise.
-
-- _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is realized as [j] (rounded: [ɥ]).
- Any preceding /ʔ/ or /h/ is dropped.
+- _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [j] in all cases.
### vowels
@@ -79,34 +71,641 @@ These correspond to open, mid, and close vowel heights, respectively,
altho due to shifts over time some of the neutral vowels have wound
up more close than the negatives.
Within each polarity, there are rounded (+U) and unrounded vowels.
-Additionally, each rounded or unrounded vowel can be iotized (+I),
- which usually results in a diphthong with /ɪ/, or rhoticized (+R),
- which adds R⹀colouring.
+Additionally, each rounded or unrounded vowel can be rhoticized (+R),
+ which adds R⹀colouring, and the unrounded vowels can be iotized (+I),
+ which usually results in a diphthong with /ɪ/.
The one exception is that there is no neutral vowel which is both
rounded and iotized.
-| Polarity | ∅ | +U | +I | +U +I | +R | +U +R |
-|:---------|:-----:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:--------:|
-| Positive | a /æ/ | ȣ /ɔ/ | aı /aɪ/ | ȣı /ɔɪ/ | aꝛ /ɑ˞/ | ȣꝛ /ɔ˞/ |
-| Neutral | ə /ə/ | u /u/ | i /i/ | | əꝛ /ʌ˞/ | uꝛ /ʊ˞/ |
-| Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/ | eı /eɪ/ | oı /ɵɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ |
+| Polarity | ∅ | +U | +I | +R | +U +R |
+|:---------|:-----:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:--------:|
+| Positive | a /æ/ | å /ɔ/ | aı /aɪ/ | aꝛ /ɑ˞/ | åꝛ /ɔ˞/ |
+| Neutral | ə /ə/ | u /u/ | i /i/ | əꝛ /ʌ˞/ | uꝛ /ʊ˞/ |
+| Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/ | eı /eɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ |
+
+The letter _æ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is used to indicate either
+ _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} or _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}
+ (depending on vowel harmony), and likewise for the letter
+ _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} and _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} or
+ _o_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}.
In addition to the above, Zheshoi features a syllabic /ɫ̩/, which
functions like a neutral vowel with the following restrictions: it
- may not be preceded by a medial, and it may not be followed by a
- final consonant.
+ may only be preceded by a voiced consonant (with no medial), and it
+ may not be followed by a final consonant.
It is called “lambda”, and written __{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}.
+## morphology
+
+(This information is just copied from some documentation I found on my
+ computer and may not be entirely accurate yet.
+[][@:Lady]{.sig})
+
+### morphological word classes
+
+Zheshoi has three main categories of words which may serve as a
+ morphological stem: articles, nominals, and verbals.
+_Nominals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English nouns, and
+ _verbals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English verbs;
+ _articles_{as=dfn} are a somewhat unique word class whose role lies
+ somewhere between that of English articles and determiners
+ (_the_{as=i}, _a_{as=i}, _some_{as=i}…) and that of a pronoun.
+In addition to these three categories of word, Zheshoi also features a
+ number of other morphemes, including inflections, determiners, and
+ adpositions.
+These morphemes are represented through affixes or clitics, attached to
+ article, nominal, or verbal stems.
+
+### article morphology
+
+#### lexical stem
+
+```=html
+
+```
+
+Articles are used to mark grammatical, as well as some lexical,
+ features for the associated (possibly hypothetical) nominal lexeme.
+As pro⹀forms referring to a nominal antecedent, they cannot have a
+ lexical root, and consequently their lexical stem is always null.
+
+#### derived stem
+
+```=html
+
+```
+
+Although articles do not have a lexical root, they do mark a number of
+ lexical properties, which can conventionally be thought of as
+ _succeeding_ the null lexical stem.
+These properties are: amount, as a numeral or quantifier, and location.
+None of these properties are required, and the inflected stem of an
+ article may be null.
+
+Numerals are not a distinct word class in Zheshoi, but are instead
+ morphologically marked on articles.
