From: Lady Date: Sun, 7 Apr 2024 01:43:34 +0000 (-0400) Subject: Lots of (Pre⹀)Zheshoi work X-Git-Url: https://git.ladys.computer/Wiki/commitdiff_plain/178d96da91a8d4b46b1e68050d8ca2e1e205ab3d Lots of (Pre⹀)Zheshoi work - Reformat sources for phonemes into tables. - Better document Pre⹀Zheshoi medials; collapse them prior to Zheshoi proper. - Merge out iotized rounded vowels. - Document verbal aspect derivations --- diff --git a/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot b/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot index fd7eb9f..d514d8d 100644 --- a/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot +++ b/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -# Pre‐Zheshoi +# Pre⹀Zheshoi -Pre‐Zheshoi is the hypothetical ancestor language to Zheshoi - (_ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕɵɪ/; Pre‐Zheshoi: /ʒeɘʃɵɪ/), - providing a lexical and (rudimentary) syntactic base from which the - latter can be developed. +Pre⹀Zheshoi is the hypothetical ancestor language to Zheshoi + (_ʒeßwi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} /ʑɪɕwi/; Pre⹀Zheshoi: + _ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʒeɘʃɵɪ/), providing a lexical and + (rudimentary) syntactic base from which the latter can be developed. It is one possible synthesis of the Jastu⹀Fizonal languages, which were developed by [][@:Lady] when she was in high school and college. @@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ It is one possible synthesis of the Jastu⹀Fizonal languages, which were ## aim and scope -Pre‐Zheshoi does not aim to be a complete, speakable language. +Pre⹀Zheshoi does not aim to be a complete, speakable language. It aims to make the creation of such a language straightforward and possible. ## sources -Pre‐Zheshoi is derived “primarily” from +Pre⹀Zheshoi is derived “primarily” from [Jastugay][]{title="Jastugay: Documentation and Dictionary"}, which is to say that Jastugay forms the basis of its phonological system and grammars. @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ The timeline of word adoption relative to other phonological shifts in ## orthography -Pre‐Zheshoi uses a Latin orthography with a few additional letters. +Pre⹀Zheshoi uses a Latin orthography with a few additional letters. Ten of these letters are assigned corresponding digits for use in Ascii environments: schwa (Ə) = 0, lambda (Ꟛ) = 1, R⹀rotunda (Ꝛ) = 2, yr (Ʀ) = 3, cuatrillo (Ꜭ) = 4, ezh (Ʒ) = 5, eszett (ẞ) = 6, @@ -107,12 +107,12 @@ Consequently, the complete alphabet (in recommended sorting order) ### Anglicization -As noted above, the recommended practice when writing Pre‐Zheshoi words +As noted above, the recommended practice when writing Pre⹀Zheshoi words in Ascii environments is to use Ascii digits to encode letters outside of Basic Latin. However, there is a separate need for Anglicization rules when - converting Pre‐Zheshoi words into a form usable with English text. -Current best‐practice is to leave the original spelling as intact as + converting Pre⹀Zheshoi words into a form usable with English text. +Current best⹀practice is to leave the original spelling as intact as possible, despite the fact that this will make the pronunciation less obvious for native speakers. @@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ Verbals can additionally have a suffix form, which can be used to make ### consonants -Pre‐Zheshoi has front, midfront, mid, midback, and back consonants with +Pre⹀Zheshoi has front, midfront, mid, midback, and back consonants with nasal, stop, fricative, and approximant articulations. The front fricative and stop are analysed as a voicing pair, as are the back stop and fricative (even tho neither of the latter are @@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ Likewise, _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} may be realized as either [m] All other single nonsonorant consonants are permitted; there are no valid combinations. -The mapping of phonemes from ancestor languages into the Pre‐Zheshoi +The mapping of phonemes from ancestor languages into the Pre⹀Zheshoi consonant inventory is not always trivial or obvious. The following sections provide notes on the process. @@ -199,221 +199,162 @@ With the exception of _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} and : _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /z/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | s /s/ | | + In Jastugay, this consonant was originally realized as /s/, but became voiced sometime after historic /z/ merged with /ʒ/. Neither sound is evidenced in Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Jastugay - - _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /s/ - : _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /s/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | s /s/ | sh /s.h/ | | + This consonant is the devoiced variant of _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. - : Elrex: - - _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /s/ - - : Jastugay: - - _sh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /s.h/ - : _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʕ/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | ħ /x/ | q /ŋ/ | + In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /x/, but it later became voiced and merged with /ŋ/ in other languages. The pronunciation has gradually shifted further back, and it is often articulated as an approximant. - : Jastugay - - _ħ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /x/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _q_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ŋ/ + In Zheshoi, this consonant is analysed instead as + _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} when it appears in the coda position. : _x_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /χ/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:----------:|:----------:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | h /x/\~/h/ | h /x/\~/h/ | ħh /x.h/ | | + This consonant is the devoiced variant of _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. It was common in most Jastu⹀Fizonal languages but not present in Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Eho - - _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qho} /x/\~/h/ - - : Elrex - - _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /x/\~/h/ - - : Jastugay - - _ħh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /x.h/ + In Zheshoi, this consonant is analysed instead as + _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} when it appears in the coda position. : _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | n /n/ | t /t/ | n /n/ | + In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /t/, but it later became voiced and merged with /n/ in other languages. - - : Elrex - - _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /n/ (except when followed by another - coronal consonant) - - : Jastugay - - _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /t/ (except when followed by another - coronal consonant) - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /n/ (except when followed by another - coronal consonant) + When followed by another coronal consonant, the shift to /d/ was left + incomplete. : _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | t /t/ | th /t.h/ | t /t/ | + This consonant is the devoiced variant of _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. Most languages included this phoneme. - : Elrex - - _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /t/ - - : Jastugay - - _th_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /t.h/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /t/ - : _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d͡ʒ/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | j /d͡ʒ/ | d /d/ | + This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from Jastugay. - From Proto⹀Fizonal, it is adapted from /d/, as Pre‐Zheshoi did not + From Proto⹀Fizonal, it is adapted from /d/, as Pre⹀Zheshoi did not have a /d/ phoneme at the time. - : Jastugay - - _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /d͡ʒ/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /d/ + By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /d͡ʑ/. : _ꜭ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t͡ʃ/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | ds /d.s/ | | + This consonant is the devoiced variant of _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. This is an exceedingly rare consonant, developing from Jastugay /d.s/ in the course of the shift from /d/ to /ɾ/. - : Jastugay - - _ds_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /d.s/ + By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /t͡ɕ/. : _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʒ/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | ʒ /ʒ/ | ʒ /ʒ/ | zh /ʒ/ | + In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /z/ or /ʒ/. It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Elrex - - _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /ʒ/ - - : Jastugay - - _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /ʒ/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _zh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ʒ/ + By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /ʑ/. : _ß_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʃ/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | st /s.t/ | sh /ʃ/ | + This consonant is the devoiced variant of _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. In Jastugay, it developed as a simplification of /s.t/. It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Jastugay - - _st_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /s.t/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _sh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ʃ/ + By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /ɕ/. : _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /g/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | g /g/ | g /g/ | + This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay and Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Jastugay - - _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /g/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /g/ - : _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /k/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | k /k/ | | k /k/ | + This consonant is the devoiced variant of _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. It did not appear in Jastugay, but was persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Elrex - - _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /k/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /k/ - : _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /β/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | b /b/ | v /v/ | f /f/ | b /b/ | + In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /f/ or /v/. It originally merged to /f/, but later became voiced and merged with /v/ and /b/ in other languages. - : Eho - - _b_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qho} /b/ - - : Elrex - - _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /v/ - - : Jastugay - - _f_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /f/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _b_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /b/ - : _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /p/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | p /p/ | p /p/ | + This consonant is the devoiced variant of _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay and Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Jastugay - - _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /p/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /p/ - : _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʔ/ This is the null initial consonant; it was not marked in ancestor @@ -421,131 +362,124 @@ With the exception of _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} and : _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /h/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:------:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | wh /ʍ/ | h /h/ | | + This consonant is often analysed as a “devoiced” glottal stop. It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay, but was sometimes dropped in favour of devoicing a preceding consonant. It was not phonemic in Proto⹀Fizonal. - : Elrex - - _wh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /ʍ/ - - : Jastugay - - _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /h/ - #### nasal consonants Only _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} may appear in the coda of a syllable, where it may be realized as /m/, /n/, or /ŋ/ depending on the sound which follows. +By the time of Zheshoi, however, _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} has + split off from _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} in syllable codas. : _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /m/ - Jastugay formerly had an /m/ sound, but it merged with /w/. - Consequently, only Proto⹀Fizonal /m/ survived to Pre‐Zheshoi. - - : Proto⹀Fizonal + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | | | m /m/ | - _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /m/ + Jastugay formerly had an /m/ sound, but it merged with /w/. + Consequently, only Proto⹀Fizonal /m/ survived to Pre⹀Zheshoi. : _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /n/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | n /n/ | t /t/ | n /n/ | + The historic /n/ sound in Jastugay was lost to vowel nasalization. A new /n/ developed from /t/ in the process of voicing it as /d/ when the following consonant was also coronal. /n/ in other languages like·wise merged to /d/ in the general case, but was preserved as /n/ when a coronal consonant followed. - : Elrex - - _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /n/ (when followed by another coronal - consonant) - - : Jastugay - - _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /t/ (when followed by another coronal - consonant) - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /n/ (when followed by another coronal - consonant) - #### medial consonants These consonants follow the initial consonant in a syllable, which must be either a stop, fricative, or nasal. +All three may be specified on the same syllable, in the order + _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, + _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. : _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ɾ/\~/l/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | r /ɹ/ | r /ɹ/ | d /d/ | r /ɾ/ | + The realization of this consonant depends on the consonant which - precedes it; it can be either /ɾ/ or /l/. + precedes it; unlabialized, it can be either /ɾ/ or /l/, and + labialized, it can be either /rʷ/ or /ɫʷ/. In Jastugay, it descends from /d/, and descends from /r/ in most other languages. - : Eho - - _r_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qho} /ɹ/ - - : Elrex - - _r_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /ɹ/ - - : Jastugay - - _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /d/ - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _r_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ɾ/ - : _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /w/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | w /w/ | w /w/ | | + In Jastugay, this sound was historically either /m/ or /w∕. It did not exist in Proto⹀Fizonal at the time that words were adopted - into Pre‐Zheshoi. - - : Elrex - - _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /w/ + into Pre⹀Zheshoi. - : Jastugay - - _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /w/ + Although this sound phonemically indicates /w/, when followed by + another medial, it instead is dropped and labializes the remaining + consonant cluster, so that /gwƦ/ becomes [ɡʷrʷ], /twƦ/ becomes + [tʷɫʷ], and /mwy/ becomes [mɥ]. : _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /j/ + | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal | + |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:| + | | y /j/ | ē /i/ | gj /gj/ | + This consonant was not phonemic in Jastugay, but developed from /i/. In Proto⹀Fizonal, it was preceded by a velar stop (/gj/), which was reduced to a glottal stop and eliminated on adoption into - Pre‐Zheshoi. - - : Elrex + Pre⹀Zheshoi. + +In Zheshoi, medial combinations are simplified to a single medial + according to the following rules:8--: + +| Initial | Medial (Pre⹀Zheshoi) | Medial (Zheshoi) | +|:----------:|:--------------------:|:-----------------| +| p, v, m | w /w/ | w /w/ | +| p, v, m | wʀ /rʷ/, ʀ /ɾ/ | ʀ /ɾ/ | +| p, v, m | wy /ɥ/, y /j/ | y /j/ | +| p, v, m | wʀy /rʷɥ/, ʀy /ɾj/ | ʀiɂj /ɾi.j/ | +| ƣ, x, ɂ, h | w /w/, wy /ɥ/ | w /w/ | +| ƣ, x, ɂ, h | wʀ /rʷ/, ʀ /ɾ/ | ʀ /r/ | +| ƣ, x, ɂ, h | wʀy /rʷɥ/, ʀy /ɾj/ | ʀiɂy /ri.j/ | +| ƣ, x, ɂ, h | y /j/ | y /j/ | +| All others | w /w/ | w /w/ | +| All others | ʀ /l/ | ʀ /l/ | +| All others | wy /ɥ/, y /j/ | y /j/ | +| All others | wʀ /ɫʷ/ | ꟛɂ /ɫ̩.ʔ/ | +| All others | wʀy /ɫʷɥ/ | ꟛɂy /ɫ̩.j/ | +| All others | ʀy /lj/ | ʀiɂy /li.j/ | - _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /j/ - - : Jastugay - - _ē_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /i/ before vowels - - : Proto⹀Fizonal - - _gj_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /gj/ ### vowels -Vowels in Pre‐Zheshoi are categorized across several different axes. -Pre‐Zheshoi exhibits vowel harmony, and the polarity of the vowel +Vowels in Pre⹀Zheshoi are categorized across several different axes. +Pre⹀Zheshoi exhibits vowel harmony, and the polarity of the vowel indicates which vowels it harmonizes with. As a general rule, positive vowels are more open and negative vowels are more close. Vowels may also be rounded or unrounded, and they may be iotized to form a diphthong with /ɪ/. -Finally, there are two nasal vowels in Pre‐Zheshoi, one which is +Finally, there are two nasal vowels in Pre⹀Zheshoi, one which is rounded and positive, and one which is unrounded and negative. -In addition to the above distinctions, Pre‐Zheshoi exhibits a front +In addition to the above distinctions, Pre⹀Zheshoi exhibits a front (①) ⧵ back (②) split in its positive and neutral vowels, and it features a syllabic /ɫ̩/ which is vowel·like in most situations. @@ -626,7 +560,7 @@ In the case of unmarked harmony, the etymology of the word should be ### known shifts and changes The following phonological changes are known to occur between - Pre‐Zheshoi and Zheshoi proper:8--: + Pre⹀Zheshoi and Zheshoi proper:8--: - _ä_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after midback consonants, and @@ -634,6 +568,9 @@ The following phonological changes are known to occur between Similarly, _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after front consonants, and _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} otherwise. + (Note: + Pre⹀Zheshoi _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} is written + _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} in Zheshoi.) - _æ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges to the base vowel (positive or negative) which harmonizes with the word, favouring @@ -641,15 +578,19 @@ The following phonological changes are known to occur between - _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} shifts to /ɪ/. -- The nasal vowels become R‐coloured: - _eꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /ɚ/ and +- The nasal vowels become R⹀coloured: + _eꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /eɚ/ and _ȣꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /ɔ˞/. - In so doing, they lose their polarity and become generic rhotic - unrounded and rounded vowels. -- _Ꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} is realized as /n/ consonantally. - After unrounded vowels, it shifts to /ɚ/, and after rounded vowels it - shifts to /ɔ˞/. +- The iotized rounded vowels are lost: + _oı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes + _wi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, labializing the