X-Git-Url: https://git.ladys.computer/Wiki/blobdiff_plain/9ea7df4e5e43772c62aa988376f185722d0eccfe..97e91cbaddde97c41e87b2fb0b3f50052a0a83c3:/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot diff --git a/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot b/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fd7eb9f --- /dev/null +++ b/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot @@ -0,0 +1,677 @@ +# Pre‐Zheshoi + +Pre‐Zheshoi is the hypothetical ancestor language to Zheshoi + (_ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕɵɪ/; Pre‐Zheshoi: /ʒeɘʃɵɪ/), + providing a lexical and (rudimentary) syntactic base from which the + latter can be developed. +It is one possible synthesis of the Jastu⹀Fizonal languages, which were + developed by [][@:Lady] when she was in high school and college. + +: Language codes + + `art-Latn-x-qjx` (preferred); `qjx` (in restricted environments) + +## aim and scope + +Pre‐Zheshoi does not aim to be a complete, speakable language. +It aims to make the creation of such a language straightforward and + possible. + +## sources + +Pre‐Zheshoi is derived “primarily” from + [Jastugay][]{title="Jastugay: Documentation and Dictionary"}, which + is to say that Jastugay forms the basis of its phonological system + and grammars. +[Elrex][]{title="Elrex: Documentation and Dictionary"} and + [Eho][]{title="Eho: Documentation and Dictionary"} make a minor + vocabulary contribution. +A more significant contribution comes in the form of + [Proto⹀Fizonal][]{title="Proto‐Fizonal: Documentation and + Dictionary"}, which provides significant vocabulary diversity and + additional grammatical concepts to adopt. + +[Eho]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/ + urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:jsv:eho/ +[Elrex]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/ + urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:jsv:lrx/ +[Jastugay]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/ + urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:jsv:jst/ +[Proto⹀Fizonal]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/ + urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:fzn:proto/ + +The timeline of word adoption relative to other phonological shifts in + the language is as follows:8--: + +- Jastugay loses phonemic /n/ to vowel nasalization. + +- Jastugay merges /m/\~/w/, /z/\~/ʒ/, and /f/\~/v/. + +- Jastugay /d/ shifts to /ɾ/. + /d.s/ becomes /t͡ʃ/ and /s.t/ becomes /ʃ/. + +- Several Jastugay consonants are given voiced realizations:8--: + /f/ > /v/\~/β/, /s/ > /z/, /t/ > /n/, /x/ > /ŋ/. + The older, devoiced realizations persisted in cases where the + consonant was in a syllable coda and followed by /h/. + Note that /f/ was not permitted in syllable codas, and consequently + became voiced in every instance. + +- Words from other lanugages are adopted. + Voicing becomes fully phonemic in most cases. + +- /n/ shifts to /d/, except before other coronal consonants. + /ŋ/ shifts to /ɣ/\~/ʕ/ in all cases. + +## orthography + +Pre‐Zheshoi uses a Latin orthography with a few additional letters. +Ten of these letters are assigned corresponding digits for use in + Ascii environments: schwa (Ə) = 0, lambda (Ꟛ) = 1, R⹀rotunda (Ꝛ) = + 2, yr (Ʀ) = 3, cuatrillo (Ꜭ) = 4, ezh (Ʒ) = 5, eszett (ẞ) = 6, + glottal stop (Ɂ) = 7, ou (Ȣ) = 8, and gha (Ƣ) = 9. +Because font support for lambda and cuatrillo may be lacking, turned⹀L + (Ꞁ) and turned⹀H (Ɥ) are established as alternates. + +| Letter | Alternate | Ascii Digit | +|-------:|:---------:|:------------| +| Ə | ⸺ | 0 | +| Ꟛ | Ꞁ | 1 | +| Ꝛ | ⸺ | 2 | +| Ʀ | ⸺ | 3 | +| Ꜭ | Ɥ | 4 | +| Ʒ | ⸺ | 5 | +| ẞ | ⸺ | 6 | +| Ɂ | ⸺ | 7 | +| Ȣ | ⸺ | 8 | +| Ƣ | ⸺ | 9 | + +A small number of additional vowels are used, which are treated as + pairs of vowels in Ascii environments. + +| Letter | Ascii | +|-------:|:------| +| Ä | AA | +| Å | AU | +| Æ | AE | + +Dotless I is used in place of dotted I to indicate iotization of a + preceding vowel. +In Ascii, use of the dotted form is acceptable. + +The following Latin letters are not used:8--: B, C, F, L, Q, R. +Consequently, the complete alphabet (in recommended sorting order) + consists of the following 33 letters:8--: Ɂ, A, Ä, Å, Æ, D, E, Ə, G, + H, I, J, Ꜭ, K, Ꟛ, M, N, O, Ȣ, P, Ƣ, Ꝛ, Ʀ, S, ẞ, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, + Ʒ. + +### Anglicization + +As noted above, the recommended practice when writing Pre‐Zheshoi words + in Ascii environments is to use Ascii digits to encode letters + outside of Basic Latin. +However, there is a separate need for Anglicization rules when + converting Pre‐Zheshoi words into a form usable with English text. +Current best‐practice is to leave the original spelling as intact as + possible, despite the fact that this will make the pronunciation less + obvious for native speakers. + +The remaining