Lady’s Gitweb - Wiki/blob - Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot

   1 # Zheshoi
   2
   3 Zheshoi (_ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕɵɪ/) is a language in
   4   the Jastu⹀Fizonal language family, derived from
   5   [][:Languages/PreZheshoi].
   6
   7 ## phonology
   8
   9 ### syllable structure
  10
  11 The basic Zheshoi syllable is C(w)(ʀ)(y)V(ı)(C).
  12 This is analyzed as follows:8--:
  13
  14 - An initial consonant
  15 - Zero or more medials (_w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
  16     _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}, or _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz},
  17     in that order)
  18 - A vowel (V) or diphthong (Vı)
  19 - Optionally, a final consonant
  20
  21 Details regarding the consonants, medials, and finals are given in the
  22   following sections.
  23
  24 ### consonants
  25
  26 Broadly, the basic consonants in Zheshoi fall into one of five
  27   series:8--:
  28
  29 | Name     |  Base  | Devoiced | Alternate | Devoiced Alternate |
  30 |:---------|:------:|:--------:|:---------:|:------------------:|
  31 | V⹀Series | v /β/  | p /p/    | m /m/     |                    |
  32 | D⹀Series | d /d/  | t /t/    | z /z/     | s /s/              |
  33 | J⹀Series | j /d͡ʑ/ | ꜭ /t͡ɕ/   | ʒ /ʑ/     | ß /ɕ/              |
  34 | G⹀Series | g /ɡ/  | k /k/    | n /n/     |                    |
  35 | Ɂ⹀Series | ɂ /ʔ/  | h /h/    | ƣ /ʕ/     | x /χ/              |
  36
  37 Note that /n/ is equated with the allophonic /ŋ/ for this
  38   categorization, and the nasal alternates have no devoiced forms.
  39
  40 All consonants are valid in both the initial and final position with
  41   two broad exceptions:8--:
  42
  43 - /ʔ/ and /h/ are not permitted as final consonants
  44
  45 - /g/ and /k/ are allophonic with /ʕ/ and /χ/ in the final position.
  46   For simplicity, such consonants are traditionally analysed as
  47     G⹀series, leaving Ɂ⹀series consonants forbidden across the board.
  48
  49 /n/ and /m/ were allophonic in the final position Pre⹀Zheshoi, but
  50   aren¦t in Zheshoi proper.
  51
  52 ### medials
  53
  54 There are three kinds of medial in Zheshoi, all of which may appear in
  55   a single syllable:8--:
  56
  57 - _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} phonemically indicates /w/, but this
  58     may be realized a variety of ways∶8--∶
  59
  60   - /ʔw/ reduces to [w] and /hw/ is realized as [ʍ].
  61
  62   - When followed by another medial, the preceding and following
  63       consonants are labialized and the [w] is dropped, so that /gwƦ/
  64       becomes [ɡʷrʷ], /twƦ/ becomes [tʷɫʷ], and /mwy/ becomes
  65       [mɥ].
  66
  67   - Otherwise, the [w] is pronounced.
  68
  69 - _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is realized as [l] (rounded: [ɫʷ])
  70     after D⹀ or J⹀series consonants and [ɾ] (rounded: [rʷ]) otherwise.
  71
  72 - _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} is realized as [j] (rounded: [ɥ]).
  73   Any preceding /ʔ/ or /h/ is dropped.
  74
  75 ### vowels
  76
  77 Zheshoi words exhibit vowel harmony, and accordingly are grouped into
  78   three classes (or polarities): positive, neutral, and negative.
  79 These correspond to open, mid, and close vowel heights, respectively,
  80   altho due to shifts over time some of the neutral vowels have wound
  81   up more close than the negatives.
  82 Within each polarity, there are rounded (+U) and unrounded vowels.
  83 Additionally, each rounded or unrounded vowel can be iotized (+I),
  84   which usually results in a diphthong with /ɪ/, or rhoticized (+R),
  85   which adds R⹀colouring.
  86 The one exception is that there is no neutral vowel which is both
  87   rounded and iotized.
  88
  89 | Polarity |   ∅   |   +U   |   +I    |  +U +I  |   +R    |  +U +R   |
  90 |:---------|:-----:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:--------:|
  91 | Positive | a /æ/ | ȣ /ɔ/  | aı /aɪ/ | ȣı /ɔɪ/ | aꝛ /ɑ˞/ | ȣꝛ /ɔ˞/  |
  92 | Neutral  | ə /ə/ | u /u/  |  i /i/  |         | əꝛ /ʌ˞/ | uꝛ /ʊ˞/  |
  93 | Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/  | eı /eɪ/ | oı /ɵɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ |
  94
  95 In addition to the above, Zheshoi features a syllabic /ɫ̩/, which
  96   functions like a neutral vowel with the following restrictions: it
  97   may not be preceded by a medial, and it may not be followed by a
  98   final consonant.
