A syllable begins with a consonant followed by either a vowel, a nasal,
or an approximant as a nucleus.
-A syllable with a short vowel can additionally have a final consonant.
+A syllable with a vowel can additionally have a final consonant.
## Morphology
* Prepositional: used for the complement of most prepositions, although
some prepositions require or allow other cases.
+### Pronouns
+
+There are ten personal pronouns: a singular and a plural pronoun for
+each of the first and second persons, and three singular and three
+plural third-person pronouns, distinguished by gender.
+Each pronoun has forms for the different cases, although only the
+second person pronouns have vocative forms.
+
+The first and second person pronouns seem to be related to the verbal
+agreement affixes.
+The third-person masculine and feminine pronouns appear to derive from
+the verbal participle adjective "fomódkʰo" (meaning 'sapient' or
+'capable of language', active participle of the 5th form verb of the
+root m-d-kʰ), while the neuter pronouns derive from the verbal
+participle adjectives "moróŋpo" and "moroŋóp" (respectively meaning
+"arriving, nearby" or "leaving, distant"; passive and active
+participles of the 6th-form verb of the root r-ŋ-p).
+
+The forms of the personal pronouns are given in the table below:
+
+| usage | nom. | acc. | voc. | dat. | prep. |
+|----------|---------|----------|---------|---------|---------|
+| 1p.sg. | kʰn | kʰē | | kʰī | kʰo |
+| 1p.pl. | kʰīné | kʰēné | | kʰon | kʰenó |
+| 2p.sg. | tn | tē | tʰō | tī | to |
+| 2p.pl. | tīné | tēné | tʰŋ | ton | tenó |
+| 3p.sg.m. | fomótʰ | defmótʰ | | tifmótʰ | tefmotʰ |
+| 3p.sg.f. | gifmóg | kefmóg | | gofmóg | kimóg |
+| 3p.sg.n. | pmróŋ | pomróŋ | | bmróŋ | bomróŋ |
+| 3p.pl.m. | fomotʰí | defmtʰí | | tifmtʰí | tefmtʰí |
+| 3p.pl.f. | gifmgí | kefmgí | | gofmgí | kifmgí |
+| 3p.pl.n. | pmmrŋóp | pomrŋóp | | bmrŋóp | bomrŋóp |
+
+TKTK demonstratives?
+
+TKTK relative pronouns
+
+The interrogative pronouns derive from nouns of the root L-T-M
+("question"). TKTK
+
### Verbs
Verbs are inflected for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number.
they can be correlated with the right noun due to agreement.
Demonstratives must immediately precede and numerals must immediately
follow the noun when present.
-* Relative clauses follow the noun.
+* Relative clauses follow the noun, after any adjectives or numerals
* Prepositions
* Typically subject-verb-object, but it may vary.
* The question particle begins the sentence
appropriate cases:
* dol/dō-: PREP in, within; DAT
-* fin/fī-: as; measuring
+* fin/fī-: as; measuring to
+* ked/kē: PREP with; ACC carrying/bringing/etc. (with verbs of motion)
+* petʰ/pē-: PREP in (time), during (DAT with the same meaning but the
+ additional indication that the events were located entirely in the
+ specified period)
* sen/sē-: of, belonging to
### Conjunctions
The conjunctions of Midêkʰ include:
* koko/-kokŋ: and, also
+* ropo, which lacks a clitic form and introduces a relative clause.
+
+### Relative clauses
+
+Relative clauses follow a noun phrase and are introduced by the
+relativizing conjunction "ropo".
+The relative clause is structured much as any other sentence, but must
+include a third-person personal pronoun of the same gender and number
+as the modified noun.
+This third-person pronoun is marked for case to indicate what role
+the modified noun plays in the relative clause.
## Semantics and Pragmatics
### Roots
* b-t-r: length, measurement, (leg)
+* d-r-gʷ: fire, light, sun
+* f-p-tʰ: time
+* gʲ-l-p: transfer, commerce
+* h-m-h: period, cycle
* m-d-kʰ: language
+* p-kʲ-b: battle
* p-kʲʰ-t: movement
* p-s-ŋ: liquid/water
-* r-h-r: purr (TKTK derivations)
+* r-h-r: purr
+* r-ŋ-p: location, existence
* s-l-h: flight
TKTK
-### Word stems
+### Word stems and complete words
-Format: stem (root, if any): part of speech. gloss (notes).