equivalencies are as follows:8--: + +| Pre‐Zheshoi | Anglicized | +|------------:|:-------------| +| Ɂ | [apostrophe] | +| Ä | AA | +| Å | AU | +| Æ | AE | +| Ə | UW | +| Ꜭ | CH | +| Ꟛ | L | +| Ȣ | OU | +| Ƣ | Q | +| Ꝛ | R | +| Ʀ | R | +| ẞ | SH | +| Ʒ | ZH | + +## vocabulary + +Lexical words can have up to three forms. +The root form is the base lexical form of the word, and the prefix form + is a variant which can be used when making semantic derivations from + other words. +Verbals can additionally have a suffix form, which can be used to make + verbal derivations only with the meaning “while ⁓ing”. + +## phonology + +### consonants + +Pre‐Zheshoi has front, midfront, mid, midback, and back consonants with + nasal, stop, fricative, and approximant articulations. +The front fricative and stop are analysed as a voicing pair, as are the + back stop and fricative (even tho neither of the latter are + technically voiced). +The mid stops are in fact affricates. + +| Place / Manner | Front | Midfront | Mid | Midback | Back | +|-------------------:|:-----:|:--------:|:----------:|:-------:|:-----:| +| Voiced Stop | ⸺ | d /d/ | j /d͡ʒ/ | g /g/ | ɂ /ʔ/ | +| Devoiced Stop | p /p/ | t /t/ | ꜭ /t͡ʃ/ | k /k/ | ⸺ | +| Voiced Fricative | v /β/ | z /z/ | ʒ /ʒ/ | ƣ /ʕ/ | ⸺ | +| Devoiced Fricative | ⸺ | s /s/ | ß /ʃ/ | x /χ/ | h /h/ | +| Sonorant | m /m/ | n /n/ | ʀ /ɾ/\~/l/ | y /j/ | w /w/ | + +_ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}, _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} and + _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} are medials, and can only phonemically + appear following another consonant in a syllable onset (multiple can + appear, but only in the order _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}, + _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}, _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}); note, + however, when the preceding consonant is + _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}, it is typically not pronounced. +_ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} is pronounced [l] after other midfront + or mid consonants and [ɾ] otherwise. +_hw_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} is typically realized as [ʍ]. + +All other consonants may appear in syllable onsets. +No other combinations are permitted. + +In codas, _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} and + _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} are not phonemically permitted in + Pre‐Zheshoi, as they are considered indistinguishable from + _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} and _x_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}. +Likewise, _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} may be realized as either [m] + or [n] in codas, but it is phonemically considered + _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} regardless and + _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} is not permitted. +All other single nonsonorant consonants are permitted; there are no + valid combinations. + +The mapping of phonemes from ancestor languages into the Pre‐Zheshoi + consonant inventory is not always trivial or obvious. +The following sections provide notes on the process. + +#### stops and fricatives + +With the exception of _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} and + _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, these consonants may appear in either + the onset or the coda of a syllable. + +: _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /z/ + + In Jastugay, this consonant was originally realized as /s/, but + became voiced sometime after historic /z/ merged with /ʒ/. + Neither sound is evidenced in Proto⹀Fizonal. + + : Jastugay + + _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /s/ + +: _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /s/ + + This consonant is the devoiced variant of + _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. + + : Elrex: + + _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /s/ + + : Jastugay: + + _sh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /s.h/ + +: _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʕ/ + + In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /x/, but it + later became voiced and merged with /ŋ/ in other languages. + The pronunciation has gradually shifted further back, and it is often + articulated as an approximant. + + : Jastugay + + _ħ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /x/ + + : Proto⹀Fizonal + + _q_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ŋ/ + +: _x_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /χ/ + + This consonant is the devoiced variant of + _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. + It was common in most Jastu⹀Fizonal languages but not present in + Proto⹀Fizonal. + + : Eho + + _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qho} /x/\~/h/ + + : Elrex + + _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /x/\~/h/ + + : Jastugay + + _ħh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /x.h/ + +: _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d/ + + In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /t/, but it + later became voiced and merged with /n/ in other languages. + + : Elrex + + _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /n/ (except when followed by another + coronal consonant) + + : Jastugay + + _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /t/ (except when followed by another + coronal consonant) + + : Proto⹀Fizonal + + _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /n/ (except when followed by another + coronal consonant) + +: _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t/ + + This consonant is the devoiced variant of + _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. + Most languages included this phoneme. + + : Elrex + + _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /t/ + + : Jastugay + + _th_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /t.h/ + + : Proto⹀Fizonal + + _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /t/ + +: _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d͡ʒ/ + + This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from Jastugay. + From Proto⹀Fizonal, it is adapted from /d/, as Pre‐Zheshoi did not + have a /d/ phoneme at the time. + + : Jastugay + + _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /d͡ʒ/ + + : Proto⹀Fizonal + + _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /d/ + +: _ꜭ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t͡ʃ/ + + This consonant is the devoiced variant of + _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. + This is an exceedingly rare consonant, developing from Jastugay /d.s/ + in the course of the shift from /d/ to /ɾ/. + + : Jastugay + + _ds_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /d.s/ + +: _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʒ/ + + In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /z/ or /ʒ/. + It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal. + + : Elrex + + _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /ʒ/ + + : Jastugay + + _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /ʒ/ + + : Proto⹀Fizonal + + _zh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ʒ/ + +: _ß_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʃ/ + + This consonant is the devoiced variant of + _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. + In Jastugay, it developed as a simplification of /s.t/. + It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal. + + : Jastugay + + _st_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /s.t/ + + : Proto⹀Fizonal + + _sh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ʃ/ + +: _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /g/ + + This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay + and Proto⹀Fizonal. + + : Jastugay + + _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /g/ + + : Proto⹀Fizonal + + _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /g/ + +: _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /k/ + + This consonant is the devoiced variant of + _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. + It did not appear in Jastugay, but was persisted largely unmodified + from Proto⹀Fizonal. + + : Elrex + + _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /k/ + + : Proto⹀Fizonal + + _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /k/ + +: _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /β/ + + In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /f/ or /v/. + It originally merged to /f/, but later became voiced and merged with + /v/ and /b/ in other languages. + + : Eho + + _b_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qho} /b/ + + : Elrex + + _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /v/ + + : Jastugay + + _f_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /f/ + + : Proto⹀Fizonal + + _b_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /b/ + +: _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /p/ + + This consonant is the devoiced variant of + _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. + It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay and + Proto⹀Fizonal. + + : Jastugay + + _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /p/ + + : Proto⹀Fizonal + + _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /p/ + +: _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʔ/ + + This is the null initial consonant; it was not marked in ancestor + languages. + +: _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /h/ + + This consonant is often analysed as a “devoiced” glottal