+# Pre‐Zheshoi
+
+Pre‐Zheshoi is the hypothetical ancestor language to Zheshoi
+ (_ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕɵɪ/; Pre‐Zheshoi: /ʒeɘʃɵɪ/),
+ providing a lexical and (rudimentary) syntactic base from which the
+ latter can be developed.
+It is one possible synthesis of the Jastu⹀Fizonal languages, which were
+ developed by [][@:Lady] when she was in high school and college.
+
+: Language codes
+
+ `art-Latn-x-qjx` (preferred); `qjx` (in restricted environments)
+
+## aim and scope
+
+Pre‐Zheshoi does not aim to be a complete, speakable language.
+It aims to make the creation of such a language straightforward and
+ possible.
+
+## sources
+
+Pre‐Zheshoi is derived “primarily” from
+ [Jastugay][]{title="Jastugay: Documentation and Dictionary"}, which
+ is to say that Jastugay forms the basis of its phonological system
+ and grammars.
+[Elrex][]{title="Elrex: Documentation and Dictionary"} and
+ [Eho][]{title="Eho: Documentation and Dictionary"} make a minor
+ vocabulary contribution.
+A more significant contribution comes in the form of
+ [Proto⹀Fizonal][]{title="Proto‐Fizonal: Documentation and
+ Dictionary"}, which provides significant vocabulary diversity and
+ additional grammatical concepts to adopt.
+
+[Eho]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/
+ urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:jsv:eho/
+[Elrex]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/
+ urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:jsv:lrx/
+[Jastugay]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/
+ urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:jsv:jst/
+[Proto⹀Fizonal]: https://langdev.ladys.computer/
+ urn:fdc:langdev.xyz:20160819:fzn:proto/
+
+The timeline of word adoption relative to other phonological shifts in
+ the language is as follows:8--:
+
+- Jastugay loses phonemic /n/ to vowel nasalization.
+
+- Jastugay merges /m/\~/w/, /z/\~/ʒ/, and /f/\~/v/.
+
+- Jastugay /d/ shifts to /ɾ/.
+ /d.s/ becomes /t͡ʃ/ and /s.t/ becomes /ʃ/.
+
+- Several Jastugay consonants are given voiced realizations:8--:
+ /f/ > /v/\~/β/, /s/ > /z/, /t/ > /n/, /x/ > /ŋ/.
+ The older, devoiced realizations persisted in cases where the
+ consonant was in a syllable coda and followed by /h/.
+ Note that /f/ was not permitted in syllable codas, and consequently
+ became voiced in every instance.
+
+- Words from other lanugages are adopted.
+ Voicing becomes fully phonemic in most cases.
+
+- /n/ shifts to /d/, except before other coronal consonants.
+ /ŋ/ shifts to /ɣ/\~/ʕ/ in all cases.
+
+## orthography
+
+Pre‐Zheshoi uses a Latin orthography with a few additional letters.
+Ten of these letters are assigned corresponding digits for use in
+ Ascii environments: schwa (Ə) = 0, lambda () = 1, R⹀rotunda (Ꝛ) =
+ 2, yr (Ʀ) = 3, cuatrillo (Ꜭ) = 4, ezh (Ʒ) = 5, eszett (ẞ) = 6,
+ glottal stop (Ɂ) = 7, ou (Ȣ) = 8, and gha (Ƣ) = 9.
+Because font support for lambda and cuatrillo may be lacking, turned⹀L
+ (Ꞁ) and turned⹀H (Ɥ) are established as alternates.
+
+| Letter | Alternate | Ascii Digit |
+|-------:|:---------:|:------------|
+| Ə | ⸺ | 0 |
+| | Ꞁ | 1 |
+| Ꝛ | ⸺ | 2 |
+| Ʀ | ⸺ | 3 |
+| Ꜭ | Ɥ | 4 |
+| Ʒ | ⸺ | 5 |
+| ẞ | ⸺ | 6 |
+| Ɂ | ⸺ | 7 |
+| Ȣ | ⸺ | 8 |
+| Ƣ | ⸺ | 9 |
+
+A small number of additional vowels are used, which are treated as
+ pairs of vowels in Ascii environments.
+
+| Letter | Ascii |
+|-------:|:------|
+| Ä | AA |
+| Å | AU |
+| Æ | AE |
+
+Dotless I is used in place of dotted I to indicate iotization of a
+ preceding vowel.