+Format: stem or word (root, if any): part of speech. gloss (notes)
Parts of speech: **n**oun (**m**asculine, **f**eminine, **n**euter,
**v**arying by referent), **v**erb (**t**ransitive, **i**ntransitive,
* botr: num. eighteen
* dehegʲi: num. ten
* dekʷ: num. two
+* démregʷ/demrēgʷé (d-r-gʷ): vi. to be or become hot (generally not as
+ an intrinsic trait, for that see the 1st form verb "dérgʷi/derígʷ")
+* dénrigʷ/dergʷín (d-r-gʷ): vi/vt. to burn, to heat intensely (the
+ object, if present, is something that is being burned or heated using
+ the fire, not merely the fuel)
+* dérgʷi/derígʷ (d-r-gʷ): v. to shine or give off heat (intr.); to
+ shine on or heat up (trans.)
+* dérgʷit/tedérigʷ (d-r-gʷ): v4. to dawn, to come into power or one's
+ prime
+* dirêgʷ (d-r-gʷ): nf. the sun
+* dirésgʷe (d-r-gʷ): nm. intense or large fire (especially if
+ accidental or natural)
+* dirgʷé (d-r-gʷ): nf. fire (the element), light
+* dīrgʷé (d-r-gʷ): nn. a fire, a light, act of shining or heating
+* dîrgʷen (d-r-gʷ): nn. act of burning, intense heat
+* dīrgʷís (d-r-gʷ): nf. dawn; period of greatest power and influence in
+ one's life, one's prime; dawn goddess
+* dīrmógʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. heat, warmth (generally from an external
+ source)
+* dírogʷ (d-r-gʷ): nm. hot thing (especially a rock)
* dóho: num. 8000
* dol: prep. in, within (takes prepositional case); through (takes
dative case)
+* dórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. shining, giving off heat
+* dórgʷon (d-r-gʷ): adj. burning (of the flame itself), extremely hot
+ (of a fire or other heat source)
+* dorisgʷó (d-r-gʷ): adj. in one's prime, dawning (used metaphorically
+ of things other than the sun or the dawn goddess)
+* dornógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. burned (receiving burns or damage from the
+ fire, not merely being used as fuel), extremely hot (from external
+ heat)
+* dorógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. lit, warm, heated
+* dórohigʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. burning dangerously, dangerous
+* dórsigʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. dawning (only used of the sun or the dawn
+ goddess)
* febéter/fíbetēr (b-t-r): vi. to be clearly defined or bounded (rarely
used transitively to mean the subject is defined or has its
boundaries defined by the object)
+* fedéregʷ/fíderēgʷ (d-r-gʷ): vi. to be magically or spiritually
+ powerful; to be dangerous
+* fefépetʰ/fífepētʰ (f-p-tʰ): vi. to be possible; to be in the future
+* fegʲélep/fígʲelēp (gʲ-l-p): vi. to be generous
+* fehémeh/fíhemēh (h-m-h): vi. to be eternal, to be immortal
* femédekʰ/fímedēkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be or become sapient, to be
capable of language
+* fémpetʰ/fempētʰé (f-p-tʰ): vi. to be current; to have happened
+* fénpitʰ/feptʰín (f-p-tʰ): vt. to last for a duration; to be of a
+ specified age
+* fepékʲeb/fípekʲēb (p-kʲ-b): vi. to have martial bravery or skill
* fepékʲʰet/fípekʲʰēt (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to be or become willful (in the
sense of directing your own actions)
* fepéseŋ/fípesēŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. to be variable or flexible, to change
+* féptʰi/fepítʰ (f-p-tʰ): vi/t. to happen or happen at a time (the time
+ is the object)
+* féptʰit/tefépitʰ (f-p-tʰ): v4. to spend time together (whether in the
+ sense of hanging out, or having been thru a lot together, or what
+ have you)
+* feréher/fírehēr (r-h-r): vi. to be content, to feel safe
+* feréŋep/fíreŋēp (r-ŋ-p): vi. to be available, to not be busy (in the
+ sense of having the time to go to other places)
* feséleh/físelēh (s-l-h): vi. to be or become free (unconstrained)
