Lots of (Pre⹀)Zheshoi work

- Reformat sources for phonemes into tables.

- Better document Pre⹀Zheshoi medials; collapse them prior to Zheshoi
  proper.

- Merge out iotized rounded vowels.

- Document verbal aspect derivations

diff --git a/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot b/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot
index fd7eb9f77644e3f1651522a4e92b11d9ec933656..d514d8deb562f4feaace48a54d828a735eb7afa6 100644 (file)
--- a/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot
+++ b/Sources/Page/Languages/PreZheshoi.djot
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-# Pre‐Zheshoi
+# Pre⹀Zheshoi

 
 

-Pre‐Zheshoi is the hypothetical ancestor language to Zheshoi
-  (_ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕɵɪ/; Pre‐Zheshoi: /ʒeɘʃɵɪ/),
-  providing a lexical and (rudimentary) syntactic base from which the
-  latter can be developed.
+Pre⹀Zheshoi is the hypothetical ancestor language to Zheshoi
+  (_ʒeßwi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} /ʑɪɕwi/; Pre⹀Zheshoi:
+  _ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʒeɘʃɵɪ/), providing a lexical and
+  (rudimentary) syntactic base from which the latter can be developed.

 It is one possible synthesis of the Jastu⹀Fizonal languages, which were
   developed by [][@:Lady] when she was in high school and college.
 
 It is one possible synthesis of the Jastu⹀Fizonal languages, which were
   developed by [][@:Lady] when she was in high school and college.
 


@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ It is one possible synthesis of the Jastu⹀Fizonal languages, which were
 
 ## aim and scope
 
 
 ## aim and scope
 

-Pre‐Zheshoi does not aim to be a complete, speakable language.
+Pre⹀Zheshoi does not aim to be a complete, speakable language.

 It aims to make the creation of such a language straightforward and
   possible.
 
 ## sources
 
 It aims to make the creation of such a language straightforward and
   possible.
 
 ## sources
 

-Pre‐Zheshoi is derived “primarily” from
+Pre⹀Zheshoi is derived “primarily” from

   [Jastugay][]{title="Jastugay: Documentation and Dictionary"}, which
   is to say that Jastugay forms the basis of its phonological system
   and grammars.
   [Jastugay][]{title="Jastugay: Documentation and Dictionary"}, which
   is to say that Jastugay forms the basis of its phonological system
   and grammars.


@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ The timeline of word adoption relative to other phonological shifts in
 
 ## orthography
 
 
 ## orthography
 

-Pre‐Zheshoi uses a Latin orthography with a few additional letters.
+Pre⹀Zheshoi uses a Latin orthography with a few additional letters.

 Ten of these letters are assigned corresponding digits for use in
   Ascii environments: schwa (Ə) = 0, lambda (Ꟛ) = 1, R⹀rotunda (Ꝛ) =
   2, yr (Ʀ) = 3, cuatrillo (Ꜭ) = 4, ezh (Ʒ) = 5, eszett (ẞ) = 6,
 Ten of these letters are assigned corresponding digits for use in
   Ascii environments: schwa (Ə) = 0, lambda (Ꟛ) = 1, R⹀rotunda (Ꝛ) =
   2, yr (Ʀ) = 3, cuatrillo (Ꜭ) = 4, ezh (Ʒ) = 5, eszett (ẞ) = 6,


@@ -107,12 +107,12 @@ Consequently, the complete alphabet (in recommended sorting order)
 
 ### Anglicization
 
 
 ### Anglicization
 

-As noted above, the recommended practice when writing Pre‐Zheshoi words
+As noted above, the recommended practice when writing Pre⹀Zheshoi words

   in Ascii environments is to use Ascii digits to encode letters
   outside of Basic Latin.
 However, there is a separate need for Anglicization rules when
   in Ascii environments is to use Ascii digits to encode letters
   outside of Basic Latin.
 However, there is a separate need for Anglicization rules when

-  converting Pre‐Zheshoi words into a form usable with English text.
-Current best‐practice is to leave the original spelling as intact as
+  converting Pre⹀Zheshoi words into a form usable with English text.
+Current best⹀practice is to leave the original spelling as intact as

   possible, despite the fact that this will make the pronunciation less
   obvious for native speakers.
 
   possible, despite the fact that this will make the pronunciation less
   obvious for native speakers.
 


