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1 # Pre⹀Zheshoi
2
3 Pre⹀Zheshoi is the hypothetical ancestor language to Zheshoi
4 (_ʒeßwi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} /ʑɪɕwi/; Pre⹀Zheshoi:
5 _ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʒeɘʃɵɪ/), providing a lexical and
6 (rudimentary) syntactic base from which the latter can be developed.
7 It is one possible synthesis of the Jastu⹀Fizonal languages, which were
8 developed by [][@:Lady] when she was in high school and college.
9
10 : Language codes
11
12 `art-Latn-x-qjx` (preferred); `qjx` (in restricted environments)
13
14 ## aim and scope
15
16 Pre⹀Zheshoi does not aim to be a complete, speakable language.
17 It aims to make the creation of such a language straightforward and
18 possible.
19
20 ## sources
21
22 Pre⹀Zheshoi is derived “primarily” from
23 [Jastugay][]{title="Jastugay: Documentation and Dictionary"}, which
24 is to say that Jastugay forms the basis of its phonological system
25 and grammars.
26 [Elrex][]{title="Elrex: Documentation and Dictionary"} and
27 [Eho][]{title="Eho: Documentation and Dictionary"} make a minor
28 vocabulary contribution.
29 A more significant contribution comes in the form of
30 [Proto⹀Fizonal][]{title="Proto‐Fizonal: Documentation and
31 Dictionary"}, which provides significant vocabulary diversity and
32 additional grammatical concepts to adopt.
33
34 [Eho]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/
35 urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:jsv:eho/
36 [Elrex]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/
37 urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:jsv:lrx/
38 [Jastugay]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/
39 urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:jsv:jst/
40 [Proto⹀Fizonal]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/
41 urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:fzn:proto/
42
43 The timeline of word adoption relative to other phonological shifts in
44 the language is as follows:8--:
45
46 - Jastugay loses phonemic /n/ to vowel nasalization.
47
48 - Jastugay merges /m/\~/w/, /z/\~/ʒ/, and /f/\~/v/.
49
50 - Jastugay /d/ shifts to /ɾ/.
51 /d.s/ becomes /t͡ʃ/ and /s.t/ becomes /ʃ/.
52
53 - Several Jastugay consonants are given voiced realizations:8--:
54 /f/ > /v/\~/β/, /s/ > /z/, /t/ > /n/, /x/ > /ŋ/.
55 The older, devoiced realizations persisted in cases where the
56 consonant was in a syllable coda and followed by /h/.
57 Note that /f/ was not permitted in syllable codas, and consequently
58 became voiced in every instance.
59
60 - Words from other lanugages are adopted.
61 Voicing becomes fully phonemic in most cases.
62
63 - /n/ shifts to /d/, except before other coronal consonants.
64 /ŋ/ shifts to /ɣ/\~/ʕ/ in all cases.
65
66 ## orthography
67
68 Pre⹀Zheshoi uses a Latin orthography with a few additional letters.
69 Ten of these letters are assigned corresponding digits for use in
70 Ascii environments: schwa (Ə) = 0, lambda (Ꟛ) = 1, R⹀rotunda (Ꝛ) =
71 2, yr (Ʀ) = 3, cuatrillo (Ꜭ) = 4, ezh (Ʒ) = 5, eszett (ẞ) = 6,
72 glottal stop (Ɂ) = 7, ou (Ȣ) = 8, and gha (Ƣ) = 9.
73 Because font support for lambda and cuatrillo may be lacking, turned⹀L
74 (Ꞁ) and turned⹀H (Ɥ) are established as alternates.
75
76 | Letter | Alternate | Ascii Digit |
77 |-------:|:---------:|:------------|
78 | Ə | ⸺ | 0 |
79 | Ꟛ | Ꞁ | 1 |
80 | Ꝛ | ⸺ | 2 |
81 | Ʀ | ⸺ | 3 |
82 | Ꜭ | Ɥ | 4 |
83 | Ʒ | ⸺ | 5 |
84 | ẞ | ⸺ | 6 |
85 | Ɂ | ⸺ | 7 |
86 | Ȣ | ⸺ | 8 |
87 | Ƣ | ⸺ | 9 |
88
89 A small number of additional vowels are used, which are treated as
90 pairs of vowels in Ascii environments.