precending + consonant(s). + _ȣı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with + _aı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}. + +- _Ꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} is realized as /n/ consonantally, and + adds R⹀colouring when it follows terminal, non‐iotized vowels. (It persists unmodified in other cases.) - When an rounded, non·iotized vowel is followed by a glottal consonant @@ -664,6 +605,9 @@ The following phonological changes are known to occur between fricative ∣ approximant, the iotization is moved preceding the vowel as /j/. +- Medials are merged when multiple appear in the same syllable (see + that section for more information). + - The mid consonants move further back: /ʒ/ becomes /ʑ/ and /ʃ/ becomes /ɕ/. diff --git a/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot b/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot index e5a84bf..c79ee46 100644 --- a/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot +++ b/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Zheshoi -Zheshoi (_ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕɵɪ/) is a language in +Zheshoi (_ʒeßwi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕwi/) is a language in the Jastu⹀Fizonal language family, derived from [][:Languages/PreZheshoi]. @@ -8,13 +8,12 @@ Zheshoi (_ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕɵɪ/) is a language in ### syllable structure -The basic Zheshoi syllable is C(w)(ʀ)(y)V(ı)(C). +The basic Zheshoi syllable is CHV(ı)(C). This is analyzed as follows:8--: -- An initial consonant -- Zero or more medials (_w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, - _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, or _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, - in that order) +- An initial consonant (C) +- Zero or one medials (H; _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, + _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, or _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}) - A vowel (V) or diphthong (Vı) - Optionally, a final consonant @@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ Note that /n/ is equated with the allophonic /ŋ/ for this All consonants are valid in both the initial and final position with two broad exceptions:8--: -- /ʔ/ and /h/ are not permitted as final consonants +- /ʔ/ and /h/ are not permitted as final consonants. - /g/ and /k/ are allophonic with /ʕ/ and /χ/ in the final position. For simplicity, such consonants are traditionally analysed as @@ -51,26 +50,18 @@ All consonants are valid in both the initial and final position with ### medials -There are three kinds of medial in Zheshoi, all of which may appear in - a single syllable:8--: +There are three kinds of medial in Zheshoi. +Although multiple of these could appear in a single syllable in + Pre⹀Zheshoi, in Zheshoi only one is allowed:8--: -- _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} phonemically indicates /w/, but this - may be realized a variety of ways∶8--∶ +- _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [w] after voiced + consonants and [ʍ] after devoiced consonants. - - /ʔw/ reduces to [w] and /hw/ is realized as [ʍ]. +- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [ɾ] after V⹀series + consonants, [l] after D⹀, J⹀, or G⹀series consonants, and [r] after + Ɂ⹀series consonants. - - When followed by another medial, the preceding and following - consonants are labialized and the [w] is dropped, so that /gwƦ/ - becomes [ɡʷrʷ], /twƦ/ becomes [tʷɫʷ], and /mwy/ becomes - [mɥ]. - - - Otherwise, the [w] is pronounced. - -- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is realized as [l] (rounded: [ɫʷ]) - after D⹀ or J⹀series consonants and [ɾ] (rounded: [rʷ]) otherwise. - -- _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is realized as [j] (rounded: [ɥ]). - Any preceding /ʔ/ or /h/ is dropped. +- _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [j] in all cases. ### vowels @@ -80,22 +71,28 @@ These correspond to open, mid, and close vowel heights, respectively, altho due to shifts over time some of the neutral vowels have wound up more close than the negatives. Within each polarity, there are rounded (+U) and unrounded vowels. -Additionally, each rounded or unrounded vowel can be iotized (+I), - which usually results in a diphthong with /ɪ/, or rhoticized (+R), - which adds R⹀colouring. +Additionally, each rounded or unrounded vowel can be rhoticized (+R), + which adds R⹀colouring, and the unrounded vowels can be iotized (+I), + which usually results in a diphthong with /ɪ/. The one exception is that there is no neutral vowel which is both rounded and iotized. -| Polarity | ∅ | +U | +I | +U +I | +R | +U +R | -|:---------|:-----:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:--------:| -| Positive | a /æ/ | ȣ /ɔ/ | aı /aɪ/ | ȣı /ɔɪ/ | aꝛ /ɑ˞/ | ȣꝛ /ɔ˞/ | -| Neutral | ə /ə/ | u /u/ | i /i/ | | əꝛ /ʌ˞/ | uꝛ /ʊ˞/ | -| Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/ | eı /eɪ/ | oı /ɵɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ | +| Polarity | ∅ | +U | +I | +R | +U +R | +|:---------|:-----:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:--------:| +| Positive | a /æ/ | å /ɔ/ | aı /aɪ/ | aꝛ /ɑ˞/ | åꝛ /ɔ˞/ | +| Neutral | ə /ə/ | u /u/ | i /i/ | əꝛ /ʌ˞/ | uꝛ /ʊ˞/ | +| Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/ | eı /eɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ | + +The letter _æ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is used to indicate either + _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} or _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} + (depending on vowel harmony), and likewise for the letter + _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} and _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} or + _o_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}. In addition to the above, Zheshoi features a syllabic /ɫ̩/, which functions like a neutral vowel with the following restrictions: it - may not be preceded by a medial, and it may not be followed by a - final consonant. + may only be preceded by a voiced consonant (with no medial), and it + may not be followed by a final consonant. It is called “lambda”, and written _ꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}. ## morphology @@ -112,7 +109,7 @@ _Nominals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English nouns, and _verbals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English verbs; _articles_{as=dfn} are a somewhat unique word class whose role lies somewhere between that of English articles and determiners - (_the_{as=i}, _a_{as=i}, some…) and that of a pronoun. + (_the_{as=i}, _a_{as=i}, _some_{as=i}…) and that of a pronoun. In addition to these three categories of word, Zheshoi also features a number of other morphemes, including inflections, determiners, and adpositions. @@ -439,6 +436,20 @@ Nominals are not themselves inflected; instead, their associated The verbal lexical stem consists of a single root. +Verbal stems are classified into three groups, depending on their final + syllable:8--: + +- Those which end with a voiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel, +- Those which end with a devoiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel, and +- Those which end with a voiced consonant and lambda. + +This classification is maintained thru derivations and impacts the form + of the inflections. + +All verbals also have a definitite (positive or negative) assigned + vowel harmony, even when the verbal contains only neutral vowels. +This harmony will influence derivations and inflections. + #### derived stem ```=html @@ -483,11 +494,11 @@ The verbal lexical stem consists of a single root. - OOC + VBZ ⏞ - CTR + CC @@ -511,12 +522,33 @@ The verbal lexical stem consists of a single root. ``` -Verbals may be lexically marked for aspect and control. +Verbals may be lexically marked for aspect in two places: +A partially⹀reduplicative prefix indicates the habitual or + developmental aspects, and a suffix indicates perfectivity. +These affixes can be combined. (This analysis of aspect as “lexical”, and not “grammatical”, is a morphological argument, not a syntactic one.) -The marking of aspect is split between a possible reduplicative prefix - (indicating habitual or “developmental” aspects) and a possible - perfective suffix. + +The habitual prefix is _Cæ‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, where + _C_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is the initial consonant in the word. +The develompental prefix is _Caı‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} for + positive verbals and _Cwi‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} for negative + ones. + +The perfective suffix can take the following forms:8--: + +- On verbals which end with a voiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel, + the R⹀colouring is dropped and _‐ɂwæꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} + is added. + +- On verbals which end with a devoiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel, + the R⹀colouring is dropped and _‐hwæꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} + is added. + +- On verbals which end with a voiced consonant and lambda, the final + syllable is replaced with _‐Cʀæı.ɂꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, + where _C_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is the _devoiced_ form of the + consonant. #### inflected stem @@ -674,12 +706,6 @@ Each modal suffix can indicate two possible moods; which is intended is The following are potential future directions for the language:8--: -- Loss of simultaneous support for all three medials in every syllable. - Loss of phonemic labialization with a corresponding split of - _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} into potentially as many options as - /l/, /ɫ/ (which may merge with the syllabic equivalent), /ɾ/, - and /r/; and of _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} into /j/ and /ɥ/. - - Rhoticization makes a good candidate for evolving into a tonal system.