3 Pre⹀Zheshoi is the hypothetical ancestor language to Zheshoi
4 (_ʒeßwi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} /ʑɪɕwi/; Pre⹀Zheshoi:
5 _ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʒeɘʃɵɪ/), providing a lexical and
6 (rudimentary) syntactic base from which the latter can be developed.
7 It is one possible synthesis of the Jastu⹀Fizonal languages, which were
8 developed by [][@:Lady] when she was in high school and college.
12 `art-Latn-x-qjx` (preferred); `qjx` (in restricted environments)
16 Pre⹀Zheshoi does not aim to be a complete, speakable language.
17 It aims to make the creation of such a language straightforward and
22 Pre⹀Zheshoi is derived “primarily” from
23 [Jastugay][]{title="Jastugay: Documentation and Dictionary"}, which
24 is to say that Jastugay forms the basis of its phonological system
26 [Elrex][]{title="Elrex: Documentation and Dictionary"} and
27 [Eho][]{title="Eho: Documentation and Dictionary"} make a minor
28 vocabulary contribution.
29 A more significant contribution comes in the form of
30 [Proto⹀Fizonal][]{title="Proto‐Fizonal: Documentation and
31 Dictionary"}, which provides significant vocabulary diversity and
32 additional grammatical concepts to adopt.
34 [Eho]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/
35 urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:jsv:eho/
36 [Elrex]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/
37 urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:jsv:lrx/
38 [Jastugay]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/
39 urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:jsv:jst/
40 [Proto⹀Fizonal]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/
41 urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:fzn:proto/
43 The timeline of word adoption relative to other phonological shifts in
44 the language is as follows:8--:
46 - Jastugay loses phonemic /n/ to vowel nasalization.
48 - Jastugay merges /m/\~/w/, /z/\~/ʒ/, and /f/\~/v/.
50 - Jastugay /d/ shifts to /ɾ/.
51 /d.s/ becomes /t͡ʃ/ and /s.t/ becomes /ʃ/.
53 - Several Jastugay consonants are given voiced realizations:8--:
54 /f/ > /v/\~/β/, /s/ > /z/, /t/ > /n/, /x/ > /ŋ/.
55 The older, devoiced realizations persisted in cases where the
56 consonant was in a syllable coda and followed by /h/.
57 Note that /f/ was not permitted in syllable codas, and consequently
58 became voiced in every instance.
60 - Words from other lanugages are adopted.
61 Voicing becomes fully phonemic in most cases.
63 - /n/ shifts to /d/, except before other coronal consonants.
64 /ŋ/ shifts to /ɣ/\~/ʕ/ in all cases.
68 Pre⹀Zheshoi uses a Latin orthography with a few additional letters.
69 Ten of these letters are assigned corresponding digits for use in
70 Ascii environments: schwa (Ə) = 0, lambda () = 1, R⹀rotunda (Ꝛ) =
71 2, yr (Ʀ) = 3, cuatrillo (Ꜭ) = 4, ezh (Ʒ) = 5, eszett (ẞ) = 6,
72 glottal stop (Ɂ) = 7, ou (Ȣ) = 8, and gha (Ƣ) = 9.
73 Because font support for lambda and cuatrillo may be lacking, turned⹀L
74 (Ꞁ) and turned⹀H (Ɥ) are established as alternates.
76 | Letter | Alternate | Ascii Digit |
77 |-------:|:---------:|:------------|
89 A small number of additional vowels are used, which are treated as
90 pairs of vowels in Ascii environments.
98 Dotless I is used in place of dotted I to indicate iotization of a
100 In Ascii, use of the dotted form is acceptable.
102 The following Latin letters are not used:8--: B, C, F, L, Q, R.
103 Consequently, the complete alphabet (in recommended sorting order)
104 consists of the following 33 letters:8--: Ɂ, A, Ä, Å, Æ, D, E, Ə, G,
105 H, I, J, Ꜭ, K, , M, N, O, Ȣ, P, Ƣ, Ꝛ, Ʀ, S, ẞ, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z,
110 As noted above, the recommended practice when writing Pre⹀Zheshoi words
111 in Ascii environments is to use Ascii digits to encode letters
112 outside of Basic Latin.
113 However, there is a separate need for Anglicization rules when
114 converting Pre⹀Zheshoi words into a form usable with English text.
115 Current best⹀practice is to leave the original spelling as intact as
116 possible, despite the fact that this will make the pronunciation less
117 obvious for native speakers.