91
92 | Letter | Ascii |
93 |-------:|:------|
94 | Ä | AA |
95 | Å | AU |
96 | Æ | AE |
97
98 Dotless I is used in place of dotted I to indicate iotization of a
99 preceding vowel.
100 In Ascii, use of the dotted form is acceptable.
101
102 The following Latin letters are not used:8--: B, C, F, L, Q, R.
103 Consequently, the complete alphabet (in recommended sorting order)
104 consists of the following 33 letters:8--: Ɂ, A, Ä, Å, Æ, D, E, Ə, G,
105 H, I, J, Ꜭ, K, Ꟛ, M, N, O, Ȣ, P, Ƣ, Ꝛ, Ʀ, S, ẞ, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z,
106 Ʒ.
107
108 ### Anglicization
109
110 As noted above, the recommended practice when writing Pre⹀Zheshoi words
111 in Ascii environments is to use Ascii digits to encode letters
112 outside of Basic Latin.
113 However, there is a separate need for Anglicization rules when
114 converting Pre⹀Zheshoi words into a form usable with English text.
115 Current best⹀practice is to leave the original spelling as intact as
116 possible, despite the fact that this will make the pronunciation less
117 obvious for native speakers.
118
119 The remaining equivalencies are as follows:8--:
120
121 | Pre‐Zheshoi | Anglicized |
122 |------------:|:-------------|
123 | Ɂ | [apostrophe] |
124 | Ä | AA |
125 | Å | AU |
126 | Æ | AE |
127 | Ə | UW |
128 | Ꜭ | CH |
129 | Ꟛ | L |
130 | Ȣ | OU |
131 | Ƣ | Q |
132 | Ꝛ | R |
133 | Ʀ | R |
134 | ẞ | SH |
135 | Ʒ | ZH |
136
137 ## vocabulary
138
139 Lexical words can have up to three forms.
140 The root form is the base lexical form of the word, and the prefix form
141 is a variant which can be used when making semantic derivations from
142 other words.
143 Verbals can additionally have a suffix form, which can be used to make
144 verbal derivations only with the meaning “while ⁓ing”.
145
146 ## phonology
147
148 ### consonants
149
150 Pre⹀Zheshoi has front, midfront, mid, midback, and back consonants with
151 nasal, stop, fricative, and approximant articulations.
152 The front fricative and stop are analysed as a voicing pair, as are the
153 back stop and fricative (even tho neither of the latter are
154 technically voiced).
155 The mid stops are in fact affricates.
156
157 | Place / Manner | Front | Midfront | Mid | Midback | Back |
158 |-------------------:|:-----:|:--------:|:----------:|:-------:|:-----:|
159 | Voiced Stop | ⸺ | d /d/ | j /d͡ʒ/ | g /g/ | ɂ /ʔ/ |
160 | Devoiced Stop | p /p/ | t /t/ | ꜭ /t͡ʃ/ | k /k/ | ⸺ |
161 | Voiced Fricative | v /β/ | z /z/ | ʒ /ʒ/ | ƣ /ʕ/ | ⸺ |
162 | Devoiced Fricative | ⸺ | s /s/ | ß /ʃ/ | x /χ/ | h /h/ |
163 | Sonorant | m /m/ | n /n/ | ʀ /ɾ/\~/l/ | y /j/ | w /w/ |
164
165 _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}, _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} and
166 _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} are medials, and can only phonemically
167 appear following another consonant in a syllable onset (multiple can
168 appear, but only in the order _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr},
169 _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}, _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}); note,
170 however, when the preceding consonant is
171 _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}, it is typically not pronounced.
172 _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} is pronounced [l] after other midfront
173 or mid consonants and [ɾ] otherwise.
174 _hw_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} is typically realized as [ʍ].
175
176 All other consonants may appear in syllable onsets.
177 No other combinations are permitted.
178
179 In codas, _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} and
180 _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} are not phonemically permitted in
181 Pre‐Zheshoi, as they are considered indistinguishable from
182 _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} and _x_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}.