@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ Verbals can additionally have a suffix form, which can be used to make
 
 ### consonants
 
 
 ### consonants
 

-Pre‐Zheshoi has front, midfront, mid, midback, and back consonants with
+Pre⹀Zheshoi has front, midfront, mid, midback, and back consonants with

   nasal, stop, fricative, and approximant articulations.
 The front fricative and stop are analysed as a voicing pair, as are the
   back stop and fricative (even tho neither of the latter are
   nasal, stop, fricative, and approximant articulations.
 The front fricative and stop are analysed as a voicing pair, as are the
   back stop and fricative (even tho neither of the latter are


@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ Likewise, _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} may be realized as either [m]
 All other single nonsonorant consonants are permitted; there are no
   valid combinations.
 
 All other single nonsonorant consonants are permitted; there are no
   valid combinations.
 

-The mapping of phonemes from ancestor languages into the Pre‐Zheshoi
+The mapping of phonemes from ancestor languages into the Pre⹀Zheshoi

   consonant inventory is not always trivial or obvious.
 The following sections provide notes on the process.
 
   consonant inventory is not always trivial or obvious.
 The following sections provide notes on the process.
 


@@ -199,221 +199,162 @@ With the exception of _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} and
 
 : _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /z/
 
 
 : _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /z/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       |       |  s /s/   |               |
+

   In Jastugay, this consonant was originally realized as /s/, but
     became voiced sometime after historic /z/ merged with /ʒ/.
   Neither sound is evidenced in Proto⹀Fizonal.
 
   In Jastugay, this consonant was originally realized as /s/, but
     became voiced sometime after historic /z/ merged with /ʒ/.
   Neither sound is evidenced in Proto⹀Fizonal.
 

-  : Jastugay
-
-    _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /s/
-

 : _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /s/
 
 : _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /s/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       | s /s/ | sh /s.h/ |               |
+

   This consonant is the devoiced variant of
     _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
 
   This consonant is the devoiced variant of
     _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
 

-  : Elrex:
-
-    _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /s/
-
-  : Jastugay:
-
-    _sh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /s.h/
-

 : _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʕ/
 
 : _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʕ/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       |       |  ħ /x/   |     q /ŋ/     |
+

   In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /x/, but it
     later became voiced and merged with /ŋ/ in other languages.
   The pronunciation has gradually shifted further back, and it is often
     articulated as an approximant.
 
   In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /x/, but it
     later became voiced and merged with /ŋ/ in other languages.
   The pronunciation has gradually shifted further back, and it is often
     articulated as an approximant.
 

-  : Jastugay
-
-    _ħ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /x/
-
-  : Proto⹀Fizonal
-
-    _q_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ŋ/
+  In Zheshoi, this consonant is analysed instead as
+    _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} when it appears in the coda position.

 
 : _x_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /χ/
 
 
 : _x_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /χ/
 

+  |    Eho     |   Elrex    | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:----------:|:----------:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  | h /x/\~/h/ | h /x/\~/h/ | ħh /x.h/ |               |
+

   This consonant is the devoiced variant of
     _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
   It was common in most Jastu⹀Fizonal languages but not present in
     Proto⹀Fizonal.
 
   This consonant is the devoiced variant of
     _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
   It was common in most Jastu⹀Fizonal languages but not present in
     Proto⹀Fizonal.
 

-  : Eho
-
-    _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qho} /x/\~/h/
-
-  : Elrex
-
-    _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /x/\~/h/
-
-  : Jastugay
-
-    _ħh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /x.h/
+  In Zheshoi, this consonant is analysed instead as
+    _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} when it appears in the coda position.

 
 : _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d/
 
 
 : _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       | n /n/ |  t /t/   |     n /n/     |
+

   In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /t/, but it
     later became voiced and merged with /n/ in other languages.
   In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /t/, but it
     later became voiced and merged with /n/ in other languages.

-
-  : Elrex
-
-    _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /n/ (except when followed by another
-      coronal consonant)
-
-  : Jastugay
-
-    _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /t/ (except when followed by another
-      coronal consonant)
-
-  : Proto⹀Fizonal
-
-    _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /n/ (except when followed by another
-      coronal consonant)
+  When followed by another coronal consonant, the shift to /d/ was left
+    incomplete.

 
 : _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t/
 
 
 : _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       | t /t/ | th /t.h/ |     t /t/     |
+

   This consonant is the devoiced variant of
     _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
   Most languages included this phoneme.
 
   This consonant is the devoiced variant of
     _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
   Most languages included this phoneme.
 

-  : Elrex
-
-    _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /t/
-
-  : Jastugay
-
-    _th_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /t.h/
-
-  : Proto⹀Fizonal
-
-    _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /t/
-

 : _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d͡ʒ/
 
 : _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d͡ʒ/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       |       |  j /d͡ʒ/  |     d /d/     |
+

   This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from Jastugay.
   This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from Jastugay.