+In Ascii, use of the dotted form is acceptable.
+
+The following Latin letters are not used:8--: B, C, F, L, Q, R.
+Consequently, the complete alphabet (in recommended sorting order)
+ consists of the following 33 letters:8--: Ɂ, A, Ä, Å, Æ, D, E, Ə, G,
+ H, I, J, Ꜭ, K, , M, N, O, Ȣ, P, Ƣ, Ꝛ, Ʀ, S, ẞ, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z,
+ Ʒ.
+
+### Anglicization
+
+As noted above, the recommended practice when writing Pre‐Zheshoi words
+ in Ascii environments is to use Ascii digits to encode letters
+ outside of Basic Latin.
+However, there is a separate need for Anglicization rules when
+ converting Pre‐Zheshoi words into a form usable with English text.
+Current best‐practice is to leave the original spelling as intact as
+ possible, despite the fact that this will make the pronunciation less
+ obvious for native speakers.
+
+The remaining equivalencies are as follows:8--:
+
+| Pre‐Zheshoi | Anglicized |
+|------------:|:-------------|
+| Ɂ | [apostrophe] |
+| Ä | AA |
+| Å | AU |
+| Æ | AE |
+| Ə | UW |
+| Ꜭ | CH |
+| | L |
+| Ȣ | OU |
+| Ƣ | Q |
+| Ꝛ | R |
+| Ʀ | R |
+| ẞ | SH |
+| Ʒ | ZH |
+
+## vocabulary
+
+Lexical words can have up to three forms.
+The root form is the base lexical form of the word, and the prefix form
+ is a variant which can be used when making semantic derivations from
+ other words.
+Verbals can additionally have a suffix form, which can be used to make
+ verbal derivations only with the meaning “while ⁓ing”.
+
+## phonology
+
+### consonants
+
+Pre‐Zheshoi has front, midfront, mid, midback, and back consonants with
+ nasal, stop, fricative, and approximant articulations.
+The front fricative and stop are analysed as a voicing pair, as are the
+ back stop and fricative (even tho neither of the latter are
+ technically voiced).
+The mid stops are in fact affricates.
+
+| Place / Manner | Front | Midfront | Mid | Midback | Back |
+|-------------------:|:-----:|:--------:|:----------:|:-------:|:-----:|
+| Voiced Stop | ⸺ | d /d/ | j /d͡ʒ/ | g /g/ | ɂ /ʔ/ |
+| Devoiced Stop | p /p/ | t /t/ | ꜭ /t͡ʃ/ | k /k/ | ⸺ |
+| Voiced Fricative | v /β/ | z /z/ | ʒ /ʒ/ | ƣ /ʕ/ | ⸺ |
+| Devoiced Fricative | ⸺ | s /s/ | ß /ʃ/ | x /χ/ | h /h/ |
+| Sonorant | m /m/ | n /n/ | ʀ /ɾ/\~/l/ | y /j/ | w /w/ |
+
+_ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}, _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} and
+ _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} are medials, and can only phonemically
+ appear following another consonant in a syllable onset (multiple can
+ appear, but only in the order _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr},
+ _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}, _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}); note,
+ however, when the preceding consonant is
+ _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}, it is typically not pronounced.
+_ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} is pronounced [l] after other midfront
+ or mid consonants and [ɾ] otherwise.
+_hw_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} is typically realized as [ʍ].
+
+All other consonants may appear in syllable onsets.
+No other combinations are permitted.
+
+In codas, _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} and
+ _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} are not phonemically permitted in
+ Pre‐Zheshoi, as they are considered indistinguishable from
+ _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} and _x_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr}.
+Likewise, _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} may be realized as either [m]
+ or [n] in codas, but it is phonemically considered
+ _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} regardless and
+ _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} is not permitted.
+All other single nonsonorant consonants are permitted; there are no
+ valid combinations.
+
+The mapping of phonemes from ancestor languages into the Pre‐Zheshoi
+ consonant inventory is not always trivial or obvious.
+The following sections provide notes on the process.
+
+#### stops and fricatives
+
+With the exception of _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} and
+ _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}, these consonants may appear in either
+ the onset or the coda of a syllable.
+
+: _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /z/
+
+ In Jastugay, this consonant was originally realized as /s/, but
+ became voiced sometime after historic /z/ merged with /ʒ/.
+ Neither sound is evidenced in Proto⹀Fizonal.
