X-Git-Url: https://git.ladys.computer/Wiki/blobdiff_plain/97e91cbaddde97c41e87b2fb0b3f50052a0a83c3..841bbf13ebf769b6ade5f9c1e4d3b10ffe1af542:/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot?ds=sidebyside diff --git a/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot b/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot index fd7eb9f..d514d8d 100644 --- a/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot +++ b/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -# Pre‐Zheshoi +# Pre⹀Zheshoi -Pre‐Zheshoi is the hypothetical ancestor language to Zheshoi - (_ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕɵɪ/; Pre‐Zheshoi: /ʒeɘʃɵɪ/), - providing a lexical and (rudimentary) syntactic base from which the - latter can be developed. +Pre⹀Zheshoi is the hypothetical ancestor language to Zheshoi + (_ʒeßwi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} /ʑɪɕwi/; Pre⹀Zheshoi: + _ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʒeɘʃɵɪ/), providing a lexical and + (rudimentary) syntactic base from which the latter can be developed. It is one possible synthesis of the Jastu⹀Fizonal languages, which were developed by [][@:Lady] when she was in high school and college. @@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ It is one possible synthesis of the Jastu⹀Fizonal languages, which were ## aim and scope -Pre‐Zheshoi does not aim to be a complete, speakable language. +Pre⹀Zheshoi does not aim to be a complete, speakable language. It aims to make the creation of such a language straightforward and possible. ## sources -Pre‐Zheshoi is derived “primarily” from +Pre⹀Zheshoi is derived “primarily” from [Jastugay][]{title="Jastugay: Documentation and Dictionary"}, which is to say that Jastugay forms the basis of its phonological system and grammars. @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ The timeline of word adoption relative to other phonological shifts in ## orthography -Pre‐Zheshoi uses a Latin orthography with a few additional letters. +Pre⹀Zheshoi uses a Latin orthography with a few additional letters. Ten of these letters are assigned corresponding digits for use in Ascii environments: schwa (Ə) = 0, lambda (Ꟛ) = 1, R⹀rotunda (Ꝛ) = 2, yr (Ʀ) = 3, cuatrillo (Ꜭ) = 4, ezh (Ʒ) = 5, eszett (ẞ) = 6, @@ -107,12 +107,12 @@ Consequently, the complete alphabet (in recommended sorting order) ### Anglicization -As noted above, the recommended practice when writing Pre‐Zheshoi words +As noted above, the recommended practice when writing Pre⹀Zheshoi words in Ascii environments is to use Ascii digits to encode letters outside of Basic Latin. However, there is a separate need for Anglicization rules when - converting Pre‐Zheshoi words into a form usable with English text. -Current best‐practice is to leave the original spelling as intact as + converting Pre⹀Zheshoi words into a form usable with English text. +Current best⹀practice is to leave the original spelling as intact as possible, despite the fact that this will make the pronunciation less obvious for native speakers. @@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ Verbals can additionally have a suffix form, which can be used to make ### consonants -Pre‐Zheshoi has front, midfront, mid, midback, and back consonants with +Pre⹀Zheshoi has front, midfront, mid, midback, and back consonants with nasal, stop, fricative, and approximant articulations. The front fricative and stop are analysed as a voicing pair, as are the back stop and fricative (even tho neither of the latter are @@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ Likewise, _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} may be realized as either [m] All other single nonsonorant consonants are permitted; there are no valid combinations. -The mapping of phonemes from ancestor languages into the Pre‐Zheshoi +The mapping of phonemes from ancestor languages into the Pre⹀Zheshoi consonant inventory is not always trivial or obvious. The following sections provide notes on the process. @@ -199,221 +199,162 @@ With the exception of _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} and : _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /z/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | s /s/ | | + In Jastugay, this consonant was originally realized as /s/, but became voiced sometime after historic /z/ merged with /ʒ/. Neither sound is evidenced in Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Jastugay - - _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /s/ - : _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /s/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | s /s/ | sh /s.h/ | | + This consonant is the devoiced variant of _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. - : Elrex: - - _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /s/ - - : Jastugay: - - _sh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /s.h/ - : _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʕ/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | ħ /x/ | q /ŋ/ | + In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /x/, but it later became voiced and merged with /ŋ/ in other languages. The pronunciation has gradually shifted further