Lady’s Gitweb - Wiki/blob - Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot

   1 # Zheshoi
   2
   3 Zheshoi (_ʒeßwi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕwi/) is a language in
   4   the Jastu⹀Fizonal language family, derived from
   5   [][:Languages/PreZheshoi].
   6
   7 ## phonology
   8
   9 ### syllable structure
  10
  11 The basic Zheshoi syllable is CHV(ı)(C).
  12 This is analyzed as follows:8--:
  13
  14 - An initial consonant (C)
  15 - Zero or one medials (H; _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
  16     _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, or _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz})
  17 - A vowel (V) or diphthong (Vı)
  18 - Optionally, a final consonant
  19
  20 Details regarding the consonants, medials, and finals are given in the
  21   following sections.
  22
  23 ### consonants
  24
  25 Broadly, the basic consonants in Zheshoi fall into one of five
  26   series:8--:
  27
  28 | Name     |  Base  | Devoiced | Alternate | Devoiced Alternate |
  29 |:---------|:------:|:--------:|:---------:|:------------------:|
  30 | V⹀Series | v /β/  | p /p/    | m /m/     |                    |
  31 | D⹀Series | d /d/  | t /t/    | z /z/     | s /s/              |
  32 | J⹀Series | j /d͡ʑ/ | ꜭ /t͡ɕ/   | ʒ /ʑ/     | ß /ɕ/              |
  33 | G⹀Series | g /ɡ/  | k /k/    | n /n/     |                    |
  34 | Ɂ⹀Series | ɂ /ʔ/  | h /h/    | ƣ /ʕ/     | x /χ/              |
  35
  36 Note that /n/ is equated with the allophonic /ŋ/ for this
  37   categorization, and the nasal alternates have no devoiced forms.
  38
  39 All consonants are valid in both the initial and final position with
  40   two broad exceptions:8--:
  41
  42 - /ʔ/ and /h/ are not permitted as final consonants.
  43
  44 - /g/ and /k/ are allophonic with /ʕ/ and /χ/ in the final position.
  45   For simplicity, such consonants are traditionally analysed as
  46     G⹀series, leaving Ɂ⹀series consonants forbidden across the board.
  47
  48 /n/ and /m/ were allophonic in the final position Pre⹀Zheshoi, but
  49   aren¦t in Zheshoi proper.
  50
  51 ### medials
  52
  53 There are three kinds of medial in Zheshoi.
  54 Although multiple of these could appear in a single syllable in
  55   Pre⹀Zheshoi, in Zheshoi only one is allowed:8--:
  56
  57 - _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [w] after voiced
  58     consonants and [ʍ] after devoiced consonants.
  59
  60 - _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [ɾ] after V⹀series
  61     consonants, [l] after D⹀, J⹀, or G⹀series consonants, and [r] after
  62     Ɂ⹀series consonants.
  63
  64 - _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [j] in all cases.
  65
  66 ### vowels
  67
  68 Zheshoi words exhibit vowel harmony, and accordingly are grouped into
  69   three classes (or polarities): positive, neutral, and negative.
  70 These correspond to open, mid, and close vowel heights, respectively,
  71   altho due to shifts over time some of the neutral vowels have wound
  72   up more close than the negatives.
  73 Within each polarity, there are rounded (+U) and unrounded vowels.
  74 Additionally, each rounded or unrounded vowel can be rhoticized (+R),
  75   which adds R⹀colouring, and the unrounded vowels can be iotized (+I),
  76   which usually results in a diphthong with /ɪ/.
  77 The one exception is that there is no neutral vowel which is both
  78   rounded and iotized.
  79
  80 | Polarity |   ∅   |   +U   |   +I    |   +R    |  +U +R   |
  81 |:---------|:-----:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:--------:|
  82 | Positive | a /æ/ | å /ɔ/  | aı /aɪ/ | aꝛ /ɑ˞/ | åꝛ /ɔ˞/  |
  83 | Neutral  | ə /ə/ | u /u/  |  i /i/  | əꝛ /ʌ˞/ | uꝛ /ʊ˞/  |
  84 | Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/  | eı /eɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ |
  85
  86 The letter _æ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is used to indicate either
  87   _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} or _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}
  88   (depending on vowel harmony), and likewise for the letter
  89   _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} and _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} or
  90   _o_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}.
  91
  92 In addition to the above, Zheshoi features a syllabic /ɫ̩/, which
  93   functions like a neutral vowel with the following restrictions: it
  94   may only be preceded by a voiced consonant (with no medial), and it
  95   may not be followed by a final consonant.