-  From Proto⹀Fizonal, it is adapted from /d/, as Pre‐Zheshoi did not
+  From Proto⹀Fizonal, it is adapted from /d/, as Pre⹀Zheshoi did not

     have a /d/ phoneme at the time.
 
     have a /d/ phoneme at the time.
 

-  : Jastugay
-
-    _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /d͡ʒ/
-
-  : Proto⹀Fizonal
-
-    _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /d/
+  By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /d͡ʑ/.

 
 : _ꜭ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t͡ʃ/
 
 
 : _ꜭ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t͡ʃ/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       |       | ds /d.s/ |               |
+

   This consonant is the devoiced variant of
     _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
   This is an exceedingly rare consonant, developing from Jastugay /d.s/
     in the course of the shift from /d/ to /ɾ/.
 
   This consonant is the devoiced variant of
     _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
   This is an exceedingly rare consonant, developing from Jastugay /d.s/
     in the course of the shift from /d/ to /ɾ/.
 

-  : Jastugay
-
-    _ds_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /d.s/
+  By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /t͡ɕ/.

 
 : _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʒ/
 
 
 : _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʒ/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       | ʒ /ʒ/ |  ʒ /ʒ/   |    zh /ʒ/     |
+

   In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /z/ or /ʒ/.
   It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal.
 
   In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /z/ or /ʒ/.
   It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal.
 

-  : Elrex
-
-    _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /ʒ/
-
-  : Jastugay
-
-    _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /ʒ/
-
-  : Proto⹀Fizonal
-
-    _zh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ʒ/
+  By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /ʑ/.

 
 : _ß_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʃ/
 
 
 : _ß_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʃ/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       |       | st /s.t/ |    sh /ʃ/     |
+

   This consonant is the devoiced variant of
     _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
   In Jastugay, it developed as a simplification of /s.t/.
   It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal.
 
   This consonant is the devoiced variant of
     _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
   In Jastugay, it developed as a simplification of /s.t/.
   It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal.
 

-  : Jastugay
-
-    _st_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /s.t/
-
-  : Proto⹀Fizonal
-
-    _sh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ʃ/
+  By the time of Zheshoi, it has shifted to /ɕ/.

 
 : _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /g/
 
 
 : _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /g/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       |       |  g /g/   |     g /g/     |
+

   This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay
     and Proto⹀Fizonal.
 
   This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay
     and Proto⹀Fizonal.
 

-  : Jastugay
-
-    _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /g/
-
-  : Proto⹀Fizonal
-
-    _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /g/
-

 : _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /k/
 
 : _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /k/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       | k /k/ |          |     k /k/     |
+

   This consonant is the devoiced variant of
     _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
   It did not appear in Jastugay, but was persisted largely unmodified
     from Proto⹀Fizonal.
 
   This consonant is the devoiced variant of
     _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
   It did not appear in Jastugay, but was persisted largely unmodified
     from Proto⹀Fizonal.
 

-  : Elrex
-
-    _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /k/
-
-  : Proto⹀Fizonal
-
-    _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /k/
-

 : _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /β/
 
 : _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /β/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  | b /b/ | v /v/ |  f /f/   |     b /b/     |
+

   In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /f/ or /v/.
   It originally merged to /f/, but later became voiced and merged with
     /v/ and /b/ in other languages.
 
   In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /f/ or /v/.
   It originally merged to /f/, but later became voiced and merged with
     /v/ and /b/ in other languages.
 

-  : Eho
-
-    _b_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qho} /b/
-
-  : Elrex
-
-    _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /v/
-
-  : Jastugay
-
-    _f_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /f/
-
-  : Proto⹀Fizonal
-
-    _b_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /b/
-

 : _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /p/
 
 : _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /p/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       |       |  p /p/   |     p /p/     |
+

   This consonant is the devoiced variant of
     _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
   It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay and
     Proto⹀Fizonal.
 
   This consonant is the devoiced variant of
     _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
   It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay and
     Proto⹀Fizonal.
 

-  : Jastugay
-
-    _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /p/
-
-  : Proto⹀Fizonal
-
-    _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /p/
-

 : _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʔ/
 
   This is the null initial consonant; it was not marked in ancestor
 : _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʔ/
 
   This is the null initial consonant; it was not marked in ancestor


@@ -421,131 +362,124 @@ With the exception of _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} and
 
 : _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /h/
 
 
 : _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /h/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex  | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:------:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       | wh /ʍ/ |  h /h/   |               |
+

   This consonant is often analysed as a “devoiced” glottal stop.
   It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay, but was
     sometimes dropped in favour of devoicing a preceding consonant.
   It was not phonemic in Proto⹀Fizonal.
 