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /s/
+
+: _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /s/
+
+ This consonant is the devoiced variant of
+ _z_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
+
+ : Elrex:
+
+ _s_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /s/
+
+ : Jastugay:
+
+ _sh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /s.h/
+
+: _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʕ/
+
+ In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /x/, but it
+ later became voiced and merged with /ŋ/ in other languages.
+ The pronunciation has gradually shifted further back, and it is often
+ articulated as an approximant.
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _ħ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /x/
+
+ : Proto⹀Fizonal
+
+ _q_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ŋ/
+
+: _x_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /χ/
+
+ This consonant is the devoiced variant of
+ _ƣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
+ It was common in most Jastu⹀Fizonal languages but not present in
+ Proto⹀Fizonal.
+
+ : Eho
+
+ _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qho} /x/\~/h/
+
+ : Elrex
+
+ _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /x/\~/h/
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _ħh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /x.h/
+
+: _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d/
+
+ In Jastugay, this consonant was originally pronounced /t/, but it
+ later became voiced and merged with /n/ in other languages.
+
+ : Elrex
+
+ _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /n/ (except when followed by another
+ coronal consonant)
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /t/ (except when followed by another
+ coronal consonant)
+
+ : Proto⹀Fizonal
+
+ _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /n/ (except when followed by another
+ coronal consonant)
+
+: _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t/
+
+ This consonant is the devoiced variant of
+ _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
+ Most languages included this phoneme.
+
+ : Elrex
+
+ _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /t/
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _th_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /t.h/
+
+ : Proto⹀Fizonal
+
+ _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /t/
+
+: _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /d͡ʒ/
+
+ This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from Jastugay.
+ From Proto⹀Fizonal, it is adapted from /d/, as Pre‐Zheshoi did not
+ have a /d/ phoneme at the time.
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /d͡ʒ/
+
+ : Proto⹀Fizonal
+
+ _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /d/
+
+: _ꜭ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /t͡ʃ/
+
+ This consonant is the devoiced variant of
+ _j_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
+ This is an exceedingly rare consonant, developing from Jastugay /d.s/
+ in the course of the shift from /d/ to /ɾ/.
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _ds_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /d.s/
+
+: _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʒ/
+
+ In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /z/ or /ʒ/.
+ It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal.
+
+ : Elrex
+
+ _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /ʒ/
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /ʒ/
+
+ : Proto⹀Fizonal
+
+ _zh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ʒ/
+
+: _ß_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʃ/
+
+ This consonant is the devoiced variant of
+ _ʒ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
+ In Jastugay, it developed as a simplification of /s.t/.
+ It has persisted largely unmodified from Proto⹀Fizonal.
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _st_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /s.t/
+
+ : Proto⹀Fizonal
+
+ _sh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ʃ/
+
+: _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /g/
+
+ This consonant has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay
+ and Proto⹀Fizonal.
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /g/
+
+ : Proto⹀Fizonal
+
+ _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /g/
+
+: _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /k/
+
+ This consonant is the devoiced variant of
+ _g_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
+ It did not appear in Jastugay, but was persisted largely unmodified
+ from Proto⹀Fizonal.
+
+ : Elrex
+
+ _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /k/
+
+ : Proto⹀Fizonal
+
+ _k_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /k/
+
+: _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /β/
+
+ In Jastugay, this consonant was historically either /f/ or /v/.
+ It originally merged to /f/, but later became voiced and merged with
+ /v/ and /b/ in other languages.
+
+ : Eho
+
+ _b_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qho} /b/
+
+ : Elrex
+
+ _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /v/
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _f_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /f/
+
+ : Proto⹀Fizonal
+
+ _b_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /b/
+
+: _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /p/
+
+ This consonant is the devoiced variant of
+ _v_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
+ It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay and
+ Proto⹀Fizonal.
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /p/
+
+ : Proto⹀Fizonal
+
+ _p_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /p/
+
+: _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʔ/
+
+ This is the null initial consonant; it was not marked in ancestor
+ languages.
+
+: _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /h/
+
+ This consonant is often analysed as a “devoiced” glottal stop.
+ It has persisted largely unmodified from both Jastugay, but was
+ sometimes dropped in favour of devoicing a preceding consonant.
+ It was not phonemic in Proto⹀Fizonal.
+
+ : Elrex
+
+ _wh_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /ʍ/
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _h_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /h/
+
+#### nasal consonants
+
+Only _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} may appear in the coda of a
+ syllable, where it may be realized as /m/, /n/, or /ŋ/ depending on
+ the sound which follows.