119 The remaining equivalencies are as follows:8--:
121 | Pre‐Zheshoi | Anglicized |
122 |------------:|:-------------|
139 Lexical words can have up to three forms.
140 The root form is the base lexical form of the word, and the prefix form
141 is a variant which can be used when making semantic derivations from
143 Verbals can additionally have a suffix form, which can be used to make
144 verbal derivations only with the meaning “while ⁓ing”.
150 Pre⹀Zheshoi has front, midfront, mid, midback, and back consonants with
151 nasal, stop, fricative, and approximant articulations.
152 The front fricative and stop are analysed as a voicing pair, as are the
153 back stop and fricative (even tho neither of the latter are
155 The mid stops are in fact affricates.
157 | Place / Manner | Front | Midfront | Mid | Midback | Back |
158 |-------------------:|:-----:|:--------:|:----------:|:-------:|:-----:|
159 | Voiced Stop | ⸺ | d /d/ | j /d͡ʒ/ | g /g/ | ɂ /ʔ/ |
160 | Devoiced Stop | p /p/ | t /t/ | ꜭ /t͡ʃ/ | k /k/ | ⸺ |
161 | Voiced Fricative | v /β/ | z /z/ | ʒ /ʒ/ | ƣ /ʕ/ | ⸺ |
162 | Devoiced Fricative | ⸺ | s /s/ | ß /ʃ/ | x /χ/ | h /h/ |
163 | Sonorant | m /m/ | n /n/ | ʀ /ɾ/\~/l/ | y /j/ | w /w/ |
165 _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}, _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} and
166 _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} are medials, and can only phonemically
167 appear following another consonant in a syllable onset (multiple can
168 appear, but only in the order _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr},
169 _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}, _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}); note,
170 however, when the preceding consonant is
171 _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}, it is typically not pronounced.
172 _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} is pronounced [l] after other midfront
173 or mid consonants and [ɾ] otherwise.
174 _hw_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} is typically realized as [ʍ].
176 All other consonants may appear in syllable onsets.
177 No other combinations are permitted.
179 In codas, _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} and
180 _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} are not phonemically permitted in
181 Pre‐Zheshoi, as they are considered indistinguishable from
182 _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} and _x_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}.
183 Likewise, _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} may be realized as either [m]
184 or [n] in codas, but it is phonemically considered
185 _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} regardless and
186 _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} is not permitted.
187 All other single nonsonorant consonants are permitted; there are no
190 The mapping of phonemes from ancestor languages into the Pre⹀Zheshoi
191 consonant inventory is not always trivial or obvious.
192 The following sections provide notes on the process.
194 #### stops and fricatives
196 With the exception of _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} and
197 _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, these consonants may appear in either
198 the onset or the coda of a syllable.
200 : _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /z/
202 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
203 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
206 In Jastugay, this consonant was originally realized as /s/, but
207 became voiced sometime after historic /z/ merged with /ʒ/.
208 Neither sound is evidenced in Proto⹀Fizonal.
210 : _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /s/
212 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
213 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
214 | | s /s/ | sh /s.h/ | |
216 This consonant is the devoiced variant of
217 _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
219 : _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʕ/
221 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
222 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
223 | | | ħ /x/ | q /ŋ/ |
225 In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /x/, but it
226 later became voiced and merged with /ŋ/ in other languages.
227 The pronunciation has gradually shifted further back, and it is often
228 articulated as an approximant.
230 In Zheshoi, this consonant is analysed instead as
231 _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} when it appears in the coda position.
233 : _x_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /χ/
235 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
236 |:----------:|:----------:|:--------:|:-------------:|
237 | h /x/\~/h/ | h /x/\~/h/ | ħh /x.h/ | |
239 This consonant is the devoiced variant of
240 _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
241 It was common in most Jastu⹀Fizonal languages but not present in
244 In Zheshoi, this consonant is analysed instead as
245 _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} when it appears in the coda position.
247 : _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d/
249 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
250 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
251 | | n /n/ | t /t/ | n /n/ |
253 In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /t/, but it
254 later became voiced and merged with /n/ in other languages.
255 When followed by another coronal consonant, the shift to /d/ was left
258 : _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t/
260 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
261 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
262 | | t /t/ | th /t.h/ | t /t/ |
264 This consonant is the devoiced variant of
265 _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
266 Most languages included this phoneme.
268 : _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d͡ʒ/
270 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
271 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
272 | | | j /d͡ʒ/ | d /d/ |
274 This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from Jastugay.
275 From Proto⹀Fizonal, it is adapted from /d/, as Pre⹀Zheshoi did not
276 have a /d/ phoneme at the time.