* fesso: num. twenty
* fibītrí (b-t-r): nm. a definition or act of defining, a boundary or
act of specifying boundaries
+* fidīrgʷí (d-r-gʷ): nm. danger, great magical or spiritual power
+* fifīptʰí (f-p-tʰ): nm. possibility, the future (both in general. a
+ specific possible or future event is "fípotʰ fofóptʰo")
+* figʲīlpí (gʲ-l-p): nm. generosity
+* fihīmhí (h-m-h): nm. eternity, endless time; immortality, endless
+ life
* fimīdkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nm. sapience
* fin: prep. as; measuring (used with the verb bémter/bemtēré to
indicate the measurement of the subject of the verb)
+* fipéstʰe (f-p-tʰ): nm. interval between two events
+* fipéstʰe (f-p-tʰ): nf. duration, period of time
+* fipêtʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. a while, minute
+* fipīkʲbí (p-kʲ-b): nm. bravery or skill in battle
* fipīkʲʰtí (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. self-direction or will
* fipīsŋí (p-s-ŋ): nm. mutability, variability, change
+* fīpmótʰ (f-p-tʰ): nn. now, the present moment (in the singular); the
+ past (in the plural)
+* fípotʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. event, thing that may happen or have happened
+ (compared to fīptʰé, this may be used for more hypothetical events)
+* fiptʰé (f-p-tʰ): nf.sg. time (in general)
+* fīptʰé (f-p-tʰ): nn. event, thing that in fact happened
+* fîptʰen (f-p-tʰ): nn. duration; age (of a person or thing)
+* fīptʰís (f-p-tʰ): nf. act of spending time with another person;
+ shared experience, camaradery, time spent together
+* firīhrí (r-h-r): nm. contentment, feeling of safety (the concrete
+ feeling in the moment; for the feeling in the abstract or as a
+ general trait see "rihré")
+* firīŋpí (r-ŋ-p): nm. availability (to go)
* fisīlhí (s-l-h): nm. freedom from constraint
* fobótro (b-t-r): adj. clearly defined, bounded, finite in extent
* fobotór (b-t-r): adj. indefinable, unbounded, infinite
+* fodórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. dangerous, magically or spiritually powerful
+* fodorógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. not dangeorus, weak of soul or power
+* fofopótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. impossible, not going to happen
+* fofóptʰo (f-p-tʰ): adj. possible, in the future, potential
+* fohómho (h-m-h): adj. eternal; immortal
+* fohomóh (h-m-h): adj. temporary; mortal
+* fogʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. ungenerous, covetous
+* fogʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. generous
* fomódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. sapient, capable of language
* fomodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. non-sapient, incapable of language, mindless
+* fopistʰó (f-p-tʰ): adj. having experienced a lot together
+* fopnótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. relating to the duration or age of an event or
+ thing; old
+* fópohitʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. spending time doing something, busy
+* fopókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. brave or skillful in battle
+* fopokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. cowardly or unreliable in battle
* fopokʲʰót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. passive, controlled by others
* fopókʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. willful, self-directed
* fopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. variable, flexible, changing
* foposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. static, rigid, unmoving
+* fopótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. relating to the time at which a thing happened,
+ "at the time"
+* fópsitʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. companionable
+* fóptʰo (f-p-tʰ): adj. happening, occurring (emphasizing that it
+ happened at a known time)
+* fóptʰon (f-p-tʰ): adj. having duration, particularly a long one
+* forohór (r-h-r): adj. discontent, feeling unsafe
+* foróhro (r-h-r): adj. content, feeling safe
+* foroŋóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. busy, not available (to go to a place)
+* foróŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. available (to go)
* fosólho (s-l-h): adj. free from constraint
* fosolóh (s-l-h): adj. constrained, not free (the specifics of
application to people varied a lot in different places)
+* gʲélpi/gʲelíp (gʲ-l-p): vd. to give
+* gʲélpit/tegʲélip (gʲ-l-p): v4. to trade, to exchange, to swap
+* gʲémlep/gʲemlēpé (gʲ-l-p): vi. to be valuable, to have value
+* gʲénlip/gʲelpín (gʲ-l-p): vd. to take
+* gʲilêp (gʲ-l-p): nm. gift
+* gʲiléspe (gʲ-l-p): nm. transaction
+* gʲīlmóp (gʲ-l-p): nn. property of being valuable
+* gʲílop (gʲ-l-p): nm. commercial relationship
+* gʲilpé (gʲ-l-p): nf. exchange, commerce
+* gʲīlpé (gʲ-l-p): nn. act of giving, sale
+* gʲîlpen (gʲ-l-p): nn. act of taking
+* gʲīlpís (gʲ-l-p): nf. act of exchanging or swapping
+* gʲolispó (gʲ-l-p): adj. exchanged, swapped, traded (the thing that is
+ traded)
+* gʲolnóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. taken, stolen
+* gʲólohip (gʲ-l-p): adj. selling
+* gʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. given as a gift
+* gʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. giving
+* gʲólpon (gʲ-l-p): adj. taking
+* gʲólsip (gʲ-l-p): adj. trading, exchanging, swapping; commercially
+ active
* hebītér (b-t-r): nm.ean act of measuring with a ruler or other
instrument, a measurement taken with a ruler or other instrument
(this carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
* hebotró (b-t-r): adj. measured with a ruler or other instrument (this
carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
magnitude)
+* hedīrégʷ (d-r-gʷ): nm. act of starting a fire
+* hêdirogʷ (d-r-gʷ): nv. priest, shaman
* hēdol: num. seven
+* hedorgʷó (d-r-gʷ): adj. having been burned intentionally or maliciously
+* hêfipotʰ (f-p-tʰ): nv. elder, old person
+* hefīpétʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. act or process of spending time; pastime,
+ time-consuming activity
+* hefoptʰó (f-p-tʰ): adj. time-consuming, worth doing
* hēgʲi: num. six
+* hegʲīlép (gʲ-l-p): nm. act of selling or buying
+* hêgʲilop (gʲ-l-p): nv. merchant (one who buys and sells goods)
+* hegʲolpó (gʲ-l-p): adj. sold
+* hehīméh (h-m-h): nm. act of repeating an action; repeated action
+* hêhimoh (h-m-h): nv. astrologer, astronomer
+* hehomhó (h-m-h): adj. being repeated (of an action)
* hekʷ: num. one
+* hémhi/hemíh (h-m-h): vi. to happen again
+* hémhit/tehémih (h-m-h): vi. to transition to the next iteration or
+ stage of a cyclic process
* hemīdékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. dictation, decree, declaration
* hêmidokʰ (m-d-kʰ): nv. orator, author, sage
+* hémmeh/hemmēhé (h-m-h): vi. to be cyclical
* hemodkʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. being dictated to, subservient,
representative of
+* hénmih/hemhín (h-m-h): vi. to happen cyclically
+* hepīkʲéb (p-kʲ-b): nm. battle-leadership
+* hêpikʲob (p-kʲ-b): nv. fighter (character class); participant in a
+ fight
* hepīkʲʰét (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. act of moving something else, impetus
* hêpikʲʰot (p-kʲʰ-t): nv. horse-person, runner
* hepīséŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. pouring, a pour, a cupful
* hêpisoŋ (p-s-ŋ): nv. cupbearer