+
+: _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /m/
+
+ Jastugay formerly had an /m/ sound, but it merged with /w/.
+ Consequently, only Proto⹀Fizonal /m/ survived to Pre‐Zheshoi.
+
+ : Proto⹀Fizonal
+
+ _m_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /m/
+
+: _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /n/
+
+ The historic /n/ sound in Jastugay was lost to vowel nasalization.
+ A new /n/ developed from /t/ in the process of voicing it as /d/ when
+ the following consonant was also coronal.
+ /n/ in other languages like·wise merged to /d/ in the general case,
+ but was preserved as /n/ when a coronal consonant followed.
+
+ : Elrex
+
+ _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /n/ (when followed by another coronal
+ consonant)
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _t_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /t/ (when followed by another coronal
+ consonant)
+
+ : Proto⹀Fizonal
+
+ _n_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /n/ (when followed by another coronal
+ consonant)
+
+#### medial consonants
+
+These consonants follow the initial consonant in a syllable, which must
+ be either a stop, fricative, or nasal.
+
+: _ʀ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ɾ/\~/l/
+
+ The realization of this consonant depends on the consonant which
+ precedes it; it can be either /ɾ/ or /l/.
+ In Jastugay, it descends from /d/, and descends from /r/ in most
+ other languages.
+
+ : Eho
+
+ _r_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qho} /ɹ/
+
+ : Elrex
+
+ _r_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /ɹ/
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _d_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /d/
+
+ : Proto⹀Fizonal
+
+ _r_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /ɾ/
+
+: _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /w/
+
+ In Jastugay, this sound was historically either /m/ or /w∕.
+ It did not exist in Proto⹀Fizonal at the time that words were adopted
+ into Pre‐Zheshoi.
+
+ : Elrex
+
+ _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /w/
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _w_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /w/
+
+: _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /j/
+
+ This consonant was not phonemic in Jastugay, but developed from /i/.
+ In Proto⹀Fizonal, it was preceded by a velar stop (/gj/), which was
+ reduced to a glottal stop and eliminated on adoption into
+ Pre‐Zheshoi.
+
+ : Elrex
+
+ _y_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qlr} /j/
+
+ : Jastugay
+
+ _ē_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjt} /i/ before vowels
+
+ : Proto⹀Fizonal
+
+ _gj_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qpt} /gj/
+
+### vowels
+
+Vowels in Pre‐Zheshoi are categorized across several different axes.
+Pre‐Zheshoi exhibits vowel harmony, and the polarity of the vowel
+ indicates which vowels it harmonizes with.
+As a general rule, positive vowels are more open and negative vowels
+ are more close.
+Vowels may also be rounded or unrounded, and they may be iotized to
+ form a diphthong with /ɪ/.
+Finally, there are two nasal vowels in Pre‐Zheshoi, one which is
+ rounded and positive, and one which is unrounded and negative.
+
+In addition to the above distinctions, Pre‐Zheshoi exhibits a front
+ (①) ⧵ back (②) split in its positive and neutral vowels, and it
+ features a syllabic /ɫ̩/ which is vowel·like in most situations.
+
+The following table gives the complete inventory:8--:
+
+| Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal |
+|-------------------:|:----------------------:|:-------:|:------:|
+| Positive Unrounded | ① a /æ/ ② ä /ɑ/ | aı /aɪ/ | ⸺ |
+| Positive Rounded | ① å /aʊ/ ② ȣ /ɔ/ | ȣı /ɔɪ/ | ȣꝛ /ɔ̃/ |
+| Neutral Unrounded | ① æ /ɛ/ ② ə /ʌ/\~/ə/ | i /i/ | ⸺ |
+| Neutral Rounded | u /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
+| Negative Unrounded | e /eɘ/ | eı /eɪ/ | eꝛ /ẽ/ |
+| Negative Rounded | o /o/ | oı /ɵɪ/ | ⸺ |
+| Lambda | /ɫ̩/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
+
+The way this vowel inventory maps onto the various source languages is,
+ perhaps unsuprisingly, complex.
+In Jastugay, the two base positive unrounded vowels have already
+ merged (to /ɑ/).
+Negative rounded vowels are not present in any fashion.