278 By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /d͡ʑ/.
280 : _ꜭ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t͡ʃ/
282 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
283 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
286 This consonant is the devoiced variant of
287 _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
288 This is an exceedingly rare consonant, developing from Jastugay /d.s/
289 in the course of the shift from /d/ to /ɾ/.
291 By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /t͡ɕ/.
293 : _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʒ/
295 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
296 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
297 | | ʒ /ʒ/ | ʒ /ʒ/ | zh /ʒ/ |
299 In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /z/ or /ʒ/.
300 It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal.
302 By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /ʑ/.
304 : _ß_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʃ/
306 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
307 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
308 | | | st /s.t/ | sh /ʃ/ |
310 This consonant is the devoiced variant of
311 _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
312 In Jastugay, it developed as a simplification of /s.t/.
313 It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal.
315 By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /ɕ/.
317 : _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /g/
319 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
320 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
321 | | | g /g/ | g /g/ |
323 This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay
326 : _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /k/
328 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
329 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
330 | | k /k/ | | k /k/ |
332 This consonant is the devoiced variant of
333 _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
334 It did not appear in Jastugay, but was persisted largely unmodified
337 : _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /β/
339 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
340 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
341 | b /b/ | v /v/ | f /f/ | b /b/ |
343 In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /f/ or /v/.
344 It originally merged to /f/, but later became voiced and merged with
345 /v/ and /b/ in other languages.
347 : _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /p/
349 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
350 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
351 | | | p /p/ | p /p/ |
353 This consonant is the devoiced variant of
354 _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
355 It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay and
358 : _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʔ/
360 This is the null initial consonant; it was not marked in ancestor
363 : _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /h/
365 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
366 |:-----:|:------:|:--------:|:-------------:|
367 | | wh /ʍ/ | h /h/ | |
369 This consonant is often analysed as a “devoiced” glottal stop.
370 It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay, but was
371 sometimes dropped in favour of devoicing a preceding consonant.
372 It was not phonemic in Proto⹀Fizonal.
374 #### nasal consonants
376 Only _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} may appear in the coda of a
377 syllable, where it may be realized as /m/, /n/, or /ŋ/ depending on
378 the sound which follows.
379 By the time of Zheshoi, however, _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} has
380 split off from _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} in syllable codas.
382 : _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /m/
384 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
385 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
388 Jastugay formerly had an /m/ sound, but it merged with /w/.
389 Consequently, only Proto⹀Fizonal /m/ survived to Pre⹀Zheshoi.
391 : _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /n/
393 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
394 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
395 | | n /n/ | t /t/ | n /n/ |
397 The historic /n/ sound in Jastugay was lost to vowel nasalization.
398 A new /n/ developed from /t/ in the process of voicing it as /d/ when
399 the following consonant was also coronal.
400 /n/ in other languages like·wise merged to /d/ in the general case,
401 but was preserved as /n/ when a coronal consonant followed.
403 #### medial consonants
405 These consonants follow the initial consonant in a syllable, which must
406 be either a stop, fricative, or nasal.
407 All three may be specified on the same syllable, in the order
408 _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx},
409 _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
411 : _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ɾ/\~/l/
413 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
414 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
415 | r /ɹ/ | r /ɹ/ | d /d/ | r /ɾ/ |
417 The realization of this consonant depends on the consonant which
418 precedes it; unlabialized, it can be either /ɾ/ or /l/, and
419 labialized, it can be either /rʷ/ or /ɫʷ/.
420 In Jastugay, it descends from /d/, and descends from /r/ in most
423 : _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /w/
425 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
426 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
427 | | w /w/ | w /w/ | |
429 In Jastugay, this sound was historically either /m/ or /w∕.
430 It did not exist in Proto⹀Fizonal at the time that words were adopted
433 Although this sound phonemically indicates /w/, when followed by
434 another medial, it instead is dropped and labializes the remaining
435 consonant cluster, so that /gwƦ/ becomes [ɡʷrʷ], /twƦ/ becomes
436 [tʷɫʷ], and /mwy/ becomes [mɥ].