183 Likewise, _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} may be realized as either [m]
184 or [n] in codas, but it is phonemically considered
185 _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} regardless and
186 _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} is not permitted.
187 All other single nonsonorant consonants are permitted; there are no
188 valid combinations.
189
190 The mapping of phonemes from ancestor languages into the Pre⹀Zheshoi
191 consonant inventory is not always trivial or obvious.
192 The following sections provide notes on the process.
193
194 #### stops and fricatives
195
196 With the exception of _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} and
197 _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, these consonants may appear in either
198 the onset or the coda of a syllable.
199
200 : _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /z/
201
202 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
203 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
204 | | | s /s/ | |
205
206 In Jastugay, this consonant was originally realized as /s/, but
207 became voiced sometime after historic /z/ merged with /ʒ/.
208 Neither sound is evidenced in Proto⹀Fizonal.
209
210 : _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /s/
211
212 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
213 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
214 | | s /s/ | sh /s.h/ | |
215
216 This consonant is the devoiced variant of
217 _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
218
219 : _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʕ/
220
221 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
222 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
223 | | | ħ /x/ | q /ŋ/ |
224
225 In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /x/, but it
226 later became voiced and merged with /ŋ/ in other languages.
227 The pronunciation has gradually shifted further back, and it is often
228 articulated as an approximant.
229
230 In Zheshoi, this consonant is analysed instead as
231 _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} when it appears in the coda position.
232
233 : _x_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /χ/
234
235 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
236 |:----------:|:----------:|:--------:|:-------------:|
237 | h /x/\~/h/ | h /x/\~/h/ | ħh /x.h/ | |
238
239 This consonant is the devoiced variant of
240 _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
241 It was common in most Jastu⹀Fizonal languages but not present in
242 Proto⹀Fizonal.
243
244 In Zheshoi, this consonant is analysed instead as
245 _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} when it appears in the coda position.
246
247 : _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d/
248
249 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
250 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
251 | | n /n/ | t /t/ | n /n/ |
252
253 In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /t/, but it
254 later became voiced and merged with /n/ in other languages.
255 When followed by another coronal consonant, the shift to /d/ was left
256 incomplete.
257
258 : _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t/
259
260 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
261 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
262 | | t /t/ | th /t.h/ | t /t/ |
263
264 This consonant is the devoiced variant of
265 _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
266 Most languages included this phoneme.
267
268 : _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d͡ʒ/
269
270 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
271 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
272 | | | j /d͡ʒ/ | d /d/ |
273
274 This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from Jastugay.
275 From Proto⹀Fizonal, it is adapted from /d/, as Pre⹀Zheshoi did not
276 have a /d/ phoneme at the time.
277
278 By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /d͡ʑ/.
279
280 : _ꜭ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t͡ʃ/
281
282 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
283 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
284 | | | ds /d.s/ | |
285
286 This consonant is the devoiced variant of
287 _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
288 This is an exceedingly rare consonant, developing from Jastugay /d.s/
289 in the course of the shift from /d/ to /ɾ/.
290
291 By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /t͡ɕ/.
292
293 : _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʒ/
294
295 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
296 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
297 | | ʒ /ʒ/ | ʒ /ʒ/ | zh /ʒ/ |
298
299 In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /z/ or /ʒ/.
300 It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal.
301
302 By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /ʑ/.
303
304 : _ß_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʃ/
305
306 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
307 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
308 | | | st /s.t/ | sh /ʃ/ |
309
310 This consonant is the devoiced variant of
311 _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
312 In Jastugay, it developed as a simplification of /s.t/.
313 It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal.
314
315 By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /ɕ/.
316
317 : _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /g/
318
319 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
320 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
321 | | | g /g/ | g /g/ |
322
323 This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay
324 and Proto⹀Fizonal.
325
326 : _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /k/
327
328 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
329 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
330 | | k /k/ | | k /k/ |
331
332 This consonant is the devoiced variant of
333 _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
334 It did not appear in Jastugay, but was persisted largely unmodified
335 from Proto⹀Fizonal.
336
337 : _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /β/
338
339 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
340 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
341 | b /b/ | v /v/ | f /f/ | b /b/ |
342
343 In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /f/ or /v/.
344 It originally merged to /f/, but later became voiced and merged with
345 /v/ and /b/ in other languages.