  96 It is called “lambda”, and written _ꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}.
  97
  98 ## morphology
  99
 100 (This information is just copied from some documentation I found on my
 101   computer and may not be entirely accurate yet.
 102 [][@:Lady]{.sig})
 103
 104 ### morphological word classes
 105
 106 Zheshoi has three main categories of words which may serve as a
 107   morphological stem: articles, nominals, and verbals.
 108 _Nominals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English nouns, and
 109   _verbals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English verbs;
 110   _articles_{as=dfn} are a somewhat unique word class whose role lies
 111   somewhere between that of English articles and determiners
 112   (_the_{as=i}, _a_{as=i}, _some_{as=i}…) and that of a pronoun.
 113 In addition to these three categories of word, Zheshoi also features a
 114   number of other morphemes, including inflections, determiners, and
 115   adpositions.
 116 These morphemes are represented through affixes or clitics, attached to
 117   article, nominal, or verbal stems.
 118
 119 ### article morphology
 120
 121 #### lexical stem
 122
 123 ```=html
 124 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 125   <msub>
 126     <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
 127     <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 128   </msub>
 129   <mi style=font-weight:bold><abbr title=Null>∅</abbr></mi>
 130   <msub>
 131     <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
 132     <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 133   </msub>
 134 </math>
 135 ```
 136
 137 Articles are used to mark grammatical, as well as some lexical,
 138   features for the associated (possibly hypothetical) nominal lexeme.
 139 As pro⹀forms referring to a nominal antecedent, they cannot have a
 140   lexical root, and consequently their lexical stem is always null.
 141
 142 #### derived stem
 143
 144 ```=html
 145 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 146   <msub>
 147     <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
 148     <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 149   </msub>
 150   <mrow>
 151     <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
 152     <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 153     <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
 154   </mrow>
 155   <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 156   <mover accent=false>
 157     <mrow>
 158       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 159       <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 160         <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 161           <mtr>
 162             <mtd>
 163               <mi><abbr title=Numeral>NUM</abbr></mi>
 164               <mo fence=false form=postfix>+</mo>
 165             </mtd>
 166           </mtr>
 167           <mtr>
 168             <mtd>
 169               <mi><abbr title=Quantity>QNT</abbr></mi>
 170             </mtd>
 171           </mtr>
 172         </mtable>
 173       </mstyle>
 174       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 175     </mrow>
 176     <mover accent=true>
 177       <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 178       <mi><abbr title=Amount>AMT</abbr></mi>
 179     </mover>
 180   </mover>
 181   <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 182   <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 183     <mi><abbr title=Location>LOC</abbr></mi>
 184   </mstyle>
 185   <msub>
 186     <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
 187     <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 188   </msub>
 189 </math>
 190 ```
 191
 192 Although articles do not have a lexical root, they do mark a number of
 193   lexical properties, which can conventionally be thought of as
 194   _succeeding_ the null lexical stem.
 195 These properties are: amount, as a numeral or quantifier, and location.
 196 None of these properties are required, and the inflected stem of an
 197   article may be null.
 198
 199 Numerals are not a distinct word class in Zheshoi, but are instead
 200   morphologically marked on articles.
 201 This differs from the gramatical feature of _number_ (also marked on
 202   articles, but through inflection rather than derivation), which
 203   simply categorizes words as singular or plural.
 204 Numeral morphemes are akin to English cardinal numbers (_one_{as=i},
 205   _two_{as=i}, _three_{as=i}, ⁊·c), and as these morphemes may
 206   (hypothetically) be infinitely large, their structure can be quite
 207   complex.
 208
 209 #### inflected stem
 210
 211 ```=html
 212 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 213   <msub>
 214     <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
 215     <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
 216   </msub>
 217   <mover accent=false>
 218     <mrow>
 219       <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 220         <mi><abbr title=Definiteness>DEF</abbr></mi>
 221       </mstyle>
 222       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 223       <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 224         <mi><abbr title=Plurality>PL</abbr></mi>
 225       </mstyle>
 226       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 227       <mover accent=false>
 228         <mrow>
 229           <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 230           <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 231             <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 232               <mtr>
 233                 <mtd>
 234                   <mi><abbr title=Negation>NEG</abbr></mi>
 235                 </mtd>
 236               </mtr>
 237               <mtr>
 238                 <mtd>
 239                   <mi mathvariant=normal><abbr title=Interrogative>Q</abbr></mi>
 240                 </mtd>
 241               </mtr>
 242             </mtable>
 243           </mstyle>
 244           <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 245         </mrow>
 246         <mover accent=true>
 247           <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 248           <mi><abbr title=Irreality>IRR</abbr></mi>
 249         </mover>
 250       </mover>
 251     </mrow>
 252     <mover accent=true>
 253       <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 254       <mi><abbr title=Specificity>SPEC</abbr></mi>
 255     </mover>
 256   </mover>
 257   <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 258   <mrow>
 259     <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
 260     <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 261     <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
 262   </mrow>
 263   <msub>
 264     <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
 265     <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
 266   </msub>
 267 </math>
 268 ```
 269
 270 The grammatical properties encoded by articles are definiteness,
 271   plurality, and irreality (negation or interrogativity).