438 : _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /j/
440 | Eho | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
441 |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
442 | | y /j/ | ē /i/ | gj /gj/ |
444 This consonant was not phonemic in Jastugay, but developed from /i/.
445 In Proto⹀Fizonal, it was preceded by a velar stop (/gj/), which was
446 reduced to a glottal stop and eliminated on adoption into
449 In Zheshoi, medial combinations are simplified to a single medial
450 according to the following rules:8--:
452 | Initial | Medial (Pre⹀Zheshoi) | Medial (Zheshoi) |
453 |:----------:|:--------------------:|:-----------------|
454 | p, v, m | w /w/ | w /w/ |
455 | p, v, m | wʀ /rʷ/, ʀ /ɾ/ | ʀ /ɾ/ |
456 | p, v, m | wy /ɥ/, y /j/ | y /j/ |
457 | p, v, m | wʀy /rʷɥ/, ʀy /ɾj/ | ʀiɂj /ɾi.j/ |
458 | ƣ, x, ɂ, h | w /w/, wy /ɥ/ | w /w/ |
459 | ƣ, x, ɂ, h | wʀ /rʷ/, ʀ /ɾ/ | ʀ /r/ |
460 | ƣ, x, ɂ, h | wʀy /rʷɥ/, ʀy /ɾj/ | ʀiɂy /ri.j/ |
461 | ƣ, x, ɂ, h | y /j/ | y /j/ |
462 | All others | w /w/ | w /w/ |
463 | All others | ʀ /l/ | ʀ /l/ |
464 | All others | wy /ɥ/, y /j/ | y /j/ |
465 | All others | wʀ /ɫʷ/ | ɂ /ɫ̩.ʔ/ |
466 | All others | wʀy /ɫʷɥ/ | ɂy /ɫ̩.j/ |
467 | All others | ʀy /lj/ | ʀiɂy /li.j/ |
472 Vowels in Pre⹀Zheshoi are categorized across several different axes.
473 Pre⹀Zheshoi exhibits vowel harmony, and the polarity of the vowel
474 indicates which vowels it harmonizes with.
475 As a general rule, positive vowels are more open and negative vowels
477 Vowels may also be rounded or unrounded, and they may be iotized to
478 form a diphthong with /ɪ/.
479 Finally, there are two nasal vowels in Pre⹀Zheshoi, one which is
480 rounded and positive, and one which is unrounded and negative.
482 In addition to the above distinctions, Pre⹀Zheshoi exhibits a front
483 (①) ⧵ back (②) split in its positive and neutral vowels, and it
484 features a syllabic /ɫ̩/ which is vowel·like in most situations.
486 The following table gives the complete inventory:8--:
488 | Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal |
489 |-------------------:|:----------------------:|:-------:|:------:|
490 | Positive Unrounded | ① a /æ/ ② ä /ɑ/ | aı /aɪ/ | ⸺ |
491 | Positive Rounded | ① å /aʊ/ ② ȣ /ɔ/ | ȣı /ɔɪ/ | ȣꝛ /ɔ̃/ |
492 | Neutral Unrounded | ① æ /ɛ/ ② ə /ʌ/\~/ə/ | i /i/ | ⸺ |
493 | Neutral Rounded | u /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
494 | Negative Unrounded | e /eɘ/ | eı /eɪ/ | eꝛ /ẽ/ |
495 | Negative Rounded | o /o/ | oı /ɵɪ/ | ⸺ |
496 | Lambda | /ɫ̩/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
498 The way this vowel inventory maps onto the various source languages is,
499 perhaps unsuprisingly, complex.