  99 It is called “lambda”, and written _ꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}.
 100
 101 ## morphology
 102
 103 (This information is just copied from some documentation I found on my
 104   computer and may not be entirely accurate yet.
 105 [][@:Lady]{.sig})
 106
 107 ### morphological word classes
 108
 109 Zheshoi has three main categories of words which may serve as a
 110   morphological stem: articles, nominals, and verbals.
 111 _Nominals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English nouns, and
 112   _verbals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English verbs;
 113   _articles_{as=dfn} are a somewhat unique word class whose role lies
 114   somewhere between that of English articles and determiners
 115   (_the_{as=i}, _a_{as=i}, <i>some</i>…) and that of a pronoun.
 116 In addition to these three categories of word, Zheshoi also features a
 117   number of other morphemes, including inflections, determiners, and
 118   adpositions.
 119 These morphemes are represented through affixes or clitics, attached to
 120   article, nominal, or verbal stems.
 121
 122 ### article morphology
 123
 124 #### lexical stem
 125
 126 ```=html
 127 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 128   <msub>
 129     <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
 130     <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 131   </msub>
 132   <mi style=font-weight:bold><abbr title=Null>∅</abbr></mi>
 133   <msub>
 134     <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
 135     <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 136   </msub>
 137 </math>
 138 ```
 139
 140 Articles are used to mark grammatical, as well as some lexical,
 141   features for the associated (possibly hypothetical) nominal lexeme.
 142 As pro⹀forms referring to a nominal antecedent, they cannot have a
 143   lexical root, and consequently their lexical stem is always null.
 144
 145 #### derived stem
 146
 147 ```=html
 148 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 149   <msub>
 150     <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
 151     <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 152   </msub>
 153   <mrow>
 154     <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
 155     <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 156     <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
 157   </mrow>
 158   <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 159   <mover accent=false>
 160     <mrow>
 161       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 162       <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 163         <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 164           <mtr>
 165             <mtd>
 166               <mi><abbr title=Numeral>NUM</abbr></mi>
 167               <mo fence=false form=postfix>+</mo>
 168             </mtd>
 169           </mtr>
 170           <mtr>
 171             <mtd>
 172               <mi><abbr title=Quantity>QNT</abbr></mi>
 173             </mtd>
 174           </mtr>
 175         </mtable>
 176       </mstyle>
 177       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 178     </mrow>
 179     <mover accent=true>
 180       <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 181       <mi><abbr title=Amount>AMT</abbr></mi>
 182     </mover>
 183   </mover>
 184   <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 185   <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 186     <mi><abbr title=Location>LOC</abbr></mi>
 187   </mstyle>
 188   <msub>
 189     <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
 190     <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 191   </msub>
 192 </math>
 193 ```
 194
 195 Although articles do not have a lexical root, they do mark a number of
 196   lexical properties, which can conventionally be thought of as
 197   _succeeding_ the null lexical stem.
 198 These properties are: amount, as a numeral or quantifier, and location.
 199 None of these properties are required, and the inflected stem of an
 200   article may be null.
 201
 202 Numerals are not a distinct word class in Zheshoi, but are instead
 203   morphologically marked on articles.
 204 This differs from the gramatical feature of _number_ (also marked on
 205   articles, but through inflection rather than derivation), which
 206   simply categorizes words as singular or plural.
 207 Numeral morphemes are akin to English cardinal numbers (_one_{as=i},
 208   _two_{as=i}, _three_{as=i}, ⁊·c), and as these morphemes may
 209   (hypothetically) be infinitely large, their structure can be quite
 210   complex.