   This consonant is often analysed as a “devoiced” glottal stop.
   It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay, but was
     sometimes dropped in favour of devoicing a preceding consonant.
   It was not phonemic in Proto⹀Fizonal.
 

-  : Elrex
-
-    _wh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /ʍ/
-
-  : Jastugay
-
-    _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /h/
-

 #### nasal consonants
 
 Only _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} may appear in the coda of a
   syllable, where it may be realized as /m/, /n/, or /ŋ/ depending on
   the sound which follows.
 #### nasal consonants
 
 Only _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} may appear in the coda of a
   syllable, where it may be realized as /m/, /n/, or /ŋ/ depending on
   the sound which follows.

+By the time of Zheshoi, however, _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} has
+  split off from _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} in syllable codas.

 
 : _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /m/
 
 
 : _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /m/
 

-  Jastugay formerly had an /m/ sound, but it merged with /w/.
-  Consequently, only Proto⹀Fizonal /m/ survived to Pre‐Zheshoi.
-
-  : Proto⹀Fizonal
+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       |       |          |     m /m/     |

 
 

-    _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /m/
+  Jastugay formerly had an /m/ sound, but it merged with /w/.
+  Consequently, only Proto⹀Fizonal /m/ survived to Pre⹀Zheshoi.

 
 : _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /n/
 
 
 : _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /n/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       | n /n/ |  t /t/   |     n /n/     |
+

   The historic /n/ sound in Jastugay was lost to vowel nasalization.
   A new /n/ developed from /t/ in the process of voicing it as /d/ when
     the following consonant was also coronal.
   /n/ in other languages like·wise merged to /d/ in the general case,
     but was preserved as /n/ when a coronal consonant followed.
 
   The historic /n/ sound in Jastugay was lost to vowel nasalization.
   A new /n/ developed from /t/ in the process of voicing it as /d/ when
     the following consonant was also coronal.
   /n/ in other languages like·wise merged to /d/ in the general case,
     but was preserved as /n/ when a coronal consonant followed.
 

-  : Elrex
-
-    _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /n/ (when followed by another coronal
-      consonant)
-
-  : Jastugay
-
-    _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /t/ (when followed by another coronal
-      consonant)
-
-  : Proto⹀Fizonal
-
-    _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /n/ (when followed by another coronal
-      consonant)
-

 #### medial consonants
 
 These consonants follow the initial consonant in a syllable, which must
   be either a stop, fricative, or nasal.
 #### medial consonants
 
 These consonants follow the initial consonant in a syllable, which must
   be either a stop, fricative, or nasal.

+All three may be specified on the same syllable, in the order
+  _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx},
+  _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.

 
 : _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ɾ/\~/l/
 
 
 : _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ɾ/\~/l/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  | r /ɹ/ | r /ɹ/ |  d /d/   |     r /ɾ/     |
+

   The realization of this consonant depends on the consonant which
   The realization of this consonant depends on the consonant which

-    precedes it; it can be either /ɾ/ or /l/.
+    precedes it; unlabialized, it can be either /ɾ/ or /l/, and
+    labialized, it can be either /rʷ/ or /ɫʷ/.

   In Jastugay, it descends from /d/, and descends from /r/ in most
     other languages.
 
   In Jastugay, it descends from /d/, and descends from /r/ in most
     other languages.
 

-  : Eho
-
-    _r_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qho} /ɹ/
-
-  : Elrex
-
-    _r_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /ɹ/
-
-  : Jastugay
-
-    _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /d/
-
-  : Proto⹀Fizonal
-
-    _r_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ɾ/
-

 : _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /w/
 
 : _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /w/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       | w /w/ |  w /w/   |               |
+

   In Jastugay, this sound was historically either /m/ or /w∕.
   It did not exist in Proto⹀Fizonal at the time that words were adopted
   In Jastugay, this sound was historically either /m/ or /w∕.
   It did not exist in Proto⹀Fizonal at the time that words were adopted

-    into Pre‐Zheshoi.
-
-  : Elrex
-
-    _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /w/
+    into Pre⹀Zheshoi.

 
 

-  : Jastugay
-
-    _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /w/
+  Although this sound phonemically indicates /w/, when followed by
+    another medial, it instead is dropped and labializes the remaining
+    consonant cluster, so that /gwƦ/ becomes [ɡʷrʷ], /twƦ/ becomes
+    [tʷɫʷ], and /mwy/ becomes [mɥ].