 272 Together, these properties define the _specificity_{as=dfn} of the
 273   article.
 274 Although Zheshoi requires the specificity of nominals to be defined, it
 275   does not require them to be marked in all cases, and the resulting
 276   inflected stem may be null.
 277
 278 ### nominal morphology
 279
 280 #### lexical stem
 281
 282 ```=html
 283 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 284         <msub>
 285                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
 286                 <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 287         </msub>
 288         <mi style=font-weight:bold>√ROOT</mi>
 289         <msub>
 290                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
 291                 <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 292         </msub>
 293 </math>
 294 ```
 295
 296 The nominal lexical stem consists of a single root.
 297
 298 #### derived stem
 299
 300 ```=html
 301 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 302         <msub>
 303                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
 304                 <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 305         </msub>
 306         <mover accent=false>
 307                 <mrow>
 308                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 309                         <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 310                                 <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 311                                         <mtr>
 312                                                 <mtd>
 313                                                         <mi><abbr title=Augmentative>𝐴𝑈𝐺</abbr></mi>
 314                                                 </mtd>
 315                                         </mtr>
 316                                         <mtr>
 317                                                 <mtd>
 318                                                         <mi><abbr title=Diminutive>𝐷𝐼𝑀</abbr></mi>
 319                                                 </mtd>
 320                                         </mtr>
 321                                 </mtable>
 322                         </mstyle>
 323                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 324                 </mrow>
 325                 <mover accent=true>
 326                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 327                         <mi><abbr title=Intensifier>INT</abbr></mi>
 328                 </mover>
 329         </mover>
 330         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 331         <mrow>
 332                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
 333                 <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 334                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
 335         </mrow>
 336         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 337         <mover accent=false>
 338                 <mrow>
 339                         <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 340                                 <mi><abbr title=Verbalizer>VBZ</abbr></mi>
 341                         </mstyle>
 342                         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 343                         <mover accent=false>
 344                                 <mrow>
 345                                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 346                                         <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 347                                                 <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 348                                                         <mtr>
 349                                                                 <mtd>
 350                                                                         <mi><abbr title=Actor>ACT</abbr></mi>
 351                                                                 </mtd>
 352                                                         </mtr>
 353                                                         <mtr>
 354                                                                 <mtd>
 355                                                                         <mi><abbr title=Instrument>INST</abbr></mi>
 356                                                                 </mtd>
 357                                                         </mtr>
 358                                                         <mtr>
 359                                                                 <mtd>
 360                                                                         <mi><abbr title=Generic&#x20;nominalizer>NM</abbr></mi>
 361                                                                 </mtd>
 362                                                         </mtr>
 363                                                 </mtable>
 364                                         </mstyle>
 365                                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 366                                 </mrow>
 367                                 <mover accent=true>
 368                                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 369                                         <mi><abbr title=Nominalizer>NMZ</abbr></mi>
 370                                 </mover>
 371                         </mover>
 372                 </mrow>
 373                 <mover accent=true>
 374                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 375                         <mi><abbr title=Class&#x20;change>CC</abbr></mi>
 376                 </mover>
 377         </mover>
 378         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 379         <msub>
 380                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
 381                 <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 382         </msub>
 383 </math>
 384 ```
 385
 386 The lexical properties which are marked on nominals include intensity,
 387   as either augmentative or diminuitive, and class⹀change, through
 388   verbalizers and nominalizers.
 389 Augmentatives and diminuitives are marked via reduplicative prefixes,
 390   and so are italicized in the diagram above.
 391
 392 Nominalization is required for lexical stems which are verbal in
 393   nature; in addition, a nominal lexical stem may be verbalized and
 394   then nominalized again.
 395
 396 #### inflected stem
 397
 398 ```=html
 399 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 400         <msub>
 401                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
 402                 <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
 403         </msub>
 404         <mrow>
 405                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
 406                 <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 407                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
 408         </mrow>
 409         <msub>
 410                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
 411                 <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
 412         </msub>
 413 </math>
 414 ```
 415
 416 Nominals are not themselves inflected; instead, their associated
 417   article is.