 211
 212 #### inflected stem
 213
 214 ```=html
 215 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 216   <msub>
 217     <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
 218     <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
 219   </msub>
 220   <mover accent=false>
 221     <mrow>
 222       <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 223         <mi><abbr title=Definiteness>DEF</abbr></mi>
 224       </mstyle>
 225       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 226       <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 227         <mi><abbr title=Plurality>PL</abbr></mi>
 228       </mstyle>
 229       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 230       <mover accent=false>
 231         <mrow>
 232           <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 233           <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 234             <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 235               <mtr>
 236                 <mtd>
 237                   <mi><abbr title=Negation>NEG</abbr></mi>
 238                 </mtd>
 239               </mtr>
 240               <mtr>
 241                 <mtd>
 242                   <mi mathvariant=normal><abbr title=Interrogative>Q</abbr></mi>
 243                 </mtd>
 244               </mtr>
 245             </mtable>
 246           </mstyle>
 247           <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 248         </mrow>
 249         <mover accent=true>
 250           <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 251           <mi><abbr title=Irreality>IRR</abbr></mi>
 252         </mover>
 253       </mover>
 254     </mrow>
 255     <mover accent=true>
 256       <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 257       <mi><abbr title=Specificity>SPEC</abbr></mi>
 258     </mover>
 259   </mover>
 260   <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 261   <mrow>
 262     <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
 263     <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 264     <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
 265   </mrow>
 266   <msub>
 267     <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
 268     <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
 269   </msub>
 270 </math>
 271 ```
 272
 273 The grammatical properties encoded by articles are definiteness,
 274   plurality, and irreality (negation or interrogativity).
 275 Together, these properties define the _specificity_{as=dfn} of the
 276   article.
 277 Although Zheshoi requires the specificity of nominals to be defined, it
 278   does not require them to be marked in all cases, and the resulting
 279   inflected stem may be null.
 280
 281 ### nominal morphology
 282
 283 #### lexical stem
 284
 285 ```=html
 286 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 287         <msub>
 288                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
 289                 <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 290         </msub>
 291         <mi style=font-weight:bold>√ROOT</mi>
 292         <msub>
 293                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
 294                 <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 295         </msub>
 296 </math>
 297 ```
 298
 299 The nominal lexical stem consists of a single root.
 300
 301 #### derived stem
 302
 303 ```=html
 304 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 305         <msub>
 306                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
 307                 <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 308         </msub>
 309         <mover accent=false>
 310                 <mrow>
 311                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 312                         <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 313                                 <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 314                                         <mtr>
 315                                                 <mtd>
 316                                                         <mi><abbr title=Augmentative>𝐴𝑈𝐺</abbr></mi>
 317                                                 </mtd>
 318                                         </mtr>
 319                                         <mtr>
 320                                                 <mtd>
 321                                                         <mi><abbr title=Diminutive>𝐷𝐼𝑀</abbr></mi>
 322                                                 </mtd>
 323                                         </mtr>
 324                                 </mtable>
 325                         </mstyle>
 326                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 327                 </mrow>
 328                 <mover accent=true>
 329                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 330                         <mi><abbr title=Intensifier>INT</abbr></mi>
 331                 </mover>
 332         </mover>
 333         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 334         <mrow>
 335                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
 336                 <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 337                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
 338         </mrow>
 339         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 340         <mover accent=false>
 341                 <mrow>
 342                         <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 343                                 <mi><abbr title=Verbalizer>VBZ</abbr></mi>
 344                         </mstyle>
 345                         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 346                         <mover accent=false>
 347                                 <mrow>
 348                                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 349                                         <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 350                                                 <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 351                                                         <mtr>
 352                                                                 <mtd>
 353                                                                         <mi><abbr title=Actor>ACT</abbr></mi>
 354                                                                 </mtd>
 355                                                         </mtr>
 356                                                         <mtr>
 357                                                                 <mtd>
 358                                                                         <mi><abbr title=Instrument>INST</abbr></mi>
 359                                                                 </mtd>
 360                                                         </mtr>
 361                                                         <mtr>
 362                                                                 <mtd>
 363                                                                         <mi><abbr title=Generic&#x20;nominalizer>NM</abbr></mi>
 364                                                                 </mtd>
 365                                                         </mtr>
 366                                                 </mtable>
 367                                         </mstyle>
 368                                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 369                                 </mrow>
 370                                 <mover accent=true>
 371                                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 372                                         <mi><abbr title=Nominalizer>NMZ</abbr></mi>
 373                                 </mover>
 374                         </mover>
 375                 </mrow>
 376                 <mover accent=true>
 377                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 378                         <mi><abbr title=Class&#x20;change>CC</abbr></mi>
 379                 </mover>
 380         </mover>
 381         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 382         <msub>
 383                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
 384                 <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 385         </msub>
 386 </math>
 387 ```
 388
 389 The lexical properties which are marked on nominals include intensity,
 390   as either augmentative or diminuitive, and class⹀change, through
 391   verbalizers and nominalizers.