+* hepokʲbó (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting in a battle (with the connotation of
+ being an enemy)
* hepokʲʰtó (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. being moved
* heposŋó (p-s-ŋ): adj. being poured into, filled
+* herīhér (r-h-r): nm. act that makes someone feel safe or content, act
+ of care
+* hêrihor (r-h-r): nv. cat-person
+* herīŋép (r-ŋ-p): nm. act of sending or putting; message; act of
+ creation
+* hêriŋop (r-ŋ-p): nv. inhabitant, resident
+* herohró (r-h-r): adj. cared for, feeling safe or content due to the
+ actions of another
+* heroŋpó (r-ŋ-p): adj. receiving something sent or put; being or
+ having been created
* hesīléh (s-l-h): nm. a throw
* hêsiloh (s-l-h): nv. a bird-person, a person who flies
* hesolhó (s-l-h): adj. being thrown-at
* hētér: num. four
* hibitrí (b-t-r): nf. toe; digit (a unit of length)
+* hidirgʷí (d-r-gʷ): nf. ember
+* hifiptʰí (f-p-tʰ): nf. a moment, second
+* higʲilpí (gʲ-l-p): nf. purchase
+* hihimhí (h-m-h): nf. tide
+* himêh (h-m-h): nm. year
+* himéshe (h-m-h): nm. a cycle, a periodic event or pattern
+* himhé (h-m-h): nf.sg. cycles, repetition (in general); astrology,
+ astronomy
+* hīmhé (h-m-h): nn. event of happening a second time
+* hîmhen (h-m-h): nn. cycle, event that happens cyclically
+* hīmhís (h-m-h): nf. transition between two stages of a cyclic process
+ (e.g. between two seasons, between high and low tide, being day and
+ night)
* himidkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nf. word
+* hīmmóh (h-m-h): nn. cyclicity (the property of being cyclic); a
+ regular pattern
+* hímoh (h-m-h): nm. imitation of a past event, re-enactment
+* hipikʲbí (p-kʲ-b): nf. exchange of blows; contest or competitive game
+ (as in, an instance of playing the game, not the game in general)
* hipikʲʰtí (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. shake
* hipisŋí (p-s-ŋ): nf. pond, lake
+* hirihrí (r-h-r): nf. pet animal (sometimes used for harmless non-pet
+ animals)
+* hiriŋpí (r-ŋ-p): nf. room
* hisilhí (s-l-h): nf. feather
* hōbetró/hōbétoro (b-t-r): vt. to measure with a ruler or other
instrument (this carries an implication of both precision and small
absolute magnitude)
+* hōdergʷó/hōdérogʷo (d-r-gʷ): vd. to ignite, to set alight or aflame,
+ to cause to illuminate or burn something else (the direct object is
+ the heat or light source; the indirect object the thing burned,
+ heated, or illuminated; either may be omitted)
+* hōfeptʰó/hōfépotʰo (f-p-tʰ): vt. to spend time performing an activity
+* hōgʲelpó/hōgʲélopo (gʲ-l-p): vd. to sell, to buy (often but not
+ always with the passive particle for buying)
+* hōhemhó/hōhémoho (h-m-h): vt. to repeat an action; to cause a cyclic
+ event to recur
* hōmedkʰó/hōmédokʰo (m-d-kʰ): vt/vd. to dictate, to cause to say or
write
+* hómho (h-m-h): adj. happening again
+* hómhon (h-m-h): adj. cyclical, periodic
+* homishó (h-m-h): adj. after the transition between t stages of a
+ cyclic process
+* homnóh (h-m-h): adj. cyclical, periodic
+* homóh (h-m-h): adj. having happened before
+* hómohih (h-m-h): adj. repeating an action
+* hómsih (h-m-h): adj. before the transition between two stages of a
+ cyclic process
+* hōpekʲbó/hōpékʲobo (p-kʲ-b): vd. to lead in battle (the indirect
+ object is the foes)
* hōpekʲʰtó/hōpékʲʰoto (p-kʲʰ-t): vt. to put into motion, to cause to
move or run
* hōpesŋó/hōpésoŋo (p-s-ŋ): vt/vd. to pour (trans.); to pour onto/into
(ditrans.)
+* hōrehró/hōréhoro (r-h-r): vt. to cause to feel content or safe, to
+ take care of
+* hōreŋpó/hōréŋopo (r-ŋ-p): v. to send, to put in a place (ditrans.,
+ destination/recipient is indirect object); to create (trans.)
* hōselhó/hōséloho (s-l-h): v. to throw (trans.), to throw at
(ditrans.)