back, and it is often articulated as an approximant. - : Jastugay - - _ħ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /x/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _q_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ŋ/ + In Zheshoi, this consonant is analysed instead as + _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} when it appears in the coda position. : _x_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /χ/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:----------:|:----------:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | h /x/\~/h/ | h /x/\~/h/ | ħh /x.h/ | | + This consonant is the devoiced variant of _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. It was common in most Jastu⹀Fizonal languages but not present in Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Eho - - _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qho} /x/\~/h/ - - : Elrex - - _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /x/\~/h/ - - : Jastugay - - _ħh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /x.h/ + In Zheshoi, this consonant is analysed instead as + _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} when it appears in the coda position. : _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | n /n/ | t /t/ | n /n/ | + In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /t/, but it later became voiced and merged with /n/ in other languages. - - : Elrex - - _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /n/ (except when followed by another - coronal consonant) - - : Jastugay - - _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /t/ (except when followed by another - coronal consonant) - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /n/ (except when followed by another - coronal consonant) + When followed by another coronal consonant, the shift to /d/ was left + incomplete. : _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | t /t/ | th /t.h/ | t /t/ | + This consonant is the devoiced variant of _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. Most languages included this phoneme. - : Elrex - - _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /t/ - - : Jastugay - - _th_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /t.h/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /t/ - : _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d͡ʒ/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | j /d͡ʒ/ | d /d/ | + This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from Jastugay. - From Proto⹀Fizonal, it is adapted from /d/, as Pre‐Zheshoi did not + From Proto⹀Fizonal, it is adapted from /d/, as Pre⹀Zheshoi did not have a /d/ phoneme at the time. - : Jastugay - - _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /d͡ʒ/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /d/ + By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /d͡ʑ/. : _ꜭ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t͡ʃ/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | ds /d.s/ | | + This consonant is the devoiced variant of _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. This is an exceedingly rare consonant, developing from Jastugay /d.s/ in the course of the shift from /d/ to /ɾ/. - : Jastugay - - _ds_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /d.s/ + By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /t͡ɕ/. : _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʒ/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | ʒ /ʒ/ | ʒ /ʒ/ | zh /ʒ/ | + In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /z/ or /ʒ/. It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Elrex - - _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /ʒ/ - - : Jastugay - - _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /ʒ/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _zh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ʒ/ + By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /ʑ/. : _ß_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʃ/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | st /s.t/ | sh /ʃ/ | + This consonant is the devoiced variant of _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. In Jastugay, it developed as a simplification of /s.t/. It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Jastugay - - _st_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /s.t/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _sh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ʃ/ + By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /ɕ/. : _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /g/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | g /g/ | g /g/ | + This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay and Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Jastugay - - _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /g/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /g/ - : _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /k/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | k /k/ | | k /k/ | + This consonant is the devoiced variant of _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. It did not appear in Jastugay, but was persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Elrex - - _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /k/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /k/ - : _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /β/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | b /b/ | v /v/ | f /f/ | b /b/ | + In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /f/ or /v/. It originally merged to /f/, but later became voiced and merged with /v/ and /b/ in other languages. - : Eho - - _b_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qho} /b/ - - : Elrex - - _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /v/ - - : Jastugay - - _f_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /f/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _b_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /b/ - : _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /p/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | p /p/ | p /p/ | + This consonant is the devoiced variant of _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay and Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Jastugay - - _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /p/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /p/ - : _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʔ/ This is the null initial consonant; it was not marked in ancestor @@ -421,131 +362,124 @@ With the exception of _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} and : _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /h/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:------:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | wh /ʍ/ | h /h/ | | + This consonant is often analysed as a “devoiced” glottal stop. It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay, but was sometimes dropped in favour of devoicing a preceding consonant. It was not phonemic in Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Elrex - - _wh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /ʍ/ - - : Jastugay - - _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /h/ - #### nasal consonants Only _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} may appear in the coda of a syllable, where it may be realized as /m/, /n/, or /ŋ/ depending on the sound which follows. +By the time of Zheshoi, however, _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} has + split off from _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} in syllable codas. : _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /m/ - Jastugay formerly had an /m/ sound, but it merged with /w/. - Consequently, only Proto⹀Fizonal /m/ survived to Pre‐Zheshoi. - - : Proto⹀Fizonal + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | | m /m/ | - _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /m/ + Jastugay formerly had an /m/ sound, but it merged with /w/. + Consequently, only Proto⹀Fizonal /m/ survived to Pre⹀Zheshoi. : _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /n/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | n /n/ | t /t/ | n /n/ | + The historic /n/ sound in Jastugay was lost to vowel nasalization. A new /n/ developed from /t/ in the process of voicing it as /d/ when the following consonant was also coronal. /n/ in other languages like·wise merged to /d/ in the general case, but was preserved as /n/ when a coronal consonant followed. - : Elrex - - _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /n/ (when followed by another coronal - consonant) - - : Jastugay - - _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /t/ (when followed by another coronal - consonant) - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /n/ (when followed by another coronal - consonant) - #### medial consonants These consonants follow the initial consonant in a syllable, which must be either a stop, fricative, or nasal. +All three may be specified on the same syllable, in the order + _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, + _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. : _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ɾ/\~/l/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | r /ɹ/ | r /ɹ/ | d /d/ | r /ɾ/ | + The realization of this consonant depends on the consonant which - precedes it; it can be either /ɾ/ or /l/. + precedes it; unlabialized, it can be either /ɾ/ or /l/, and + labialized, it can be either /rʷ/ or /ɫʷ/. In Jastugay, it descends from /d/, and descends from /r/ in most other languages. - : Eho - - _r_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qho} /ɹ/ - - : Elrex - - _r_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /ɹ/ - - : Jastugay - - _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /d/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _r_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ɾ/ - : _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /w/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | w /w/ | w /w/ | | + In Jastugay, this sound was historically either /m/ or /w∕. It did not exist in Proto⹀Fizonal at the time that words were adopted - into Pre‐Zheshoi. - - : Elrex - - _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /w/ + into Pre⹀Zheshoi. - : Jastugay - - _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /w/ + Although this sound phonemically indicates /w/, when followed by + another medial, it instead is dropped and labializes the remaining + consonant cluster, so that /gwƦ/ becomes [ɡʷrʷ], /twƦ/ becomes + [tʷɫʷ], and /mwy/ becomes [mɥ]. : _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /j/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | y /j/ | ē /i/ | gj /gj/ | + This consonant was not phonemic in Jastugay, but developed from /i/. In Proto⹀Fizonal, it was preceded by a velar stop (/gj/), which was reduced to a glottal stop and eliminated on adoption into - Pre‐Zheshoi. - - : Elrex + Pre⹀Zheshoi. + +In Zheshoi, medial combinations are simplified to a single medial + according to the following rules:8--: + +| Initial | Medial (Pre⹀Zheshoi) | Medial (Zheshoi) | +|:----------:|:--------------------:|:-----------------| +| p, v, m | w /w/ | w /w/ | +| p, v, m | wʀ /rʷ/, ʀ /ɾ/ | ʀ /ɾ/ | +| p, v, m | wy /ɥ/, y /j/ | y /j/ | +| p, v, m | wʀy /rʷɥ/, ʀy /ɾj/ | ʀiɂj /ɾi.j/ | +| ƣ, x, ɂ, h | w /w/, wy /ɥ/ | w /w/ | +| ƣ, x, ɂ, h | wʀ /rʷ/, ʀ /ɾ/ | ʀ /r/ | +| ƣ, x, ɂ, h | wʀy /rʷɥ/, ʀy /ɾj/ | ʀiɂy /ri.j/ | +| ƣ, x, ɂ, h | y /j/ | y /j/ | +| All others | w /w/ | w /w/ | +| All others | ʀ /l/ | ʀ /l/ | +| All others | wy /ɥ/, y /j/ | y /j/ | +| All others | wʀ /ɫʷ/ | ꟛɂ /ɫ̩.ʔ/ | +| All others | wʀy /ɫʷɥ/ | ꟛɂy /ɫ̩.j/ | +| All others | ʀy /lj/ | ʀiɂy /li.j/ | - _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /j/ - - : Jastugay - - _ē_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /i/ before vowels - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _gj_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /gj/ ### vowels -Vowels in Pre‐Zheshoi are categorized across several different axes. -Pre‐Zheshoi exhibits vowel harmony, and the polarity of the vowel +Vowels in Pre⹀Zheshoi are categorized across several different axes. +Pre⹀Zheshoi exhibits vowel harmony, and the polarity of the vowel indicates which vowels it harmonizes with. As a general rule, positive vowels are more open and negative vowels are more close. Vowels may also be rounded or unrounded, and they may be iotized to form a diphthong with /ɪ/. -Finally, there are two nasal vowels in Pre‐Zheshoi, one which is +Finally, there are two nasal vowels in Pre⹀Zheshoi, one which is rounded and positive, and one which is unrounded and negative. -In addition to the above distinctions, Pre‐Zheshoi exhibits a front +In addition to the above distinctions, Pre⹀Zheshoi exhibits a front (①) ⧵ back (②) split in its positive and neutral vowels, and it features a syllabic /ɫ̩/ which is vowel·like in most situations. @@ -626,7 +560,7 @@ In the case of unmarked harmony, the etymology of the word should be ### known shifts and changes The following phonological changes are known to occur between - Pre‐Zheshoi and Zheshoi proper:8--: + Pre⹀Zheshoi and Zheshoi proper:8--: - _ä_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after midback consonants, and @@ -634,6 +568,9 @@ The following phonological changes are known to occur between Similarly, _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after front consonants, and _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} otherwise. + (Note: + Pre⹀Zheshoi _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} is written + _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} in Zheshoi.) - _æ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges to the base vowel (positive or negative) which harmonizes with the word, favouring @@ -641,15 +578,19 @@ The following phonological changes are known to occur between - _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} shifts to /ɪ/. -- The nasal vowels become R‐coloured: - _eꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /ɚ/ and +- The nasal vowels become R⹀coloured: + _eꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /eɚ/ and _ȣꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /ɔ˞/. - In so doing, they lose their polarity and become generic rhotic - unrounded and rounded vowels. -- _Ꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} is realized as /n/ consonantally. - After unrounded vowels, it shifts to /ɚ/, and after rounded vowels it - shifts to /ɔ˞/. +- The iotized rounded vowels are lost: + _oı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes + _wi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, labializing the precending + consonant(s). + _ȣı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with + _aı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. + +- _Ꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} is realized as /n/ consonantally, and + adds R⹀colouring when it follows terminal, non‐iotized vowels. (It persists unmodified in other cases.) - When an rounded, non·iotized vowel is followed by a glottal consonant @@ -664,6 +605,9 @@ The following phonological changes are known to occur between fricative ∣ approximant, the iotization is moved preceding the vowel as /j/. +- Medials are merged when multiple appear in the same syllable (see + that section for more information). + - The mid consonants move further back: /ʒ/ becomes /ʑ/ and /ʃ/ becomes /ɕ/.