 
 : _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /j/
 
 
 : _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /j/
 

+  |  Eho  | Elrex | Jastugay | Proto⹀Fizonal |
+  |:-----:|:-----:|:--------:|:-------------:|
+  |       | y /j/ |  ē /i/   |    gj /gj/    |
+

   This consonant was not phonemic in Jastugay, but developed from /i/.
   In Proto⹀Fizonal, it was preceded by a velar stop (/gj/), which was
     reduced to a glottal stop and eliminated on adoption into
   This consonant was not phonemic in Jastugay, but developed from /i/.
   In Proto⹀Fizonal, it was preceded by a velar stop (/gj/), which was
     reduced to a glottal stop and eliminated on adoption into

-    Pre‐Zheshoi.
-
-  : Elrex
+    Pre⹀Zheshoi.
+
+In Zheshoi, medial combinations are simplified to a single medial
+  according to the following rules:8--:
+
+|  Initial   | Medial (Pre⹀Zheshoi) | Medial (Zheshoi) |
+|:----------:|:--------------------:|:-----------------|
+|  p, v, m   |        w /w/         |      w /w/       |
+|  p, v, m   |    wʀ /rʷ/, ʀ /ɾ/    |      ʀ /ɾ/       |
+|  p, v, m   |    wy /ɥ/, y /j/     |      y /j/       |
+|  p, v, m   |  wʀy /rʷɥ/, ʀy /ɾj/  |   ʀiɂj /ɾi.j/    |
+| ƣ, x, ɂ, h |    w /w/, wy /ɥ/     |      w /w/       |
+| ƣ, x, ɂ, h |    wʀ /rʷ/, ʀ /ɾ/    |      ʀ /r/       |
+| ƣ, x, ɂ, h |  wʀy /rʷɥ/, ʀy /ɾj/  |   ʀiɂy /ri.j/    |
+| ƣ, x, ɂ, h |        y /j/         |      y /j/       |
+| All others |        w /w/         |      w /w/       |
+| All others |        ʀ /l/         |      ʀ /l/       |
+| All others |    wy /ɥ/, y /j/     |      y /j/       |
+| All others |       wʀ /ɫʷ/        |     ꟛɂ /ɫ̩.ʔ/     |
+| All others |      wʀy /ɫʷɥ/       |    ꟛɂy /ɫ̩.j/     |
+| All others |       ʀy /lj/        |   ʀiɂy /li.j/    |

 
 

-    _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /j/
-
-  : Jastugay
-
-    _ē_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /i/ before vowels
-
-  : Proto⹀Fizonal
-
-    _gj_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /gj/

 
 ### vowels
 
 
 ### vowels
 

-Vowels in Pre‐Zheshoi are categorized across several different axes.
-Pre‐Zheshoi exhibits vowel harmony, and the polarity of the vowel
+Vowels in Pre⹀Zheshoi are categorized across several different axes.
+Pre⹀Zheshoi exhibits vowel harmony, and the polarity of the vowel

   indicates which vowels it harmonizes with.
 As a general rule, positive vowels are more open and negative vowels
   are more close.
 Vowels may also be rounded or unrounded, and they may be iotized to
   form a diphthong with /ɪ/.
   indicates which vowels it harmonizes with.
 As a general rule, positive vowels are more open and negative vowels
   are more close.
 Vowels may also be rounded or unrounded, and they may be iotized to
   form a diphthong with /ɪ/.

-Finally, there are two nasal vowels in Pre‐Zheshoi, one which is
+Finally, there are two nasal vowels in Pre⹀Zheshoi, one which is

   rounded and positive, and one which is unrounded and negative.
 
   rounded and positive, and one which is unrounded and negative.
 

-In addition to the above distinctions, Pre‐Zheshoi exhibits a front
+In addition to the above distinctions, Pre⹀Zheshoi exhibits a front

   (①) ⧵ back (②) split in its positive and neutral vowels, and it
   features a syllabic /ɫ̩/ which is vowel·like in most situations.
 
   (①) ⧵ back (②) split in its positive and neutral vowels, and it
   features a syllabic /ɫ̩/ which is vowel·like in most situations.
 