+This differs from the gramatical feature of _number_ (also marked on
+ articles, but through inflection rather than derivation), which
+ simply categorizes words as singular or plural.
+Numeral morphemes are akin to English cardinal numbers (_one_{as=i},
+ _two_{as=i}, _three_{as=i}, ⁊·c), and as these morphemes may
+ (hypothetically) be infinitely large, their structure can be quite
+ complex.
+
+#### inflected stem
+
+```=html
+
+```
+
+The grammatical properties encoded by articles are definiteness,
+ plurality, and irreality (negation or interrogativity).
+Together, these properties define the _specificity_{as=dfn} of the
+ article.
+Although Zheshoi requires the specificity of nominals to be defined, it
+ does not require them to be marked in all cases, and the resulting
+ inflected stem may be null.
+
+### nominal morphology
+
+#### lexical stem
+
+```=html
+
+```
+
+The nominal lexical stem consists of a single root.
+
+#### derived stem
+
+```=html
+
+```
+
+The lexical properties which are marked on nominals include intensity,
+ as either augmentative or diminuitive, and class⹀change, through
+ verbalizers and nominalizers.
+Augmentatives and diminuitives are marked via reduplicative prefixes,
+ and so are italicized in the diagram above.
+
+Nominalization is required for lexical stems which are verbal in
+ nature; in addition, a nominal lexical stem may be verbalized and
+ then nominalized again.
+
+#### inflected stem
+
+```=html
+
+```
+
+Nominals are not themselves inflected; instead, their associated
+ article is.
+
+### verbal morphology
+
+#### lexical stem
+
+```=html
+
+```
+
+The verbal lexical stem consists of a single root.
+
+Verbal stems are classified into three groups, depending on their final
+ syllable:8--:
+
+- Those which end with a voiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel,
+- Those which end with a devoiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel, and
+- Those which end with a voiced consonant and lambda.
+
+This classification is maintained thru derivations and impacts the form
+ of the inflections.
+
+All verbals also have a definitite (positive or negative) assigned
+ vowel harmony, even when the verbal contains only neutral vowels.
+This harmony will influence derivations and inflections.
+
+#### derived stem
+
+```=html
+
+```
+
+Verbals may be lexically marked for aspect in two places:
+A partially⹀reduplicative prefix indicates the habitual or
+ developmental aspects, and a suffix indicates perfectivity.
+These affixes can be combined.
+(This analysis of aspect as “lexical”, and not “grammatical”, is a
+ morphological argument, not a syntactic one.)
+
+The habitual prefix is _Cæ‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, where
+ _C_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is the initial consonant in the word.
+The develompental prefix is _Caı‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} for
+ positive verbals and _Cwi‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} for negative
+ ones.
+
+The perfective suffix can take the following forms:8--:
+
+- On verbals which end with a voiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel,
+ the R⹀colouring is dropped and _‐ɂwæꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}
+ is added.
+
+- On verbals which end with a devoiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel,
+ the R⹀colouring is dropped and _‐hwæꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}
+ is added.
+
+- On verbals which end with a voiced consonant and lambda, the final
+ syllable is replaced with _‐Cʀæı.ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
+ where _C_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is the _devoiced_ form of the
+ consonant.
+
+#### inflected stem
+
+```=html
+
+```
+
+Zheshoi verbals are heavily inflected, marking mood, tense, and
+ specificity—the latter of which must agree with the article of the
+ verbal’s subject.
+Each modal suffix can indicate two possible moods; which is intended is
+ signalled by the presence or absence of an additional (deontic) modal
+ prefix.
+
## future
The following are potential future directions for the language:8--:
-- Loss of simultaneous support for all three medials in every syllable.
- Loss of phonemic labialization with a corresponding split of
- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} into potentially as many options as
- /l/, /ɫ/ (which may merge with the syllabic equivalent), /ɾ/,
- and /r/; and of _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} into /j/ and /ɥ/.
-
- Rhoticization makes a good candidate for evolving into a tonal
system.