stop. + It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay, but was + sometimes dropped in favour of devoicing a preceding consonant. + It was not phonemic in Proto⹀Fizonal. + + : Elrex + + _wh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /ʍ/ + + : Jastugay + + _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /h/ + +#### nasal consonants + +Only _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} may appear in the coda of a + syllable, where it may be realized as /m/, /n/, or /ŋ/ depending on + the sound which follows. + +: _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /m/ + + Jastugay formerly had an /m/ sound, but it merged with /w/. + Consequently, only Proto⹀Fizonal /m/ survived to Pre‐Zheshoi. + + : Proto⹀Fizonal + + _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /m/ + +: _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /n/ + + The historic /n/ sound in Jastugay was lost to vowel nasalization. + A new /n/ developed from /t/ in the process of voicing it as /d/ when + the following consonant was also coronal. + /n/ in other languages like·wise merged to /d/ in the general case, + but was preserved as /n/ when a coronal consonant followed. + + : Elrex + + _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /n/ (when followed by another coronal + consonant) + + : Jastugay + + _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /t/ (when followed by another coronal + consonant) + + : Proto⹀Fizonal + + _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /n/ (when followed by another coronal + consonant) + +#### medial consonants + +These consonants follow the initial consonant in a syllable, which must + be either a stop, fricative, or nasal. + +: _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ɾ/\~/l/ + + The realization of this consonant depends on the consonant which + precedes it; it can be either /ɾ/ or /l/. + In Jastugay, it descends from /d/, and descends from /r/ in most + other languages. + + : Eho + + _r_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qho} /ɹ/ + + : Elrex + + _r_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /ɹ/ + + : Jastugay + + _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /d/ + + : Proto⹀Fizonal + + _r_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ɾ/ + +: _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /w/ + + In Jastugay, this sound was historically either /m/ or /w∕. + It did not exist in Proto⹀Fizonal at the time that words were adopted + into Pre‐Zheshoi. + + : Elrex + + _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /w/ + + : Jastugay + + _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /w/ + +: _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /j/ + + This consonant was not phonemic in Jastugay, but developed from /i/. + In Proto⹀Fizonal, it was preceded by a velar stop (/gj/), which was + reduced to a glottal stop and eliminated on adoption into + Pre‐Zheshoi. + + : Elrex + + _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /j/ + + : Jastugay + + _ē_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /i/ before vowels + + : Proto⹀Fizonal + + _gj_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /gj/ + +### vowels + +Vowels in Pre‐Zheshoi are categorized across several different axes. +Pre‐Zheshoi exhibits vowel harmony, and the polarity of the vowel + indicates which vowels it harmonizes with. +As a general rule, positive vowels are more open and negative vowels + are more close. +Vowels may also be rounded or unrounded, and they may be iotized to + form a diphthong with /ɪ/. +Finally, there are two nasal vowels in Pre‐Zheshoi, one which is + rounded and positive, and one which is unrounded and negative. + +In addition to the above distinctions, Pre‐Zheshoi exhibits a front + (①) ⧵ back (②) split in its positive and neutral vowels, and it + features a syllabic /ɫ̩/ which is vowel·like in most situations. + +The following table gives the complete inventory:8--: + +| Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal | +|-------------------:|:----------------------:|:-------:|:------:| +| Positive Unrounded | ① a /æ/ ② ä /ɑ/ | aı /aɪ/ | ⸺ | +| Positive Rounded | ① å /aʊ/ ② ȣ /ɔ/ | ȣı /ɔɪ/ | ȣꝛ /ɔ̃/ | +| Neutral Unrounded | ① æ /ɛ/ ② ə /ʌ/\~/ə/ | i /i/ | ⸺ | +| Neutral Rounded | u /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ | +| Negative Unrounded | e /eɘ/ | eı /eɪ/ | eꝛ /ẽ/ | +| Negative Rounded | o /o/ | oı /ɵɪ/ | ⸺ | +| Lambda | ꟛ /ɫ̩/ | ⸺ | ⸺ | + +The way this vowel inventory maps onto the various source languages is, + perhaps unsuprisingly, complex. +In Jastugay, the two base positive unrounded vowels have already + merged (to /ɑ/). +Negative rounded vowels are not present in any fashion. + +| Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal | +|-------------------:|:-------------------:|:-------:|:--------:| +| Positive Unrounded | ① ⸺ ② ä /ɑ/ | ī /aɪ/ | ⸺ | +| Positive Rounded | ① å /aʊ/ ② ō /ɔʊ/ | œ /ɔɪ/ | ⸺ | +| Neutral Unrounded | ① ë /ɛ/ ② ə /ʌ/ | ē /i/ | ⸺ | +| Neutral Rounded | u /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ | +| Negative Unrounded | æ /eɘ/ | ā /eɪ/ | æn /eɘn/ | +| Negative Rounded | ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ | +| Lambda | l’ /ɫ̩/ | ⸺ | ⸺ | + +In Fizonal, short and long vowels become distinct in most cases. + +| Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal | +|-------------------:|:--------------------------:|:-------:|:------:| +| Positive Unrounded | ① a /æ/, a: /æː/ ② o /ɒ/ | ai /aɪ/ | ⸺ | +| Positive Rounded | ① au /aʊ/ ② o: /ɒː/ | oi /ɔɪ/ | ⸺ | +| Neutral Unrounded | ① i /i/ ② e /ə/ | i: /iː/ | ⸺ | +| Neutral Rounded | ua /uɐ/ | ⸺ | ⸺ | +| Negative Unrounded | e: /əː/ | ⸺ | ⸺ | +| Negative Rounded | u /u/ | u: /uː/ | ⸺ | +| Lambda | l /l/ | ⸺ | ⸺ | + +Elrex lacks only the back positive and negative rounded vowels. + +| Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal | +|-------------------:|:---------------------:|:-------:|:------:| +| Positive Unrounded | ① a /æ/ ② ä /ɑ/ | ī /aɪ/ | ⸺ | +| Positive Rounded | ① ō /aʊ/ ② ⸺ | œ /ɔɪ/ | ōn /ɔ̃/ | +| Neutral Unrounded | ① e /ɛ/ ② ə /ʌ/ | ē /i/ | ⸺ | +| Neutral Rounded | u /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ | +| Negative Unrounded | ǽ /eə/, i /ɪ/ | ā /eɪ/ | ǽn /ẽ/ | +| Negative Rounded | ⸺ | ớ /ɔaɪ/ | ⸺ | +| Lambda | l /l/ | ⸺ | ⸺ | + +Unsuprisingly, given the small size of its known lexicon, Eho is + missing a good chunk of the vowel inventory. + +| Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal | +|-------------------:|:-----------------:|:-------:|:------:| +| Positive Unrounded | ① ⸺ ② ä /ɑ/ | ⸺ | ⸺ | +| Positive Rounded | ① ō /aʊ/ ② ⸺ | œ /ɔɪ/ | ōn /ɔ̃/ | +| Neutral Unrounded | ① ⸺ ② ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ | +| Neutral Rounded | o͡o /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ | +| Negative Unrounded | i /ɪ/ | ā /eɪ/ | än /ɑ̃/ | +| Negative Rounded | ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ | +| Lambda | ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ | + +When determining the harmony of a word, the polarity of the stressed + syllable takes first priority, followed by the polarity of the first + non·neutral vowel in the word. +If a nominal contains only neutral vowels, it has null harmony. +If a verbal contains only neutral vowels, it has unmarked harmony. +In the case of unmarked harmony, the etymology of the word should be + used to suggest the correct polarity, favouring negative harmony if + no polarity can otherwise be determined. + +### known shifts and changes + +The following phonological changes are known to occur between + Pre‐Zheshoi and Zheshoi proper:8--: + +- _ä_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with + _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after midback consonants, and + _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} otherwise. + Similarly, _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with + _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after front consonants, and + _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} otherwise. + +- _æ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges to the base vowel (positive or + negative) which harmonizes with the word, favouring + _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. + +- _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} shifts to /ɪ/. + +- The nasal vowels become R‐coloured: + _eꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /ɚ/ and + _ȣꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /ɔ˞/. + In so doing, they lose their polarity and become generic rhotic + unrounded and rounded vowels. + +- _Ꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} is realized as /n/ consonantally. + After unrounded vowels, it shifts to /ɚ/, and after rounded vowels it + shifts to /ɔ˞/. + (It persists unmodified in other cases.) + +- When an rounded, non·iotized vowel is followed by a glottal consonant + or velar fricative ∣ approximant, an /m/ is inserted between the + two, and:8--: + + - The glottal consonant is dropped, or + + - The velar fricative ∣ approximant becomes /w/. + +- When an iotized vowel is followed by a glottal consonant or velar + fricative ∣ approximant, the iotization is moved preceding the + vowel as /j/. + +- The mid consonants move further back: /ʒ/ becomes /ʑ/ and /ʃ/ becomes + /ɕ/. + +- Consonant codas are devoiced when the onset of the same syllable + contains a voiced consonant. + +- Consonants in the onsets of unstressed syllables (excluding + _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}) are devoiced when the onset of the + preceding syllable is a more front stop or nasal. + Mid and midfront consonants are considered equivalent with respect to + this shift.