 418
 419 ### verbal morphology
 420
 421 #### lexical stem
 422
 423 ```=html
 424 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 425         <msub>
 426                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
 427                 <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 428         </msub>
 429         <mi style=font-weight:bold>√ROOT</mi>
 430         <msub>
 431                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
 432                 <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 433         </msub>
 434 </math>
 435 ```
 436
 437 The verbal lexical stem consists of a single root.
 438
 439 Verbal stems are classified into three groups, depending on their final
 440   syllable:8--:
 441
 442 - Those which end with a voiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel,
 443 - Those which end with a devoiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel, and
 444 - Those which end with a voiced consonant and lambda.
 445
 446 This classification is maintained thru derivations and impacts the form
 447   of the inflections.
 448
 449 All verbals also have a definitite (positive or negative) assigned
 450   vowel harmony, even when the verbal contains only neutral vowels.
 451 This harmony will influence derivations and inflections.
 452
 453 #### derived stem
 454
 455 ```=html
 456 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 457         <msub>
 458                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
 459                 <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 460         </msub>
 461         <mover accent=false>
 462                 <mrow>
 463                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 464                         <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 465                                 <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 466                                         <mtr>
 467                                                 <mtd>
 468                                                         <mi><abbr title=Developmental>𝐷𝐸𝑉</abbr></mi>
 469                                                 </mtd>
 470                                         </mtr>
 471                                         <mtr>
 472                                                 <mtd>
 473                                                         <mi><abbr title=Habitual>𝐻𝐴𝐵</abbr></mi>
 474                                                 </mtd>
 475                                         </mtr>
 476                                 </mtable>
 477                         </mstyle>
 478                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 479                 </mrow>
 480                 <mover accent=true>
 481                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 482                         <msub>
 483                                 <mi><abbr title=Aspect>ASP</abbr></mi>
 484                                 <mn>1</mn>
 485                         </msub>
 486                 </mover>
 487         </mover>
 488         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 489         <mrow>
 490                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
 491                 <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 492                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
 493         </mrow>
 494         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 495         <mover accent=false>
 496                 <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 497                         <mi><abbr title=Verbalizer>VBZ</abbr></mi>
 498                 </mstyle>
 499                 <mover accent=true>
 500                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 501                         <mi><abbr title=Class&#x20;change>CC</abbr></mi>
 502                 </mover>
 503         </mover>
 504         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 505         <mover accent=false>
 506                 <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 507                         <mi><abbr title=Perfective>PFV</abbr></mi>
 508                 </mstyle>
 509                 <mover accent=true>
 510                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 511                         <msub>
 512                                 <mi><abbr title=Aspect>ASP</abbr></mi>
 513                                 <mn>2</mn>
 514                         </msub>
 515                 </mover>
 516         </mover>
 517         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 518         <msub>
 519                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
 520                 <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 521         </msub>
 522 </math>
 523 ```
 524
 525 Verbals may be lexically marked for aspect in two places:
 526 A partially⹀reduplicative prefix indicates the habitual or
 527   developmental aspects, and a suffix indicates perfectivity.
 528 These affixes can be combined.
 529 (This analysis of aspect as “lexical”, and not “grammatical”, is a
 530   morphological argument, not a syntactic one.)
 531
 532 The habitual prefix is _Cæ‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, where
 533   _C_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is the initial consonant in the word.
 534 The develompental prefix is _Caı‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} for
 535   positive verbals and _Cwi‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} for negative
 536   ones.
 537
 538 The perfective suffix can take the following forms:8--:
 539
 540 - On verbals which end with a voiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel,
 541     the R⹀colouring is dropped and _‐ɂwæꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}
 542     is added.
 543
 544 - On verbals which end with a devoiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel,
 545     the R⹀colouring is dropped and _‐hwæꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}
 546     is added.
 547
 548 - On verbals which end with a voiced consonant and lambda, the final
 549     syllable is replaced with _‐Cʀæı.ɂꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
 550     where _C_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is the _devoiced_ form of the
 551     consonant.