 392 Augmentatives and diminuitives are marked via reduplicative prefixes,
 393   and so are italicized in the diagram above.
 394
 395 Nominalization is required for lexical stems which are verbal in
 396   nature; in addition, a nominal lexical stem may be verbalized and
 397   then nominalized again.
 398
 399 #### inflected stem
 400
 401 ```=html
 402 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 403         <msub>
 404                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
 405                 <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
 406         </msub>
 407         <mrow>
 408                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
 409                 <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 410                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
 411         </mrow>
 412         <msub>
 413                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
 414                 <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
 415         </msub>
 416 </math>
 417 ```
 418
 419 Nominals are not themselves inflected; instead, their associated
 420   article is.
 421
 422 ### verbal morphology
 423
 424 #### lexical stem
 425
 426 ```=html
 427 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 428         <msub>
 429                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
 430                 <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 431         </msub>
 432         <mi style=font-weight:bold>√ROOT</mi>
 433         <msub>
 434                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
 435                 <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 436         </msub>
 437 </math>
 438 ```
 439
 440 The verbal lexical stem consists of a single root.
 441
 442 #### derived stem
 443
 444 ```=html
 445 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 446         <msub>
 447                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
 448                 <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 449         </msub>
 450         <mover accent=false>
 451                 <mrow>
 452                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 453                         <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 454                                 <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 455                                         <mtr>
 456                                                 <mtd>
 457                                                         <mi><abbr title=Developmental>𝐷𝐸𝑉</abbr></mi>
 458                                                 </mtd>
 459                                         </mtr>
 460                                         <mtr>
 461                                                 <mtd>
 462                                                         <mi><abbr title=Habitual>𝐻𝐴𝐵</abbr></mi>
 463                                                 </mtd>
 464                                         </mtr>
 465                                 </mtable>
 466                         </mstyle>
 467                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 468                 </mrow>
 469                 <mover accent=true>
 470                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 471                         <msub>
 472                                 <mi><abbr title=Aspect>ASP</abbr></mi>
 473                                 <mn>1</mn>
 474                         </msub>
 475                 </mover>
 476         </mover>
 477         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 478         <mrow>
 479                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
 480                 <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
 481                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
 482         </mrow>
 483         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 484         <mover accent=false>
 485                 <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 486                         <mi><abbr title=Out&#x2010;of&#x2010;control>OOC</abbr></mi>
 487                 </mstyle>
 488                 <mover accent=true>
 489                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 490                         <mi><abbr title=Control>CTR</abbr></mi>
 491                 </mover>
 492         </mover>
 493         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 494         <mover accent=false>
 495                 <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 496                         <mi><abbr title=Perfective>PFV</abbr></mi>
 497                 </mstyle>
 498                 <mover accent=true>
 499                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 500                         <msub>
 501                                 <mi><abbr title=Aspect>ASP</abbr></mi>
 502                                 <mn>2</mn>
 503                         </msub>
 504                 </mover>
 505         </mover>
 506         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 507         <msub>
 508                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
 509                 <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 510         </msub>
 511 </math>
 512 ```
 513
 514 Verbals may be lexically marked for aspect and control.
 515 (This analysis of aspect as “lexical”, and not “grammatical”, is a
 516   morphological argument, not a syntactic one.)
 517 The marking of aspect is split between a possible reduplicative prefix
 518   (indicating habitual or “developmental” aspects) and a possible
 519   perfective suffix.