@@ -626,7 +560,7 @@ In the case of unmarked harmony, the etymology of the word should be
 ### known shifts and changes
 
 The following phonological changes are known to occur between
 ### known shifts and changes
 
 The following phonological changes are known to occur between

-  Pre‐Zheshoi and Zheshoi proper:8--:
+  Pre⹀Zheshoi and Zheshoi proper:8--:

 
 - _ä_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with
     _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after midback consonants, and
 
 - _ä_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with
     _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after midback consonants, and


@@ -634,6 +568,9 @@ The following phonological changes are known to occur between
   Similarly, _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with
     _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after front consonants, and
     _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} otherwise.
   Similarly, _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with
     _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after front consonants, and
     _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} otherwise.

+  (Note:
+  Pre⹀Zheshoi _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} is written
+    _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} in Zheshoi.)

 
 - _æ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges to the base vowel (positive or
     negative) which harmonizes with the word, favouring
 
 - _æ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges to the base vowel (positive or
     negative) which harmonizes with the word, favouring


@@ -641,15 +578,19 @@ The following phonological changes are known to occur between
 
 - _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} shifts to /ɪ/.
 
 
 - _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} shifts to /ɪ/.
 

-- The nasal vowels become R‐coloured:
-    _eꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /ɚ/ and
+- The nasal vowels become R⹀coloured:
+    _eꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /eɚ/ and

     _ȣꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /ɔ˞/.
     _ȣꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /ɔ˞/.

-  In so doing, they lose their polarity and become generic rhotic
-    unrounded and rounded vowels.

 
 

-- _Ꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} is realized as /n/ consonantally.
-  After unrounded vowels, it shifts to /ɚ/, and after rounded vowels it
-    shifts to /ɔ˞/.
+- The iotized rounded vowels are lost:
+  _oı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes
+    _wi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, labializing the precending
+    consonant(s).
+  _ȣı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with
+    _aı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
+
+- _Ꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} is realized as /n/ consonantally, and
+    adds R⹀colouring when it follows terminal, non‐iotized vowels.

   (It persists unmodified in other cases.)
 
 - When an rounded, non·iotized vowel is followed by a glottal consonant
   (It persists unmodified in other cases.)
 
 - When an rounded, non·iotized vowel is followed by a glottal consonant


@@ -664,6 +605,9 @@ The following phonological changes are known to occur between
     fricative ∣ approximant, the iotization is moved preceding the
     vowel as /j/.
 
     fricative ∣ approximant, the iotization is moved preceding the
     vowel as /j/.
 

+- Medials are merged when multiple appear in the same syllable (see
+    that section for more information).
+

 - The mid consonants move further back: /ʒ/ becomes /ʑ/ and /ʃ/ becomes
     /ɕ/.
 
 - The mid consonants move further back: /ʒ/ becomes /ʑ/ and /ʃ/ becomes
     /ɕ/.
 

diff --git a/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot b/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot
index e5a84bf4569a97022e342fc87bdeb21e4c1713cc..c79ee46606ad817728c57af80a05eb2dbe6bc82f 100644 (file)
--- a/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot
+++ b/Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Zheshoi
 
 # Zheshoi
 

-Zheshoi (_ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕɵɪ/) is a language in
+Zheshoi (_ʒeßwi_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕwi/) is a language in

   the Jastu⹀Fizonal language family, derived from
   [][:Languages/PreZheshoi].
 
   the Jastu⹀Fizonal language family, derived from
   [][:Languages/PreZheshoi].
 


@@ -8,13 +8,12 @@ Zheshoi (_ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕɵɪ/) is a language in
 
 ### syllable structure
 
 
 ### syllable structure
 

-The basic Zheshoi syllable is C(w)(ʀ)(y)V(ı)(C).
+The basic Zheshoi syllable is CHV(ı)(C).

 This is analyzed as follows:8--:
 
 This is analyzed as follows:8--:
 

-- An initial consonant
-- Zero or more medials (_w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
-    _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, or _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
-    in that order)
+- An initial consonant (C)
+- Zero or one medials (H; _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
+    _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, or _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz})

 - A vowel (V) or diphthong (Vı)
 - Optionally, a final consonant
 
 - A vowel (V) or diphthong (Vı)
 - Optionally, a final consonant
 


@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ Note that /n/ is equated with the allophonic /ŋ/ for this
 All consonants are valid in both the initial and final position with
   two broad exceptions:8--:
 
 All consonants are valid in both the initial and final position with
   two broad exceptions:8--:
 

-- /ʔ/ and /h/ are not permitted as final consonants
+- /ʔ/ and /h/ are not permitted as final consonants.