* hot: num. eight
+* ked: prep. with (takes the prepositional case);
+ carrying/bringing/etc. (with verbs of motion, takes the accusative
+ case)
* -kokŋ/koko: conj. and, also
* médkʰi/medíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. speak, say, utter
* médkʰit/temédikʰ (m-d-kʰ): v4. to converse or correspond
* midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nf. command, order
* midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nm. conversation, dialogue (this can refer to a
spoken conversation or a written dialogue)
+* midírgʷo (d-r-gʷ): nn. torch, candle, artificial light or fire
* midkʰé (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. linguistics, language in general
* mīdkʰé (m-d-kʰ): nn. utterance, speech, act of speaking
* mîdkʰen (m-d-kʰ): nn. text, act of writing
entire correspondence between two or more people)
* mīdmókʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. noise, sound
* mídokʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. book, scroll
+* mifíptʰo (f-p-tʰ): nn. clock, point in time
+* migʲílpo (gʲ-l-p): nn. money, coin
+* mihímho (h-m-h): season, orbit
* mimídkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nn. pen, stylus, other writing instrument
+* mipíkʲbo (p-kʲ-b): nn. weapon
* mipíkʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. speed
* mipísŋo (p-s-ŋ): nn. canal
+* miríhro (r-h-r): nn. throat, esp. the larynx
+* miríŋpo (r-ŋ-p): nn. mount, vehicle, means of transportation
* misílho (s-l-h): nn. wing
* mobotór (b-t-r): adj. short
* mobótro (b-t-r): adj. long
* modnókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. written, textual, literary
* módohikʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. dictating, imperious, acting indirectly
* modókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. spoken, verbal, oral
+* modórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. hot, warm, heated (by some external source)
+* modorógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. cold, cool (with a connotation of not having
+ been heated or having lost its heat)
* módsikʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. communicating, expressive
+* mofopótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. not having happened (yet); having happened
+ but long ago
+* mofóptʰo (f-p-tʰ): adj. recent, current; having actually happened
+* mogʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. worthless, cheap
+* mogʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. valuable, expensive
+* mohómho (h-m-h): adj. cyclic, repeating, following a regular pattern
+* mohomóh (h-m-h): adj. acyclic, not repeating, not following a regular
+ pattern
* momódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. noisy, loud
* momodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. quiet, noiseless, silent
+* mopókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. angry (especially violently so, with a
+ connotation of being reactive but not necessarily unjustified)
+* mopokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. lacking anger, forgiving
* mopokʲʰót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. stationary, immobile
* mopókʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. mobile
* mopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. melted, liquid, wet
* moposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. dry
+* morohór (r-h-r): adj. restless, not docile, agitated (of animals)
+* moróhro (r-h-r): adj. calm, docile (of animals)
+* moroŋóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. leaving, not coming; distant, moving away
+* moróŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. coming, arriving; nearby
* mosólho (s-l-h): adj. in the air, floating
* mosolóh (s-l-h): adj. not in the air, not flying, heavier than air
* nemígʲi: num. nine
* nobitér (b-t-r): nf. long journey on foot
+* nodirégʷ (d-r-gʷ): nf. fuel for fire, firewood, kindling
+* nohiméh (h-m-h): nf. period or duration of a cycle
* nomidékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. message, letter
+* nopikʲéb (p-kʲ-b): nf. insult; reason that a fight started
* nopikʲʰét (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. jump
+* noriŋép (r-ŋ-p): nf. tent
* nôpisŋo (p-s-ŋ): nm. urine
* ŋôbitro (b-t-r): nm. heel, sole of foot
+* ŋôdirgʷo (d-r-gʷ): nm. ash, follower-on
+* ŋôfiptʰo (f-p-tʰ): nm. delay
+* ŋôgʲilpo (gʲ-l-p): nm. theft
+* ŋôhimho (h-m-h): nm. mating season of a mindless animal
* ŋômidkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nm. nonsense, pathetic request
+* ŋôpikʲbo (p-kʲ-b): nm. anger, rage, fury (the connotations are of
+ driving to physical violences and being unjustified or unreasonable)
* ŋôpikʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. coward
+* ŋôrihro (r-h-r): nm. overly dependent and helpless person
+* ŋôriŋpo (r-ŋ-p): nm. dangerous place, cliff
* ŋôsilho (s-l-h): nm. bad omen
* pēfe: num. five
+* pékʲbi/pekʲíb (p-kʲ-b): vt. to fight; to compete against
+* pékʲbit/tepékʲib (p-kʲ-b): v4. to be enemies, to feud violently
* pékʲʰti/pekʲʰít (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to move one's self
* pékʲʰtit/tepékʲʰit (p-kʲʰ-t): v4. to dance
+* pémkʲeb/pemkʲēbé (p-kʲ-b): vi. to be or become angry
* pémkʲʰet/pemkʲʰēté (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to be mobile
* pémseŋ/pemsēŋé (p-s-ŋ): vi. to become liquid, to melt, to be or
become wet
+* pénkʲib/pekʲbín (p-kʲ-b): vt. to kill (primarily in a fight or
+ battle); to defeat in a contest
* pénkʲʰit/pekʲʰtín (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to run
* pénsiŋ/pesŋín (p-s-ŋ): vi/vt. pool (intr.); cover in liquid, flood,
overflow (trans.)