346
347 : _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /p/
348
349 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
350 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
351 | | | p /p/ | p /p/ |
352
353 This consonant is the devoiced variant of
354 _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
355 It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay and
356 Proto⹀Fizonal.
357
358 : _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʔ/
359
360 This is the null initial consonant; it was not marked in ancestor
361 languages.
362
363 : _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /h/
364
365 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
366 |:-----:|:------:|:--------:|:-------------:|
367 | | wh /ʍ/ | h /h/ | |
368
369 This consonant is often analysed as a “devoiced” glottal stop.
370 It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay, but was
371 sometimes dropped in favour of devoicing a preceding consonant.
372 It was not phonemic in Proto⹀Fizonal.
373
374 #### nasal consonants
375
376 Only _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} may appear in the coda of a
377 syllable, where it may be realized as /m/, /n/, or /ŋ/ depending on
378 the sound which follows.
379 By the time of Zheshoi, however, _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} has
380 split off from _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} in syllable codas.
381
382 : _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /m/
383
384 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
385 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
386 | | | | m /m/ |
387
388 Jastugay formerly had an /m/ sound, but it merged with /w/.
389 Consequently, only Proto⹀Fizonal /m/ survived to Pre⹀Zheshoi.
390
391 : _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /n/
392
393 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
394 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
395 | | n /n/ | t /t/ | n /n/ |
396
397 The historic /n/ sound in Jastugay was lost to vowel nasalization.
398 A new /n/ developed from /t/ in the process of voicing it as /d/ when
399 the following consonant was also coronal.
400 /n/ in other languages like·wise merged to /d/ in the general case,
401 but was preserved as /n/ when a coronal consonant followed.
402
403 #### medial consonants
404
405 These consonants follow the initial consonant in a syllable, which must
406 be either a stop, fricative, or nasal.
407 All three may be specified on the same syllable, in the order
408 _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx},
409 _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
410
411 : _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ɾ/\~/l/
412
413 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
414 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
415 | r /ɹ/ | r /ɹ/ | d /d/ | r /ɾ/ |
416
417 The realization of this consonant depends on the consonant which
418 precedes it; unlabialized, it can be either /ɾ/ or /l/, and
419 labialized, it can be either /rʷ/ or /ɫʷ/.
420 In Jastugay, it descends from /d/, and descends from /r/ in most
421 other languages.
422
423 : _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /w/
424
425 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
426 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
427 | | w /w/ | w /w/ | |
428
429 In Jastugay, this sound was historically either /m/ or /w∕.
430 It did not exist in Proto⹀Fizonal at the time that words were adopted
431 into Pre⹀Zheshoi.
432
433 Although this sound phonemically indicates /w/, when followed by
434 another medial, it instead is dropped and labializes the remaining
435 consonant cluster, so that /gwƦ/ becomes [ɡʷrʷ], /twƦ/ becomes
436 [tʷɫʷ], and /mwy/ becomes [mɥ].