 
 - /g/ and /k/ are allophonic with /ʕ/ and /χ/ in the final position.
   For simplicity, such consonants are traditionally analysed as
 
 - /g/ and /k/ are allophonic with /ʕ/ and /χ/ in the final position.
   For simplicity, such consonants are traditionally analysed as


@@ -51,26 +50,18 @@ All consonants are valid in both the initial and final position with
 
 ### medials
 
 
 ### medials
 

-There are three kinds of medial in Zheshoi, all of which may appear in
-  a single syllable:8--:
+There are three kinds of medial in Zheshoi.
+Although multiple of these could appear in a single syllable in
+  Pre⹀Zheshoi, in Zheshoi only one is allowed:8--:

 
 

-- _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} phonemically indicates /w/, but this
-    may be realized a variety of ways∶8--∶
+- _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [w] after voiced
+    consonants and [ʍ] after devoiced consonants.

 
 

-  - /ʔw/ reduces to [w] and /hw/ is realized as [ʍ].
+- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [ɾ] after V⹀series
+    consonants, [l] after D⹀, J⹀, or G⹀series consonants, and [r] after
+    Ɂ⹀series consonants.

 
 

-  - When followed by another medial, the preceding and following
-      consonants are labialized and the [w] is dropped, so that /gwƦ/
-      becomes [ɡʷrʷ], /twƦ/ becomes [tʷɫʷ], and /mwy/ becomes
-      [mɥ].
-
-  - Otherwise, the [w] is pronounced.
-
-- _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is realized as [l] (rounded: [ɫʷ])
-    after D⹀ or J⹀series consonants and [ɾ] (rounded: [rʷ]) otherwise.
-
-- _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is realized as [j] (rounded: [ɥ]).
-  Any preceding /ʔ/ or /h/ is dropped.
+- _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, realized as [j] in all cases.

 
 ### vowels
 
 
 ### vowels
 


@@ -80,22 +71,28 @@ These correspond to open, mid, and close vowel heights, respectively,
   altho due to shifts over time some of the neutral vowels have wound
   up more close than the negatives.
 Within each polarity, there are rounded (+U) and unrounded vowels.
   altho due to shifts over time some of the neutral vowels have wound
   up more close than the negatives.
 Within each polarity, there are rounded (+U) and unrounded vowels.

-Additionally, each rounded or unrounded vowel can be iotized (+I),
-  which usually results in a diphthong with /ɪ/, or rhoticized (+R),
-  which adds R⹀colouring.
+Additionally, each rounded or unrounded vowel can be rhoticized (+R),
+  which adds R⹀colouring, and the unrounded vowels can be iotized (+I),
+  which usually results in a diphthong with /ɪ/.

 The one exception is that there is no neutral vowel which is both
   rounded and iotized.
 
 The one exception is that there is no neutral vowel which is both
   rounded and iotized.
 

-| Polarity |   ∅   |   +U   |   +I    |  +U +I  |   +R    |  +U +R   |
-|:---------|:-----:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:--------:|
-| Positive | a /æ/ | ȣ /ɔ/  | aı /aɪ/ | ȣı /ɔɪ/ | aꝛ /ɑ˞/ | ȣꝛ /ɔ˞/  |
-| Neutral  | ə /ə/ | u /u/  |  i /i/  |         | əꝛ /ʌ˞/ | uꝛ /ʊ˞/  |
-| Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/  | eı /eɪ/ | oı /ɵɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ |
+| Polarity |   ∅   |   +U   |   +I    |   +R    |  +U +R   |
+|:---------|:-----:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:--------:|
+| Positive | a /æ/ | å /ɔ/  | aı /aɪ/ | aꝛ /ɑ˞/ | åꝛ /ɔ˞/  |
+| Neutral  | ə /ə/ | u /u/  |  i /i/  | əꝛ /ʌ˞/ | uꝛ /ʊ˞/  |
+| Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/  | eı /eɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ |
+
+The letter _æ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is used to indicate either
+  _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} or _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}
+  (depending on vowel harmony), and likewise for the letter
+  _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} and _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} or
+  _o_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}.

 
 In addition to the above, Zheshoi features a syllabic /ɫ̩/, which
   functions like a neutral vowel with the following restrictions: it
 
 In addition to the above, Zheshoi features a syllabic /ɫ̩/, which
   functions like a neutral vowel with the following restrictions: it

-  may not be preceded by a medial, and it may not be followed by a
-  final consonant.
+  may only be preceded by a voiced consonant (with no medial), and it
+  may not be followed by a final consonant.

 It is called “lambda”, and written _ꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}.
 