* pésŋi/pesíŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. flow
* pésŋit/tepésiŋ (p-s-ŋ): v4. to rise and fall over time (as tides or
water level in a lake or river)
+* pikʲbé (p-kʲ-b): nf. battle, combat (used to speak of battle or
+ combat in general); tactics (as the art of study of battle)
+* pīkʲbé (p-kʲ-b): nn. act of fighting; strike, blow
+* pîkʲben (p-kʲ-b): nn. act of killing, victory in battle or a contest
+* pīkʲbís (p-kʲ-b): nf. violent feud, enemyship
+* pikʲêb (p-kʲ-b): nm. fight, small battle
+* pikʲésbe (p-kʲ-b): nm. series of battles or fights; series of
+ contests in which the victor of the entire series is determined by
+ the winner of more individual contests
+* pikʲésbe (p-kʲ-b): nf. battle with heavy death tolls; fight to the
+ death
+* pīkʲmób (p-kʲ-b): nn. anger (especially violent anger, with a
+ connotation of being reactive but not necessarily unjustified)
* pikʲʰéste (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. oscillation, vibration
* pikʲʰéste (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. sudden or short movement
* pikʲʰêt (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. horse
* pīsŋé (p-s-ŋ): nn. act of flowing
* pîsŋen (p-s-ŋ): nn. pool, puddle, act of pooling
* pīsŋís (p-s-ŋ): nf. tide, change in level (especially of a fluid)
+* pókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting, attacking
+* pókʲbon (p-kʲ-b): adj. killing, winning; lethal; victorious
+* pokʲisbó (p-kʲ-b): adj. enemy
+* pokʲnób (p-kʲ-b): adj. being killed, losing; fatally wounded or
+ slain; defeated
+* pokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting, being attacked
+* pókʲohib (p-kʲ-b): adj. leading in battle, battling, fighting in a
+ battle; tactical
+* pókʲsib (p-kʲ-b): adj. feuding, recurrently fighting
* pokʲʰistó (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. dancing (especially following a lead or an
established dance)
* pókʲʰohit (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. causing things to move, impactful
* pósohiŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. pouring (the one pouring a fluid), being
poured, raining
* posóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. watered (as e.g. plants, soil), irrigated
+* réhri/rehír (r-h-r): vi. to purr, to make other noises expressing
+ contentment
+* réhrit/teréhir (r-h-r); v4. to mutually care for each other, to love
+ (emphasizing action taken to care for one another)
+* rémher/remhēré (r-h-r): vi. to be calm, to be docile (especially used
+ of animals)
+* rémŋep/remŋēpé (r-ŋ-p): vi. to come, to arrive; to bring (using
+ preposition ked and the accusative case to indicate what is brought)
+* rénhir/rehrín (r-h-r): vi. to roar
+* rénŋip/reŋpín (r-ŋ-p): vt. to go to a place
+* réŋpi/reŋíp (r-ŋ-p): vi/vt. to be at a place (trans.); to dwell or
+ live in a place (intr./trans.); to exist (intr.)
+* réŋpit/teréŋip (r-ŋ-p): v4. to meet together (coming to a place to
+ meet up, not meeting for the first time)
+* rihêr (r-h-r): nm. purr
+* rihésre (r-h-r): nm. affectionate sounds made between lovers
+* rīhmór (r-h-r): nn. calmness, docility (especially in animals)
+* ríhor (r-h-r): nm. contentment noises, particularly from animals or
+ children
+* rihré (r-h-r): nf. contentment, feeling of safety (primarily used to
+ discuss it in the abstract, or to describe a person's general
+ demeanor; for in-the-moment experiences of this feeling, see
+ "firīhrí")
+* rīhré (r-h-r): nn. act of purring
+* rîhren (r-h-r): nn. act of roaring, roar
+* rīhrís (r-h-r): nf. love relationship (especially between young
+ people)
+* riŋêp (r-ŋ-p): nm. dwelling, house
+* riŋéspe (r-ŋ-p): nm. city, town
+* riŋéspe (r-ŋ-p): nf. road, path, trail
+* rīŋmóp (r-ŋ-p): nn. moment of arrival, act of coming
+* riŋpé (r-ŋ-p): nf.sg. locality (the idea of being in a place),
+ existence
+* rīŋpé (r-ŋ-p): nn. location of someone or something; act of dwelling
+ in a place, residence; fact of existing
+* rîŋpen (r-ŋ-p): nn. act of going, moment of departure
+* rīŋpís (r-ŋ-p): nf. act of meeting, meeting