500 In Jastugay, the two base positive unrounded vowels have already
502 Negative rounded vowels are not present in any fashion.
504 | Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal |
505 |-------------------:|:-------------------:|:-------:|:--------:|
506 | Positive Unrounded | ① ⸺ ② ä /ɑ/ | ī /aɪ/ | ⸺ |
507 | Positive Rounded | ① å /aʊ/ ② ō /ɔʊ/ | œ /ɔɪ/ | ⸺ |
508 | Neutral Unrounded | ① ë /ɛ/ ② ə /ʌ/ | ē /i/ | ⸺ |
509 | Neutral Rounded | u /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
510 | Negative Unrounded | æ /eɘ/ | ā /eɪ/ | æn /eɘn/ |
511 | Negative Rounded | ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
512 | Lambda | l’ /ɫ̩/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
514 In Fizonal, short and long vowels become distinct in most cases.
516 | Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal |
517 |-------------------:|:--------------------------:|:-------:|:------:|
518 | Positive Unrounded | ① a /æ/, a: /æː/ ② o /ɒ/ | ai /aɪ/ | ⸺ |
519 | Positive Rounded | ① au /aʊ/ ② o: /ɒː/ | oi /ɔɪ/ | ⸺ |
520 | Neutral Unrounded | ① i /i/ ② e /ə/ | i: /iː/ | ⸺ |
521 | Neutral Rounded | ua /uɐ/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
522 | Negative Unrounded | e: /əː/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
523 | Negative Rounded | u /u/ | u: /uː/ | ⸺ |
524 | Lambda | l /l/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
526 Elrex lacks only the back positive and negative rounded vowels.
528 | Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal |
529 |-------------------:|:---------------------:|:-------:|:------:|
530 | Positive Unrounded | ① a /æ/ ② ä /ɑ/ | ī /aɪ/ | ⸺ |
531 | Positive Rounded | ① ō /aʊ/ ② ⸺ | œ /ɔɪ/ | ōn /ɔ̃/ |
532 | Neutral Unrounded | ① e /ɛ/ ② ə /ʌ/ | ē /i/ | ⸺ |
533 | Neutral Rounded | u /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
534 | Negative Unrounded | ǽ /eə/, i /ɪ/ | ā /eɪ/ | ǽn /ẽ/ |
535 | Negative Rounded | ⸺ | ớ /ɔaɪ/ | ⸺ |
536 | Lambda | l /l/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
538 Unsuprisingly, given the small size of its known lexicon, Eho is
539 missing a good chunk of the vowel inventory.
541 | Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal |
542 |-------------------:|:-----------------:|:-------:|:------:|
543 | Positive Unrounded | ① ⸺ ② ä /ɑ/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
544 | Positive Rounded | ① ō /aʊ/ ② ⸺ | œ /ɔɪ/ | ōn /ɔ̃/ |
545 | Neutral Unrounded | ① ⸺ ② ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
546 | Neutral Rounded | o͡o /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
547 | Negative Unrounded | i /ɪ/ | ā /eɪ/ | än /ɑ̃/ |
548 | Negative Rounded | ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
549 | Lambda | ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
551 When determining the harmony of a word, the polarity of the stressed
552 syllable takes first priority, followed by the polarity of the first
553 non·neutral vowel in the word.
554 If a nominal contains only neutral vowels, it has null harmony.
555 If a verbal contains only neutral vowels, it has unmarked harmony.
556 In the case of unmarked harmony, the etymology of the word should be
557 used to suggest the correct polarity, favouring negative harmony if
558 no polarity can otherwise be determined.
560 ### known shifts and changes
562 The following phonological changes are known to occur between
563 Pre⹀Zheshoi and Zheshoi proper:8--:
565 - _ä_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with
566 _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after midback consonants, and
567 _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} otherwise.
568 Similarly, _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with
569 _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after front consonants, and
570 _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} otherwise.
572 Pre⹀Zheshoi _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} is written
573 _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} in Zheshoi.)
575 - _æ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges to the base vowel (positive or
576 negative) which harmonizes with the word, favouring
577 _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
579 - _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} shifts to /ɪ/.
581 - The nasal vowels become R⹀coloured:
582 _eꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /eɚ/ and
583 _ȣꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /ɔ˞/.
585 - The iotized rounded vowels are lost:
586 _oı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes
587 _wi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, labializing the precending
589 _ȣı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with
590 _aı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
592 - __{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} is realized as /n/ consonantally, and
593 adds R⹀colouring when it follows terminal, non‐iotized vowels.
594 (It persists unmodified in other cases.)
596 - When an rounded, non·iotized vowel is followed by a glottal consonant
597 or velar fricative ∣ approximant, an /m/ is inserted between the
600 - The glottal consonant is dropped, or
602 - The velar fricative ∣ approximant becomes /w/.
604 - When an iotized vowel is followed by a glottal consonant or velar
605 fricative ∣ approximant, the iotization is moved preceding the
608 - Medials are merged when multiple appear in the same syllable (see
609 that section for more information).
611 - The mid consonants move further back: /ʒ/ becomes /ʑ/ and /ʃ/ becomes
614 - Consonant codas are devoiced when the onset of the same syllable
615 contains a voiced consonant.
617 - Consonants in the onsets of unstressed syllables (excluding
618 _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}) are devoiced when the onset of the
619 preceding syllable is a more front stop or nasal.
620 Mid and midfront consonants are considered equivalent with respect to