 ## morphology
 It is called “lambda”, and written _ꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}.
 
 ## morphology


@@ -112,7 +109,7 @@ _Nominals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English nouns, and
   _verbals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English verbs;
   _articles_{as=dfn} are a somewhat unique word class whose role lies
   somewhere between that of English articles and determiners
   _verbals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English verbs;
   _articles_{as=dfn} are a somewhat unique word class whose role lies
   somewhere between that of English articles and determiners

-  (_the_{as=i}, _a_{as=i}, <i>some</i>…) and that of a pronoun.
+  (_the_{as=i}, _a_{as=i}, _some_{as=i}…) and that of a pronoun.

 In addition to these three categories of word, Zheshoi also features a
   number of other morphemes, including inflections, determiners, and
   adpositions.
 In addition to these three categories of word, Zheshoi also features a
   number of other morphemes, including inflections, determiners, and
   adpositions.


@@ -439,6 +436,20 @@ Nominals are not themselves inflected; instead, their associated
 
 The verbal lexical stem consists of a single root.
 
 
 The verbal lexical stem consists of a single root.
 

+Verbal stems are classified into three groups, depending on their final
+  syllable:8--:
+
+- Those which end with a voiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel,
+- Those which end with a devoiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel, and
+- Those which end with a voiced consonant and lambda.
+
+This classification is maintained thru derivations and impacts the form
+  of the inflections.
+
+All verbals also have a definitite (positive or negative) assigned
+  vowel harmony, even when the verbal contains only neutral vowels.
+This harmony will influence derivations and inflections.
+

 #### derived stem
 
 ```=html
 #### derived stem
 
 ```=html


@@ -483,11 +494,11 @@ The verbal lexical stem consists of a single root.
        <mspace width=mediummathspace />
        <mover accent=false>
                <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
        <mspace width=mediummathspace />
        <mover accent=false>
                <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>

-                       <mi><abbr title=Out&#x2010;of&#x2010;control>OOC</abbr></mi>
+                       <mi><abbr title=Verbalizer>VBZ</abbr></mi>

                </mstyle>
                <mover accent=true>
                        <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
                </mstyle>
                <mover accent=true>
                        <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>

-                       <mi><abbr title=Control>CTR</abbr></mi>
+                       <mi><abbr title=Class&#x20;change>CC</abbr></mi>

                </mover>
        </mover>
        <mspace width=mediummathspace />
                </mover>
        </mover>
        <mspace width=mediummathspace />


@@ -511,12 +522,33 @@ The verbal lexical stem consists of a single root.
 </math>
 ```
 
 </math>
 ```
 

-Verbals may be lexically marked for aspect and control.
+Verbals may be lexically marked for aspect in two places:
+A partially⹀reduplicative prefix indicates the habitual or
+  developmental aspects, and a suffix indicates perfectivity.
+These affixes can be combined.

 (This analysis of aspect as “lexical”, and not “grammatical”, is a
   morphological argument, not a syntactic one.)
 (This analysis of aspect as “lexical”, and not “grammatical”, is a
   morphological argument, not a syntactic one.)

-The marking of aspect is split between a possible reduplicative prefix
-  (indicating habitual or “developmental” aspects) and a possible
-  perfective suffix.
+
+The habitual prefix is _Cæ‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, where
+  _C_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is the initial consonant in the word.
+The develompental prefix is _Caı‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} for
+  positive verbals and _Cwi‐_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} for negative
+  ones.
+
+The perfective suffix can take the following forms:8--:
+
+- On verbals which end with a voiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel,
+    the R⹀colouring is dropped and _‐ɂwæꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}
+    is added.
+
+- On verbals which end with a devoiced consonant and R⹀coloured vowel,
+    the R⹀colouring is dropped and _‐hwæꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}
+    is added.
+
+- On verbals which end with a voiced consonant and lambda, the final
+    syllable is replaced with _‐Cʀæı.ɂꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
+    where _C_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is the _devoiced_ form of the
+    consonant.

 
 #### inflected stem
 
 
 #### inflected stem
 


@@ -674,12 +706,6 @@ Each modal suffix can indicate two possible moods; which is intended is
 
 The following are potential future directions for the language:8--:
 
 
 The following are potential future directions for the language:8--:
 

-- Loss of simultaneous support for all three medials in every syllable.
-  Loss of phonemic labialization with a corresponding split of
-    _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} into potentially as many options as
-    /l/, /ɫ/ (which may merge with the syllabic equivalent), /ɾ/,
-    and /r/; and of _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} into /j/ and /ɥ/.
-

 - Rhoticization makes a good candidate for evolving into a tonal
     system.
 
 - Rhoticization makes a good candidate for evolving into a tonal
     system.