437
438 : _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /j/
439
440 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
441 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
442 | | y /j/ | ē /i/ | gj /gj/ |
443
444 This consonant was not phonemic in Jastugay, but developed from /i/.
445 In Proto⹀Fizonal, it was preceded by a velar stop (/gj/), which was
446 reduced to a glottal stop and eliminated on adoption into
447 Pre⹀Zheshoi.
448
449 In Zheshoi, medial combinations are simplified to a single medial
450 according to the following rules:8--:
451
452 | Initial | Medial (Pre⹀Zheshoi) | Medial (Zheshoi) |
453 |:----------:|:--------------------:|:-----------------|
454 | p, v, m | w /w/ | w /w/ |
455 | p, v, m | wʀ /rʷ/, ʀ /ɾ/ | ʀ /ɾ/ |
456 | p, v, m | wy /ɥ/, y /j/ | y /j/ |
457 | p, v, m | wʀy /rʷɥ/, ʀy /ɾj/ | ʀiɂj /ɾi.j/ |
458 | ƣ, x, ɂ, h | w /w/, wy /ɥ/ | w /w/ |
459 | ƣ, x, ɂ, h | wʀ /rʷ/, ʀ /ɾ/ | ʀ /r/ |
460 | ƣ, x, ɂ, h | wʀy /rʷɥ/, ʀy /ɾj/ | ʀiɂy /ri.j/ |
461 | ƣ, x, ɂ, h | y /j/ | y /j/ |
462 | All others | w /w/ | w /w/ |
463 | All others | ʀ /l/ | ʀ /l/ |
464 | All others | wy /ɥ/, y /j/ | y /j/ |
465 | All others | wʀ /ɫʷ/ | ꟛɂ /ɫ̩.ʔ/ |
466 | All others | wʀy /ɫʷɥ/ | ꟛɂy /ɫ̩.j/ |
467 | All others | ʀy /lj/ | ʀiɂy /li.j/ |
468
469
470 ### vowels
471
472 Vowels in Pre⹀Zheshoi are categorized across several different axes.
473 Pre⹀Zheshoi exhibits vowel harmony, and the polarity of the vowel
474 indicates which vowels it harmonizes with.
475 As a general rule, positive vowels are more open and negative vowels
476 are more close.
477 Vowels may also be rounded or unrounded, and they may be iotized to
478 form a diphthong with /ɪ/.
479 Finally, there are two nasal vowels in Pre⹀Zheshoi, one which is
480 rounded and positive, and one which is unrounded and negative.
481
482 In addition to the above distinctions, Pre⹀Zheshoi exhibits a front
483 (①) ⧵ back (②) split in its positive and neutral vowels, and it
484 features a syllabic /ɫ̩/ which is vowel·like in most situations.
485
486 The following table gives the complete inventory:8--:
487
488 | Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal |
489 |-------------------:|:----------------------:|:-------:|:------:|
490 | Positive Unrounded | ① a /æ/ ② ä /ɑ/ | aı /aɪ/ | ⸺ |
491 | Positive Rounded | ① å /aʊ/ ② ȣ /ɔ/ | ȣı /ɔɪ/ | ȣꝛ /ɔ̃/ |
492 | Neutral Unrounded | ① æ /ɛ/ ② ə /ʌ/\~/ə/ | i /i/ | ⸺ |
493 | Neutral Rounded | u /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
494 | Negative Unrounded | e /eɘ/ | eı /eɪ/ | eꝛ /ẽ/ |
495 | Negative Rounded | o /o/ | oı /ɵɪ/ | ⸺ |
496 | Lambda | ꟛ /ɫ̩/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
497
498 The way this vowel inventory maps onto the various source languages is,
499 perhaps unsuprisingly, complex.
500 In Jastugay, the two base positive unrounded vowels have already
501 merged (to /ɑ/).
502 Negative rounded vowels are not present in any fashion.
503
504 | Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal |
505 |-------------------:|:-------------------:|:-------:|:--------:|
506 | Positive Unrounded | ① ⸺ ② ä /ɑ/ | ī /aɪ/ | ⸺ |
507 | Positive Rounded | ① å /aʊ/ ② ō /ɔʊ/ | œ /ɔɪ/ | ⸺ |
508 | Neutral Unrounded | ① ë /ɛ/ ② ə /ʌ/ | ē /i/ | ⸺ |
509 | Neutral Rounded | u /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
510 | Negative Unrounded | æ /eɘ/ | ā /eɪ/ | æn /eɘn/ |
511 | Negative Rounded | ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
512 | Lambda | l’ /ɫ̩/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
513
514 In Fizonal, short and long vowels become distinct in most cases.
515
516 | Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal |
517 |-------------------:|:--------------------------:|:-------:|:------:|
518 | Positive Unrounded | ① a /æ/, a: /æː/ ② o /ɒ/ | ai /aɪ/ | ⸺ |
519 | Positive Rounded | ① au /aʊ/ ② o: /ɒː/ | oi /ɔɪ/ | ⸺ |
520 | Neutral Unrounded | ① i /i/ ② e /ə/ | i: /iː/ | ⸺ |
521 | Neutral Rounded | ua /uɐ/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
522 | Negative Unrounded | e: /əː/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