 552
 553 #### inflected stem
 554
 555 ```=html
 556 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 557         <msub>
 558                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
 559                 <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
 560         </msub>
 561         <mover accent=false>
 562                 <mover accent=false>
 563                         <mrow>
 564                                 <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 565                                         <mi><abbr title=Negation>NEG</abbr></mi>
 566                                 </mstyle>
 567                                 <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 568                                 <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 569                                         <mi><abbr title=Deontic>DEO</abbr></mi>
 570                                 </mstyle>
 571                         </mrow>
 572                         <mover accent=true>
 573                                 <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 574                                 <mi><abbr title=Irreality>IRR</abbr></mi>
 575                         </mover>
 576                 </mover>
 577                 <mover accent=true>
 578                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 579                         <msub>
 580                                 <mi><abbr title=Mood>MOD</abbr></mi>
 581                                 <mn>1</mn>
 582                         </msub>
 583                 </mover>
 584         </mover>
 585         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 586         <mrow>
 587                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
 588                 <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 589                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
 590         </mrow>
 591         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 592         <mover accent=false>
 593                 <mrow>
 594                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 595                         <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 596                                 <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 597                                         <mtr>
 598                                                 <mtd>
 599                                                         <mi><abbr title=Future>FUT</abbr></mi>
 600                                                 </mtd>
 601                                         </mtr>
 602                                         <mtr>
 603                                                 <mtd>
 604                                                         <mi><abbr title=Infinitive>INF</abbr></mi>
 605                                                 </mtd>
 606                                         </mtr>
 607                                         <mtr>
 608                                                 <mtd>
 609                                                         <mi><abbr title=Present>PRS</abbr></mi>
 610                                                 </mtd>
 611                                         </mtr>
 612                                         <mtr>
 613                                                 <mtd>
 614                                                         <mi><abbr title=Past>PST</abbr></mi>
 615                                                 </mtd>
 616                                         </mtr>
 617                                 </mtable>
 618                         </mstyle>
 619                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 620                 </mrow>
 621                 <mover accent=true>
 622                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 623                         <mi><abbr title=Tense>TNS</abbr></mi>
 624                 </mover>
 625         </mover>
 626         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 627         <mover accent=false>
 628                 <mrow>
 629                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 630                         <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 631                                 <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 632                                         <mtr>
 633                                                 <mtd>
 634                                                         <mi><abbr title=Definiteness>DEF</abbr></mi>
 635                                                 </mtd>
 636                                         </mtr>
 637                                         <mtr>
 638                                                 <mtd>
 639                                                         <mi><abbr title=Honorific>HON</abbr></mi>
 640                                                         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 641                                                         <mi><abbr title=Plurality>PL</abbr></mi>
 642                                                 </mtd>
 643                                         </mtr>
 644                                 </mtable>
 645                         </mstyle>
 646                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 647                 </mrow>
 648                 <mover accent=true>
 649                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 650                         <mi><abbr title=Specificity>SPEC</abbr></mi>
 651                 </mover>
 652         </mover>
 653         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 654         <mover accent=false>
 655                 <mrow>
 656                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 657                         <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 658                                 <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 659                                         <mtr>
 660                                                 <mtd>
 661                                                         <mi><abbr title=Alethic>ALE</abbr>&#x2010;<abbr title=Jussive>JUS</abbr></mi>
 662                                                 </mtd>
 663                                         </mtr>
 664                                         <mtr>
 665                                                 <mtd>
 666                                                         <mi><abbr title=Deductive>DDUC</abbr>&#x2010;<abbr title=Hortative>HORT</abbr></mi>
 667                                                 </mtd>
 668                                         </mtr>
 669                                         <mtr>
 670                                                 <mtd>
 671                                                         <mi><abbr title=Mirative>MIR</abbr>&#x2010;<abbr title=Interrogative>Q</abbr></mi>
 672                                                 </mtd>
 673                                         </mtr>
 674                                         <mtr>
 675                                                 <mtd>
 676                                                         <mi><abbr title=Optative>OPT</abbr>&#x2010;<abbr title=Permissive>PERM</abbr></mi>
 677                                                 </mtd>
 678                                         </mtr>
 679                                 </mtable>
 680                         </mstyle>
 681                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 682                 </mrow>
 683                 <mover accent=true>
 684                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 685                         <msub>
 686                                 <mi><abbr title=Mood>MOD</abbr></mi>
 687                                 <mn>2</mn>
 688                         </msub>
 689                 </mover>
 690         </mover>
 691         <msub>
 692                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
 693                 <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
 694         </msub>
 695 </math>
 696 ```
 697
 698 Zheshoi verbals are heavily inflected, marking mood, tense, and
 699   specificity—the latter of which must agree with the article of the
 700   verbal’s subject.
 701 Each modal suffix can indicate two possible moods; which is intended is
 702   signalled by the presence or absence of an additional (deontic) modal
 703   prefix.
 704
 705 ## future
 706
 707 The following are potential future directions for the language:8--:
 708
 709 - Rhoticization makes a good candidate for evolving into a tonal
 710     system.
 711
 712 - The rounded vowels are a good candidate for a merger.