From: Lady Date: Fri, 5 Apr 2024 03:47:14 +0000 (-0400) Subject: Zheshoi morphology notes X-Git-Url: https://git.ladys.computer/Wiki/commitdiff_plain/338857e1cff92bab0bd5b14107cfa9b978e24505?ds=sidebyside Zheshoi morphology notes --- diff --git a/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot b/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot index 0e83e35..e5a84bf 100644 --- a/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot +++ b/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot @@ -1,7 +1,8 @@ # Zheshoi Zheshoi (_ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕɵɪ/) is a language in - the Jastu⹀Fizonal language family, derived from [][:PreZheshoi]. + the Jastu⹀Fizonal language family, derived from + [][:Languages/PreZheshoi]. ## phonology @@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ The one exception is that there is no neutral vowel which is both |:---------|:-----:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:--------:| | Positive | a /æ/ | ȣ /ɔ/ | aı /aɪ/ | ȣı /ɔɪ/ | aꝛ /ɑ˞/ | ȣꝛ /ɔ˞/ | | Neutral | ə /ə/ | u /u/ | i /i/ | | əꝛ /ʌ˞/ | uꝛ /ʊ˞/ | -| Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/ | eı /eɪ/ | oı /ɵɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ | +| Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/ | eı /eɪ/ | oı /ɵɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ | In addition to the above, Zheshoi features a syllabic /ɫ̩/, which functions like a neutral vowel with the following restrictions: it @@ -97,6 +98,578 @@ In addition to the above, Zheshoi features a syllabic /ɫ̩/, which final consonant. It is called “lambda”, and written _ꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}. +## morphology + +(This information is just copied from some documentation I found on my + computer and may not be entirely accurate yet. +[][@:Lady]{.sig}) + +### morphological word classes + +Zheshoi has three main categories of words which may serve as a + morphological stem: articles, nominals, and verbals. +_Nominals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English nouns, and + _verbals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English verbs; + _articles_{as=dfn} are a somewhat unique word class whose role lies + somewhere between that of English articles and determiners + (_the_{as=i}, _a_{as=i}, some…) and that of a pronoun. +In addition to these three categories of word, Zheshoi also features a + number of other morphemes, including inflections, determiners, and + adpositions. +These morphemes are represented through affixes or clitics, attached to + article, nominal, or verbal stems. + +### article morphology + +#### lexical stem + +```=html + + + [ + 𝗟𝗦 + + ∅ + + ] + 𝗟𝗦 + + +``` + +Articles are used to mark grammatical, as well as some lexical, + features for the associated (possibly hypothetical) nominal lexeme. +As pro⹀forms referring to a nominal antecedent, they cannot have a + lexical root, and consequently their lexical stem is always null. + +#### derived stem + +```=html + + + [ + 𝗗𝗦 + + + [ + 𝗟𝗦 + ] + + + + + { + + + + + NUM + + + + + + + QNT + + + + + } + + + ⏞ + AMT + + + + + LOC + + + ] + 𝗗𝗦 + + +``` + +Although articles do not have a lexical root, they do mark a number of + lexical properties, which can conventionally be thought of as + _succeeding_ the null lexical stem. +These properties are: amount, as a numeral or quantifier, and location. +None of these properties are required, and the inflected stem of an + article may be null. + +Numerals are not a distinct word class in Zheshoi, but are instead + morphologically