+* rohisró (r-h-r): adj. loved (emphasizing lover(s) taking care of you)
+* rohnór (r-h-r): adj. making threatening noises (only used with
+ animals)
+* rohór (r-h-r): adj. making noises of contentment
+* róhohir (r-h-r): adj. caretaking, making others to feel safe
+* róhro (r-h-r): adj. purring
+* róhron (r-h-r): adj. roaring
+* róhsir (r-h-r): adj. loving (with an emphasis on action taken to make
+ lover(s) feel safe and content)
+* roŋispó (r-ŋ-p): adj. meeting by chance or spontaneously
+* roŋnóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. being gone to, destination
+* róŋohip (r-ŋ-p): adj. sending, sent; putting, being put; creating
+* roŋóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. occupied, inhabited (of a place)
+* róŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. being in a place, local; dwelling in a place, at
+ home, resident; existing
+* róŋpon (r-ŋ-p): adj. going
+* róŋsip (r-ŋ-p): adj. arranging to meet, meeting intentionally
+* ropo: conj. introduces a relative clause
* sélhi/selíh (s-l-h): vi. to fly
* sélhit/tesélih (s-l-h): v4. to overfly (the place or thing flown over
takes the dative case); (rarely) to fly high or ascend
* sen: prep. of, belonging to
* sénlih/selhín (s-l-h): v. to fly downward rapidly, to swoop (intr.);
to swoop down on (trans.)
+* sifípetʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. age, era (long period of time of often vague
+ duration)
* síkʲo: num. 400
* silêh (s-l-h): nn. mindless bird, flying animal
* siléshe (s-l-h): nm. a flight, journey by flight
* sīlmóh (s-l-h): nn. the state of being in the air or floating
* síloh (s-l-h): nv. bat-person, a mammalian person who flies
* simídekʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. language, script
+* sipíkʲeb (p-kʲ-b): nm. wound, injury (used for injuries from fights,
+ battle, or physical contests)
* sipíkʲʰet (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. acceleration
* sipíseŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. mouthful (esp. of liquids)
* sisíleh (s-l-h): nm. wingspan
* sobítir (b-t-r): nn. a far away place
+* sodírigʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. hearth, firepit
+* sofípitʰ (f-p-tʰ): nn. time of day, hour
+* sogʲílip (gʲ-l-p): nn. market
+* sohímih (h-m-h): nn. planet (including the sun but not the fixed
+ stars)
* sólho (s-l-h): adj. flying, flapping
* sólhon (s-l-h): adj. swooping, flying downward
* solishó (s-l-h): adj. flying high
* sólohih (s-l-h): adj. throwing, being thrown, moving through the air
* sólsih (s-l-h): adj. overflying something
* somídikʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. TKTK (some sort of language place)
+* sopíkʲib (p-kʲ-b): nn. battlefield, scene of a fight
* sopíkʲʰit (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. path
* sopísiŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. body of water or other liquid, esp. an ocean
+* soríhir (r-h-r): nn. place of safety, home (in the sense of place
+ where one feels secure)
+* soríŋip (r-ŋ-p): nn. place
* sosílih (s-l-h): nn. high up place to perch on
+* petʰ: prep. during, in (in the sense of a time period) (the dative
+ case indicates that the events described took place exclusively in
+ the time period, while the prepositional case does not specify
+ whether they extend outside of this time in either direction).
+* tedirgʷó (d-r-gʷ): nm. burn
* tepisŋó (p-s-ŋ): nm. blood
+* terihró (r-h-r): nm. whimpers, pleading noises
+* teriŋpó (r-ŋ-p): nm. starting point
* tobitír (b-t-r): nn. foot, paw; foot (a unit of length)
+* todirígʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. day
+* togʲilíp (gʲ-l-p): nn. price
+* tohimíh (h-m-h): nn. day-night cycle
* tōmidíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. sentence
+* topikʲíb (p-kʲ-b): nn. rabid or aggressive animal
* tōpisíŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. cup, waterskin, jug
+* torihír (r-h-r): nn. mindless cat
+* toriŋíp (r-ŋ-p): nn. destination
* tosilíh (s-l-h): nn. mindless bat, flying mindless mammal
* tʰon: num. three
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