 520
 521 #### inflected stem
 522
 523 ```=html
 524 <math display=block overflow=scale>
 525         <msub>
 526                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
 527                 <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
 528         </msub>
 529         <mover accent=false>
 530                 <mover accent=false>
 531                         <mrow>
 532                                 <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 533                                         <mi><abbr title=Negation>NEG</abbr></mi>
 534                                 </mstyle>
 535                                 <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 536                                 <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 537                                         <mi><abbr title=Deontic>DEO</abbr></mi>
 538                                 </mstyle>
 539                         </mrow>
 540                         <mover accent=true>
 541                                 <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 542                                 <mi><abbr title=Irreality>IRR</abbr></mi>
 543                         </mover>
 544                 </mover>
 545                 <mover accent=true>
 546                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 547                         <msub>
 548                                 <mi><abbr title=Mood>MOD</abbr></mi>
 549                                 <mn>1</mn>
 550                         </msub>
 551                 </mover>
 552         </mover>
 553         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 554         <mrow>
 555                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
 556                 <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
 557                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
 558         </mrow>
 559         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 560         <mover accent=false>
 561                 <mrow>
 562                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 563                         <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 564                                 <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 565                                         <mtr>
 566                                                 <mtd>
 567                                                         <mi><abbr title=Future>FUT</abbr></mi>
 568                                                 </mtd>
 569                                         </mtr>
 570                                         <mtr>
 571                                                 <mtd>
 572                                                         <mi><abbr title=Infinitive>INF</abbr></mi>
 573                                                 </mtd>
 574                                         </mtr>
 575                                         <mtr>
 576                                                 <mtd>
 577                                                         <mi><abbr title=Present>PRS</abbr></mi>
 578                                                 </mtd>
 579                                         </mtr>
 580                                         <mtr>
 581                                                 <mtd>
 582                                                         <mi><abbr title=Past>PST</abbr></mi>
 583                                                 </mtd>
 584                                         </mtr>
 585                                 </mtable>
 586                         </mstyle>
 587                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 588                 </mrow>
 589                 <mover accent=true>
 590                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 591                         <mi><abbr title=Tense>TNS</abbr></mi>
 592                 </mover>
 593         </mover>
 594         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 595         <mover accent=false>
 596                 <mrow>
 597                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 598                         <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 599                                 <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 600                                         <mtr>
 601                                                 <mtd>
 602                                                         <mi><abbr title=Definiteness>DEF</abbr></mi>
 603                                                 </mtd>
 604                                         </mtr>
 605                                         <mtr>
 606                                                 <mtd>
 607                                                         <mi><abbr title=Honorific>HON</abbr></mi>
 608                                                         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 609                                                         <mi><abbr title=Plurality>PL</abbr></mi>
 610                                                 </mtd>
 611                                         </mtr>
 612                                 </mtable>
 613                         </mstyle>
 614                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 615                 </mrow>
 616                 <mover accent=true>
 617                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 618                         <mi><abbr title=Specificity>SPEC</abbr></mi>
 619                 </mover>
 620         </mover>
 621         <mspace width=mediummathspace />
 622         <mover accent=false>
 623                 <mrow>
 624                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
 625                         <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
 626                                 <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
 627                                         <mtr>
 628                                                 <mtd>
 629                                                         <mi><abbr title=Alethic>ALE</abbr>&#x2010;<abbr title=Jussive>JUS</abbr></mi>
 630                                                 </mtd>
 631                                         </mtr>
 632                                         <mtr>
 633                                                 <mtd>
 634                                                         <mi><abbr title=Deductive>DDUC</abbr>&#x2010;<abbr title=Hortative>HORT</abbr></mi>
 635                                                 </mtd>
 636                                         </mtr>
 637                                         <mtr>
 638                                                 <mtd>
 639                                                         <mi><abbr title=Mirative>MIR</abbr>&#x2010;<abbr title=Interrogative>Q</abbr></mi>
 640                                                 </mtd>
 641                                         </mtr>
 642                                         <mtr>
 643                                                 <mtd>
 644                                                         <mi><abbr title=Optative>OPT</abbr>&#x2010;<abbr title=Permissive>PERM</abbr></mi>
 645                                                 </mtd>
 646                                         </mtr>
 647                                 </mtable>
 648                         </mstyle>
 649                         <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
 650                 </mrow>
 651                 <mover accent=true>
 652                         <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
 653                         <msub>
 654                                 <mi><abbr title=Mood>MOD</abbr></mi>
 655                                 <mn>2</mn>
 656                         </msub>
 657                 </mover>
 658         </mover>
 659         <msub>
 660                 <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
 661                 <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
 662         </msub>
 663 </math>
 664 ```
 665
 666 Zheshoi verbals are heavily inflected, marking mood, tense, and
 667   specificity—the latter of which must agree with the article of the
 668   verbal’s subject.
 669 Each modal suffix can indicate two possible moods; which is intended is
 670   signalled by the presence or absence of an additional (deontic) modal
 671   prefix.
 672
 673 ## future
 674
 675 The following are potential future directions for the language:8--:
 676
 677 - Loss of simultaneous support for all three medials in every syllable.
 678   Loss of phonemic labialization with a corresponding split of
 679     _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} into potentially as many options as
 680     /l/, /ɫ/ (which may merge with the syllabic equivalent), /ɾ/,
 681     and /r/; and of _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz} into /j/ and /ɥ/.
 682
 683 - Rhoticization makes a good candidate for evolving into a tonal
 684     system.
 685
 686 - The rounded vowels are a good candidate for a merger.