marked on articles. +This differs from the gramatical feature of _number_ (also marked on + articles, but through inflection rather than derivation), which + simply categorizes words as singular or plural. +Numeral morphemes are akin to English cardinal numbers (_one_{as=i}, + _two_{as=i}, _three_{as=i}, ⁊·c), and as these morphemes may + (hypothetically) be infinitely large, their structure can be quite + complex. + +#### inflected stem + +```=html + + + [ + 𝗜𝗦 + + + + + DEF + + + + PL + + + + + { + + + + + NEG + + + + + Q + + + + + } + + + ⏞ + IRR + + + + + ⏞ + SPEC + + + + + [ + 𝗗𝗦 + ] + + + ] + 𝗜𝗦 + + +``` + +The grammatical properties encoded by articles are definiteness, + plurality, and irreality (negation or interrogativity). +Together, these properties define the _specificity_{as=dfn} of the + article. +Although Zheshoi requires the specificity of nominals to be defined, it + does not require them to be marked in all cases, and the resulting + inflected stem may be null. + +### nominal morphology + +#### lexical stem + +```=html + + + [ + 𝗟𝗦 + + √ROOT + + ] + 𝗟𝗦 + + +``` + +The nominal lexical stem consists of a single root. + +#### derived stem + +```=html + + + [ + 𝗗𝗦 + + + + { + + + + + 𝐴𝑈𝐺 + + + + + 𝐷𝐼𝑀 + + + + + } + + + ⏞ + INT + + + + + [ + 𝗟𝗦 + ] + + + + + + VBZ + + + + + { + + + + + ACT + + + + + INST + + + + + NM + + + + + } + + + ⏞ + NMZ + + + + + ⏞ + CC + + + + + ] + 𝗗𝗦 + + +``` + +The lexical properties which are marked on nominals include intensity, + as either augmentative or diminuitive, and class⹀change, through + verbalizers and nominalizers. +Augmentatives and diminuitives are marked via reduplicative prefixes, + and so are italicized in the diagram above. + +Nominalization is required for lexical stems which are verbal in + nature; in addition, a nominal lexical stem may be verbalized and + then nominalized again. + +#### inflected stem + +```=html + + + [ + 𝗜𝗦 + + + [ + 𝗗𝗦 + ] + + + ] + 𝗜𝗦 + + +``` + +Nominals are not themselves inflected; instead, their associated + article is. + +### verbal morphology + +#### lexical stem + +```=html + + + [ + 𝗟𝗦 + + √ROOT + + ] + 𝗟𝗦 + + +``` + +The verbal lexical stem consists of a single root. + +#### derived stem + +```=html + + + [ + 𝗗𝗦 + + + + { + + + + + 𝐷𝐸𝑉 + + + + + 𝐻𝐴𝐵 + + + + + } + + + ⏞ + + ASP + 1 + + + + + + [ + 𝗟𝗦 + ] + + + + + OOC + + + ⏞ + CTR + + + + + + PFV + + + ⏞ + + ASP + 2 + + + + + + ] + 𝗗𝗦 + + +``` + +Verbals may be lexically marked for aspect and control. +(This analysis of aspect as “lexical”, and not “grammatical”, is a + morphological argument, not a syntactic one.) +The marking of aspect is split between a possible reduplicative prefix + (indicating habitual or “developmental” aspects) and a possible + perfective suffix. + +#### inflected stem + +```=html + + + [ + 𝗜𝗦 + + + + + + NEG + + + + DEO + + + + ⏞ + IRR + + + + ⏞ + + MOD + 1 + + + + + + [ + 𝗗𝗦 + ] + + + + + { + + + + + FUT + + + + + INF + + + + + PRS + + + + + PST + + + + + } + + + ⏞ + TNS + + + + + + { + + + + + DEF + + + + + HON + + PL + + + + + } + + + ⏞ + SPEC + + + + + + { + + + + + ALE‐JUS + + + + + DDUC‐HORT + + + + + MIR‐Q + + + + + OPT‐PERM + + + + + } + + + ⏞ + + MOD + 2 + + + + + ] + 𝗜𝗦 + + +``` + +Zheshoi verbals are heavily inflected, marking mood, tense, and + specificity—the latter of which must agree with the article of the + verbal’s subject. +Each modal suffix can indicate two possible moods; which is intended is + signalled by the presence or absence of an additional (deontic) modal + prefix. + ## future The following are potential future directions for the language:8--: