Improve xargs handling

[Shushe] / README.markdown

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# ⛩️📰 书社

<b>A make·file for X·M·L.</b>

<dfn>⛩️📰 书社</dfn> aims to make it easy to generate websites with
  X·S·L·T and G·N·U Make.
It is consequently only a good choice for people who like X·S·L·T and
  G·N·U Make and wish it were easier to make websites with them.

It makes things easier by :⁠—

- Automatically identifying source files and characterizing them by
    type (X·M·L, text, or asset).

- Parsing supported text types into X·M·L trees.

- Enabling easy inclusion of source files within each other.

It aims to do this with zero dependencies beyond the programs already
  installed on your computer†.

† Assuming an operating system with a fairly featureful, and
  Posix‐compliant, development setup (e·g, macOS).
In fact, on Linux you will probably need to install a few programs:
  `libxml2-utils`, `xsltproc`, `sharutils`, and `pax`.

## Nomenclature

<i lang="cmn-Hans">书社</i> is a Chinese word meaning “publishing
  house”.

The first character, <i lang="cmn-Hans">书</i>, is the simplified form
  of “document”.

The second character, <i lang="cmn-Hans">社</i>, contemporarily means
  “association”, but historically referred to the god of the soil and
  related altars or festivities.
In Japanese, it is an alternate spelling for <i lang="ja">やしろ</i>,
  the word for “Shinto shrine”.

The name <i lang="cmn-Hans">书社</i> was chosen to play on this pun, as
  it is intended as a publishing program for webshrines.

In Ascii environments, ⛩️📰 书社 should be written `Shushe`, following
  the pinyin transliteration.

## Prerequisites

In most cases, ⛩️📰 书社 aims to require only functionality which is
  present in all Posix‐compliant operating systems.
There are a few exceptions.
Details on particular programs are given below; if a program is not
  listed, it is assumed that any Posix‐compliant implementation will
  work.

### `date`

This is a Posix utility, but ⛩️📰 书社 currently depends on
  unspecified behaviour.
When the G·N·U version of `stat` is being used, then the G·N·U version
  of `date` is also expected.

### `file`

This is a Posix utility, but ⛩️📰 书社 currently depends on
  unspecified behaviour.
It requires support for the following additional options :⁠—

- **`-C`**, when supplied with `-m`, must be useable to compile a
    `.mgc` magicfile for use with future invocations of `file`.

- **`--files-from`** must be useable to provide a file that `file`
    should read file·names from, and `-` must be useable in this
    context to specify the standard input.

- **`--mime-type`** must cause `file` to print the internet media type
    of the file with no charset parameter.

- **`--separator`** must be useable to set the separator that `file`
    uses to separate file names from types.

These options are implemented by the
  [Fine Free File Command](https://darwinsys.com/file/), which is used
  by most operating systems.

### `git`

This is not a Posix utility.
Usage of `git` is optional, but recommended (and activated by default).
To disable it, set `GIT=`.

### `make`

This is a Posix utility, but ⛩️📰 书社 currently depends on
  unspecified behaviour.
⛩️📰 书社 requires specifically the G·N·U version of `make`, and
  depends on functionality present in version 3.81 or later.
It is not expected to work in previous versions, or with other
  implementations of Make.

### `pax`

This is a Posix utility, but not included in the Linux Standard Base or
  installed by default in many distributions.
Only `ustar` format support is required.

### `stat`

This is not a Posix utility, and nor is it particularly portable.
To get around incompatibilities, ⛩️📰 书社 attempts to recognize G·N·U
  `stat` by searching for the string `GNU` when invoked with the
  `--version` option, and falls back to B·S·D behaviour otherwise.

### `uudecode` and `uuencode`

These are Posix utilities, but not included in the Linux Standard Base
  or installed by default in many distributions.
The G·N·U [Sharutils](https://www.gnu.org/software/sharutils/) package
  can be installed to access them.

### `xmlcatalog` and `xmllint`

These are not a Posix utilities.
They is a part of `libxml2`, but may need to be installed separately
  (e·g by the name `libxml2-utils`).

### `xsltproc`

This is not a Posix utility.
It is a part of `libxslt`, but may need to be installed separately.

## Basic Usage

Place source files in `sources/` and run `make install` to compile
  the result to `public/`.
Compilation involves the following steps :⁠—

1. ⛩️📰 书社 compiles all of the magic files in `magic/` into a single
    file, `build/magic.mgc`.

2. ⛩️📰 书社 processes all of the parsers in `parsers/` and determines
    the list of supported plaintext types.

3. ⛩️📰 书社 identifies all of the source files and includes and uses
    `build/magic.mgc` to classify them by media type.

4. ⛩️📰 书社 parses all plaintext and X·M·L source files and includes
    and then builds a dependency tree between them.

5. ⛩️📰 书社 uses the dependency tree to establish prerequisites for
    each output file.

6. ⛩️📰 书社 compiles each output file to `build/result`.

7. ⛩️📰 书社 copies most output files from `build/result` to
     `build/public`, but it does some additional processing instead on
     those which indicate a non‐X·M·L desired final output form.

8. ⛩️📰 书社 copies the final resulting files to `public`.

You can use `make list` to list each identified source file or include
  alongside its computed type and dependencies.
As this is a Make‐based program, steps will only be run if the
  corresponding buildfile or output file is older than its
  prerequisites.

## Name·spaces

The ⛩️📰 书社 name·space is `urn:fdc:ladys.computer:20231231:Shu1She4`.

This document uses a few name·space prefixes, with the following
  meanings :⁠—

|     Prefix | Expansion                                     |
| ---------: | :-------------------------------------------- |
| `catalog:` | `urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog` |
|    `exsl:` | `http://exslt.org/common`                     |
| `exslstr:` | `http://exslt.org/strings`                    |
|    `html:` | `http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml`                |
|     `svg:` | `http://www.w3.org/2000/svg`                  |
|   `xlink:` | `http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink`                |
|    `xslt:` | `http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform`        |
|    `书社:` | `urn:fdc:ladys.computer:20231231:Shu1She4`    |

## Setup and Configuration

⛩️📰 书社 depends on the following programs to run.
In every case, you may supply your own implementation by overriding the
  corresponding (allcaps) variable (e·g, set `MKDIR` to supply your own
  `mkdir` implementation).

- `awk`
- `cat`
- `cksum`
- `cp`
- `date`
- `echo`
- `file`
- `find`
- `git` (optional; set `GIT=` to disable)
- `grep`
- `ln`
- `ls`
- `mkdir`
- `mv`
- `od`
- `pax` (only when generating archives)
- `printf`
- `rm`
- `sed`
- `sleep`
- `stat` (BSD *or* GNU)
- `test`
- `touch`
- `tr`
- `uuencode`
- `uudecode`
- `xargs`
- `xmlcatalog` (provided by `libxml2`)
- `xmllint` (provided by `libxml2`)
- `xsltproc` (provided by `libxslt`)

The following additional variables can be used to control the behaviour
  of ⛩️📰 书社 :⁠—

- **`SRCDIR`:**
  The location of the source files (default: `sources`).
  Multiple source directories can be provided, so long as the same
    file subpath doesn’t exist in more than one of them.

- **`INCLUDEDIR`:**
  The location of source includes (default: `sources/includes`).
  This can be inside of `SRCDIR`, but needn’t be.
  Multiple include directories can be provided, so long as the same
    file subpath doesn’t exist in more than one of them.

- **`BUILDDIR`:**
  The location of the (temporary) build directory (default: `build`).
  `make clean` will delete this, and it is recommended that it not be
    used for programs aside from ⛩️📰 书社.

- **`DESTDIR`:**
  The location of directory to output files to (default: `public`).
  `make install` will overwrite files in this directory which
    correspond to those in `SRCDIR`.
  It *will not* touch other files, including those generated from files
    in `SRCDIR` which have since been deleted.

  Files are first compiled to `$(BUILDDIR)/public` before they are
    copied to `DESTDIR`, so this folder is relatively quick and
    inexpensive to re·create.
  It’s reasonable to simply delete it before every `make install` to
    ensure stale content is removed.

- **`THISDIR`:**
  The location of the ⛩️📰 书社 `GNUmakefile`.
  This should be set automatically when calling Make and shouldn’t ever
    need to be set manually.
  This variable is used to find the ⛩️📰 书社 `lib/` folder, which is
    expected to be in the same location.

- **`MAGIC`:**
  A white·space‐separated list of magic files to use (default:
    `$(THISDIR)/magic/*`).

- **`EXTRAMAGIC`:**
  The value of this variable is appended to `MAGIC` by default, to
    enable additional magic files without overriding the existing ones.

- **`FINDRULES`:**
  Rules to use with `find` when searching for source files.
  The default ignores files that start with a period or hyphen‐minus,
    those which end with a cloparen, and those which contain a hash,
    buck, percent, asterisk, colon, semi, eroteme, bracket, backslash,
    or pipe.

- **`EXTRAFINDRULES`:**
  The value of this variable is appended to `FINDRULES` by default, to
    enable additional rules without overriding the existing ones.

- **`FINDINCLUDERULES`:**
  Rules to use with `find` when searching for includes (default:
    `$(FINDRULES)`).

- **`EXTRAFINDINCLUDERULES`:**
  The value of this variable is appended to `FINDINCLUDERULES` by
    default, to enable additional rules without overriding the existing
    ones.

- **`PARSERS`:**
  A white·space‐separated list of parsers to use (default:
    `$(THISDIR)/parsers/*.xslt`).

- **`EXTRAPARSERS`:**
  The value of this variable is appended to `PARSERS` by default, to
    enable additional parsers without overriding the existing ones.

- **`TRANSFORMS`:**
  A white·space‐separated list of transforms to use (default:
    `$(THISDIR)/transforms/*.xslt`).

- **`EXTRATRANSFORMS`:**
  The value of this variable is appended to `TRANSFORMS` by default, to
    enable additional transforms without overriding the existing ones.

- **`XMLTYPES`:**
  A white·space‐separated list of media types to consider X·M·L
    (default: `application/xml text/xml`).

- **`THISREV`:**
  The current version of ⛩️📰 书社 (default: derived from the current
    git tag/branch/commit).

- **`SRCREV`:**
  The current version of the source files (default: derived from the
    current git tag/branch/commit).

- **`VERBOSE`:**
  If this variable has a value, every recipe instruction will be
    printed when it runs (default: empty).
  This is helpful for debugging, but typically too noisy for general
    usage.

## Source Files

Source files may be placed in `SRCDIR` in any manner; the file
  structure used there will match the output.
The type of source files is *not* determined by file extension, but
  rather by magic number; this means that files **must** begin with
  something recognizable.
Supported magic numbers include :⁠—

- `<?xml` for `application/xml` files
- `#!js` for `text/javascript` files
- `@charset "` for `text/css` files
- `#!tsv` for `text/tab-separated-values` files
- `%%` for `text/record-jar` files (unregistered; see
    [[draft-phillips-record-jar-01][]])

Text formats with associated X·S·L·T parsers are wrapped in a H·T·M·L
  `<script>` element whose `@type` gives its media type, and then
  passed to the parser to process.
Source files whose media type does not have an associated X·S·L·T
  parser are considered “assets” and will not be transformed.

**☡ For compatibility with this program, source file·names must not
  contain Ascii white·space, colons (`:`), semis (`;`), pipes (`|`),
  bucks (`$`), percents (`%`), hashes (`#`), asterisks (`*`), brackets
  (`[` or `]`), erotemes (`?`), backslashes (`\`), or control
  characters, must not begin with a hyphen‐minus (`-`), must not end
  with a cloparen (`)`), and must not contain quoted braces (`"{` or
  `}"`).**
The former characters have the potential to conflict with make syntax,
  a leading hyphen‐minus is confusable for a command‐line argument, a
  trailing cloparen [activates a bug in G·N·U Make
  3.81](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17148468/capturing-filenames-including-parentheses-with-gnu-makes-wildcard-function#comment24825307_17148894),
  and quoted braces are used internally by the program.

## Parsers

Parsers are used to convert plaintext files into X·M·L trees, as well
  as convert plaintext formats which are already included inline in
  existing source X·M·L documents.
⛩️📰 书社 comes with some parsers; namely :⁠—

- **`parsers/plain.xslt`:**
  Wraps `text/plain` contents in a `<html:pre>` element.

- **`parsers/record-jar.xslt`:**
  Converts `text/record-jar` contents into a `<html:div>` of
    `<html:dl>` elements (one for each record).

- **`parsers/tsv.xslt`:**
  Converts `text/tab-separated-values` contents into an `<html:table>`
    element.

New ⛩️📰 书社 parsers which target plaintext formats should have an
  `<xslt:template>` element with no `@name` or `@mode` and whose
  `@match` attribute…

- Starts with an appropriately‐name·spaced qualified name for a
    `<html:script>` element.

- Follows this with the string `[@type=`.

- Follows this with a quoted string giving a media type supported by
    the parser.
  Media type parameters are *not* supported.

- Follows this with the string `]`.

For example, the trivial `text/plain` parser is defined as follows :⁠—

```xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<transform
  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
  xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
  xmlns:书社="urn:fdc:ladys.computer:20231231:Shu1She4"
  version="1.0"
>
  <书社:id>example:text/plain</书社:id>
  <template match="html:script[@type='text/plain']">
    <html:pre><value-of select="."/></html:pre>
  </template>
</transform>
```

⛩️📰 书社 will scan the provided parsers for this pattern to determine
  the set of allowed plaintext file types.
Multiple such `<xslt:template>` elements may be provided in a single
  parser, for example if the parser supports multiple media types.
Alternatively, you can set the `@书社:supported-media-types` attribute
  on the root element of the parser to override media type support
  detection.

Even when `@书社:supported-media-types` is set, it is a requirement
  that each parser transform any `<html:script>` elements with a
  `@type` which matches their registered types into something else.
Otherwise the parser will be stuck in an endless loop.
The result tree of applying the transform to the `<html:script>`
  element will be reparsed (in case any new `<html:script>` elements
  were added in its subtree), and a `@书社:parsed-by` attribute will be
  added to each toplevel element in the result.
The value of this attribute will be the value of the `<书社:id>`
  toplevel element in the parser.

It is possible for parsers to support zero plaintext types.
This is useful when targeting specific dialects of X·M·L; parsers in
  this sense operate on the same basic principles as transforms
  (described below).
The major distinction between X·M·L parsers and transforms is where in
  the process the transformation happens:
Parsers are applied *prior* to embedding (and can be used to generate
  embeds); transforms are applied *after*.

It is **strongly recommended** that auxillary templates in parsers be
  name·spaced (by `@name` or `@mode`) whenever possible, to avoid
  conflicts between parsers.

### Attributes added during parsing

⛩️📰 书社 will add a few attributes to the output of the parsing step,
  namely :⁠—

- A `@书社:cksum` attribute on toplevel result elements, giving the
    `cksum` checksum of the corresponding source file.

- For the elements which result from parsing plaintext `<html:script>`
    elements :⁠—

  - A `@书社:parsed-by` attribute, giving a space‐separated list of
      parsers which parsed the node.
    (Generally, this will be a list of one, but it is possible for the
      result of a parse to be another plaintext node, which may be
      parsed by a different parser.)

  - A `@书社:media-type` attribute, giving the identified media type of
      the plaintext node.

## Embedding

Documents can be embedded in other documents using a `<书社:link>`
  element with `@xlink:show="embed"`.
The `@xlink:href`s of these elements should have the format
  `about:shushe?source=<path>`, where `<path>` provides the path to the
  file within `SRCDIR`.
Includes, which do not generate outputs of their own but may still be
  freely embedded, instead use the format
  `about:shushe?include=<path>`, where `<path>` provides the path
  within `INCLUDEDIR`.

Embeds are replaced with the parsed contents of a file, unless the file
  is an asset, in which case an `<html:object>` element is produced
  instead (with the contents of the asset file provided as a base64
  `data:` u·r·i).
Embed replacements will be given a `@书社:identifier` attribute whose
  value will match the `@xlink:href` of the embed.

Embedding takes place after parsing but before transformation, so
  parsers are able to generate their own embeds.
⛩️📰 书社 is able to detect the transitive embed dependencies of files
  and update them accordingly; it will signal an error if the
  dependencies are recursive.

## Output Redirection

By default, ⛩️📰 书社 installs files to the same location in `DESTDIR`
  as they were placed in their `SRCDIR`.
This behaviour can be customized by setting the `@书社:destination`
  attribute on the root element, whose value can give a different path.
This attribute is read after parsing, but before transformation (where
  it is silently dropped).

## Transforms

Transforms are used to convert X·M·L files into their final output,
  after all necessary parsing and embedding has taken place.
⛩️📰 书社 comes with some transforms; namely :⁠—

- **`transforms/asset.xslt`:**
  Converts `<html:object>` elements which correspond to recognized
    media types into the appropriate H·T·M·L elements, and deletes
    `<html:style>` elements from the body of the document and moves
    them to the head.

- **`transforms/metadata.xslt`:**
  Provides basic `<html:head>` metadata.
  This metadata is generated from `<html:meta>` elements with one of
    the following `@itemprop` attributes :⁠—

  - **`urn:fdc:ladys.computer:20231231:Shu1She4:title`:**
    Provides the title of the page.

  ⛩️📰 书社 automatically encapsulates H·T·M·L embeds so that their
    metadata does not propogate up to the embedding document.
  To undo this behaviour, remove the `@itemscope` and `@itemtype`
    attributes from the embed during the transformation phase.

- **`transforms/serialization.xslt`:**
  Replaces `<书社:serialize-xml>` elements with the (escaped)
    serialized X·M·L of their contents.
  This replacement happens during the application phase, after most
    other transformations have taken place.

  If a `@with-namespaces` attribute is provided, any name·space nodes
    on the toplevel serialized elements whose U·R·I’s correspond to the
    definitions of the provided prefixes, as defined for the
    `<书社:serialize-xml>` element, will be declared using name·space
    attributes on the serialized elements.
  Otherwise, only name·space nodes which _differ_ from the definitions
    on the `<书社:serialize-xml>` element will be declared.
  The string `#default` may be used to represent the default
    name·space.
  Multiple prefixes may be provided, separated by white·space.

  When it comes to name·spaces used internally by ⛩️📰 书社, the
    prefix used by ⛩️📰 书社 may be declared _in addition to_ the
    prefix(es) used in the source document(s).
  It is not possible to selectively only declare one prefix for a
    name·space to the exclusion of others.

  `<书社:raw-output>` elements may be used inside of
    `<书社:serialize-xml>` elements to inject raw output into the
    serialized X·M·L.

The following are recommendations on effective creation of
  transforms :⁠—

- Make template matchers as specific as possible.
  It is likely an error if two transforms have templates which match
    the same element (unless the templates have different priority).

- Name·space templates (with `@name` or `@mode`) whenever possible.

- Set `@exclude-result-prefixes` on the root `xslt:transform` element
    to reduce the number of declared name·spaces in the final result.

## Global Params

The following params are made available globally in parsers and
  transforms :⁠—

- **`BUILDTIME`:**
  The current time.

- **`CKSUM`:**
  The checksum of the source file (⅌ `cksum`).

- **`IDENTIFIER`:**
  The ⛩️📰 书社 identifier of the source file (a u·r·i beginning with
    `about:shushe`).

- **`SRCREV`:**
  The value of the `SRCREV` variable (if present).

- **`SRCTIME`:**
  The time at which the source file was last modified.

- **`THISREV`:**
  The value of the `THISREV` variable (if present).

The following params are only available in transforms :⁠—

- **`CATALOG`:**
  The path of the catalog file (within `BUILDDIR`).

- **`PATH`:**
  The path of the output file (within `DESTDIR`).

## Output Wrapping

⛩️📰 书社 will wrap the final output of the transforms in appropriate
  `<html:html>` and `<html:body>` elements, so it is not necessary for
  transforms to do this explicitly.
After performing the initial transform, ⛩️📰 书社 will match the root
  node of the result in the following modes to fill in areas of the
  wrapper :⁠—

- **`书社:header`:**
  The result of matching in this mode is prepended into the
    `<html:body>` of the output (before the transformation result).

- **`书社:footer`:**
  The result of matching in this mode is appended into the
    `<html:body>` of the output (after the transformation result).

- **`书社:metadata`:**
  The result of matching in this mode is inserted into the
    `<html:head>` of the output.

In addition to being called with the transform result, each of these
  modes will additionally be called with a `<xslt:include>` element
  corresponding to each transform.
If a transform has a `<书社:id>` top‐level element whose value is an
  i·r·i, its `<xslt:include>` element will have a corresponding
  `@书社:id` attribute.
This mechanism can be used to allow transforms to insert content
  without matching any elements in the result; for example, the
  following transform adds a link to a stylesheet to the `<html:head>`
  of every page :⁠—

```xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<transform
  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
  xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
  xmlns:xslt="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
  xmlns:书社="urn:fdc:ladys.computer:20231231:Shu1She4"
  exclude-result-prefixes="书社"
  version="1.0"
>
  <书社:id>example:add-stylesheet-links.xslt</书社:id>
  <template match="xslt:include[@书社:id='example:add-stylesheet-links.xslt']" mode="书社:metadata">
    <html:link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/style.css"/>
  </template>
</transform>
```

Output wrapping can be entirely disabled by adding a
  `@书社:disable-output-wrapping` attribute to the top‐level element in
  the result tree.
It will not be performed on outputs whose root elements are
  `<书社:archive>`, `<书社:base64-binary>`, or `<书社:raw-text>`
  (described below).

## Applying Attributes

The `<书社:apply-attributes>` element will apply any attributes on the
  element to the element(s) it wraps.
It is especially useful in combination with embeds.

The `<书社:apply-attributes-to-root>` element will apply any attributes
  on the element to the root node of the final transformation result.
It is especially useful in combination with output wrapping.

In both cases, attributes from various sources are combined with
  white·space between them.
Attribute application takes place after all ordinary transforms have
  completed.

Both elements ignore attributes in the `xml:` name·space, except for
  `@xml:lang`, which ignores all but the first definition (including
  any already present on the root element).
On H·T·M·L and S·V·G elements, `@lang` has the same behaviour as
  `@xml:lang`.

## Other Kinds of Output

There are a few special elements in the `书社:` name·space which, if
  they appear as the toplevel element in a transformation result, cause
  ⛩️📰 书社 to produce something other than an X·M·L file.
They are :⁠—

- **`<书社:archive>`:**
  Each child element with a `@书社:archived-as` attribute will be
    archived as a separate file in a resulting tarball (this attribute
    gives the file name).
  These elements will be processed the same as the root elements of any
    other file (e·g, they will be wrapped; they can themselves specify
    non X·M·L output types, ⁊·c).
  Other child elements will be ignored.

- **`<书社:base64-binary>`:**
  The text nodes in the transformation result will, after removing all
    Ascii whitespace, be treated as a Base·64 string, which is then
    decoded.

- **`<书社:raw-text>`:**
  A plaintext (U·T·F‐8) file will be produced from the text nodes in
    the transformation result.

## Pagination

It is possible to have a single source file produce multiple output
  files via `<书社:page>` elements, whose `@name` gives the name of the
  page.
If a parsed document has a `@书社:destination` which contains `%s`,
  the `%s` will be replaced with the `@name` for each `<书社:page>` (and
  removed for the main output).
Otherwise, the `@name` is inserted before the first period of the
  filename (or at the end of the filename for those with no period).
If `<书社:page>`s do not have a `@name`, they are numbered
  sequentially.
The destination of pages must be in the same directory as their parent.

Pagination essentially forms a limited convenience for the more
  sophisticated technique of creating an archive with ⛩️📰 书社 and
  then unarchiving it.
Pages are, from Make’s point of view, untracked side·effects of
  installing the main output, meaning they cannot be targeted directly
  and will not appear in `make list` or `make listout`.
They are intended solely for the like of indices and feeds, for which
  convenience and necessity outweigh their flaws.

## License

This repository conforms to [REUSE][].

Most source files are licensed under the terms of the <cite>Mozilla
  Public License, version 2.0</cite>.

[REUSE]: <https://reuse.software/spec/>
[draft-phillips-record-jar-01]: <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-phillips-record-jar-01>