523 | Negative Rounded | u /u/ | u: /uː/ | ⸺ |
524 | Lambda | l /l/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
525
526 Elrex lacks only the back positive and negative rounded vowels.
527
528 | Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal |
529 |-------------------:|:---------------------:|:-------:|:------:|
530 | Positive Unrounded | ① a /æ/ ② ä /ɑ/ | ī /aɪ/ | ⸺ |
531 | Positive Rounded | ① ō /aʊ/ ② ⸺ | œ /ɔɪ/ | ōn /ɔ̃/ |
532 | Neutral Unrounded | ① e /ɛ/ ② ə /ʌ/ | ē /i/ | ⸺ |
533 | Neutral Rounded | u /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
534 | Negative Unrounded | ǽ /eə/, i /ɪ/ | ā /eɪ/ | ǽn /ẽ/ |
535 | Negative Rounded | ⸺ | ớ /ɔaɪ/ | ⸺ |
536 | Lambda | l /l/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
537
538 Unsuprisingly, given the small size of its known lexicon, Eho is
539 missing a good chunk of the vowel inventory.
540
541 | Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal |
542 |-------------------:|:-----------------:|:-------:|:------:|
543 | Positive Unrounded | ① ⸺ ② ä /ɑ/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
544 | Positive Rounded | ① ō /aʊ/ ② ⸺ | œ /ɔɪ/ | ōn /ɔ̃/ |
545 | Neutral Unrounded | ① ⸺ ② ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
546 | Neutral Rounded | o͡o /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
547 | Negative Unrounded | i /ɪ/ | ā /eɪ/ | än /ɑ̃/ |
548 | Negative Rounded | ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
549 | Lambda | ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
550
551 When determining the harmony of a word, the polarity of the stressed
552 syllable takes first priority, followed by the polarity of the first
553 non·neutral vowel in the word.
554 If a nominal contains only neutral vowels, it has null harmony.
555 If a verbal contains only neutral vowels, it has unmarked harmony.
556 In the case of unmarked harmony, the etymology of the word should be
557 used to suggest the correct polarity, favouring negative harmony if
558 no polarity can otherwise be determined.
559
560 ### known shifts and changes
561
562 The following phonological changes are known to occur between
563 Pre⹀Zheshoi and Zheshoi proper:8--:
564
565 - _ä_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with
566 _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after midback consonants, and
567 _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} otherwise.
568 Similarly, _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with
569 _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after front consonants, and
570 _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} otherwise.
571 (Note:
572 Pre⹀Zheshoi _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} is written
573 _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} in Zheshoi.)
574
575 - _æ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges to the base vowel (positive or
576 negative) which harmonizes with the word, favouring
577 _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
578
579 - _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} shifts to /ɪ/.
580
581 - The nasal vowels become R⹀coloured:
582 _eꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /eɚ/ and
583 _ȣꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /ɔ˞/.
584
585 - The iotized rounded vowels are lost:
586 _oı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes
587 _wi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, labializing the precending
588 consonant(s).
589 _ȣı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with
590 _aı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
591
592 - _Ꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} is realized as /n/ consonantally, and
593 adds R⹀colouring when it follows terminal, non‐iotized vowels.
594 (It persists unmodified in other cases.)
595
596 - When an rounded, non·iotized vowel is followed by a glottal consonant
597 or velar fricative ∣ approximant, an /m/ is inserted between the
598 two, and:8--:
599
600 - The glottal consonant is dropped, or
601
602 - The velar fricative ∣ approximant becomes /w/.
603
604 - When an iotized vowel is followed by a glottal consonant or velar
605 fricative ∣ approximant, the iotization is moved preceding the
606 vowel as /j/.
607
608 - Medials are merged when multiple appear in the same syllable (see
609 that section for more information).
610
611 - The mid consonants move further back: /ʒ/ becomes /ʑ/ and /ʃ/ becomes
612 /ɕ/.
613
614 - Consonant codas are devoiced when the onset of the same syllable
615 contains a voiced consonant.
616
617 - Consonants in the onsets of unstressed syllables (excluding
618 _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}) are devoiced when the onset of the
619 preceding syllable is a more front stop or nasal.
620 Mid and midfront consonants are considered equivalent with respect to
621 this shift.
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