+
+| Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal |
+|-------------------:|:-------------------:|:-------:|:--------:|
+| Positive Unrounded | ① ⸺ ② ä /ɑ/ | ī /aɪ/ | ⸺ |
+| Positive Rounded | ① å /aʊ/ ② ō /ɔʊ/ | œ /ɔɪ/ | ⸺ |
+| Neutral Unrounded | ① ë /ɛ/ ② ə /ʌ/ | ē /i/ | ⸺ |
+| Neutral Rounded | u /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
+| Negative Unrounded | æ /eɘ/ | ā /eɪ/ | æn /eɘn/ |
+| Negative Rounded | ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
+| Lambda | l’ /ɫ̩/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
+
+In Fizonal, short and long vowels become distinct in most cases.
+
+| Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal |
+|-------------------:|:--------------------------:|:-------:|:------:|
+| Positive Unrounded | ① a /æ/, a: /æː/ ② o /ɒ/ | ai /aɪ/ | ⸺ |
+| Positive Rounded | ① au /aʊ/ ② o: /ɒː/ | oi /ɔɪ/ | ⸺ |
+| Neutral Unrounded | ① i /i/ ② e /ə/ | i: /iː/ | ⸺ |
+| Neutral Rounded | ua /uɐ/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
+| Negative Unrounded | e: /əː/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
+| Negative Rounded | u /u/ | u: /uː/ | ⸺ |
+| Lambda | l /l/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
+
+Elrex lacks only the back positive and negative rounded vowels.
+
+| Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal |
+|-------------------:|:---------------------:|:-------:|:------:|
+| Positive Unrounded | ① a /æ/ ② ä /ɑ/ | ī /aɪ/ | ⸺ |
+| Positive Rounded | ① ō /aʊ/ ② ⸺ | œ /ɔɪ/ | ōn /ɔ̃/ |
+| Neutral Unrounded | ① e /ɛ/ ② ə /ʌ/ | ē /i/ | ⸺ |
+| Neutral Rounded | u /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
+| Negative Unrounded | ǽ /eə/, i /ɪ/ | ā /eɪ/ | ǽn /ẽ/ |
+| Negative Rounded | ⸺ | ớ /ɔaɪ/ | ⸺ |
+| Lambda | l /l/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
+
+Unsuprisingly, given the small size of its known lexicon, Eho is
+ missing a good chunk of the vowel inventory.
+
+| Kind | Base | Iotized | Nasal |
+|-------------------:|:-----------------:|:-------:|:------:|
+| Positive Unrounded | ① ⸺ ② ä /ɑ/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
+| Positive Rounded | ① ō /aʊ/ ② ⸺ | œ /ɔɪ/ | ōn /ɔ̃/ |
+| Neutral Unrounded | ① ⸺ ② ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
+| Neutral Rounded | o͡o /u/ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
+| Negative Unrounded | i /ɪ/ | ā /eɪ/ | än /ɑ̃/ |
+| Negative Rounded | ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
+| Lambda | ⸺ | ⸺ | ⸺ |
+
+When determining the harmony of a word, the polarity of the stressed
+ syllable takes first priority, followed by the polarity of the first
+ non·neutral vowel in the word.
+If a nominal contains only neutral vowels, it has null harmony.
+If a verbal contains only neutral vowels, it has unmarked harmony.
+In the case of unmarked harmony, the etymology of the word should be
+ used to suggest the correct polarity, favouring negative harmony if
+ no polarity can otherwise be determined.
+
+### known shifts and changes
+
+The following phonological changes are known to occur between
+ Pre‐Zheshoi and Zheshoi proper:8--:
+
+- _ä_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with
+ _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after midback consonants, and
+ _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} otherwise.
+ Similarly, _å_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges with
+ _a_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} after front consonants, and
+ _ȣ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} otherwise.
+
+- _æ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} merges to the base vowel (positive or
+ negative) which harmonizes with the word, favouring
+ _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}.
+
+- _e_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} shifts to /ɪ/.
+
+- The nasal vowels become R‐coloured:
+ _eꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /ɚ/ and
+ _ȣꝛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} becomes /ɔ˞/.
+ In so doing, they lose their polarity and become generic rhotic
+ unrounded and rounded vowels.
+
+- __{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} is realized as /n/ consonantally.
+ After unrounded vowels, it shifts to /ɚ/, and after rounded vowels it
+ shifts to /ɔ˞/.
+ (It persists unmodified in other cases.)
+
+- When an rounded, non·iotized vowel is followed by a glottal consonant
+ or velar fricative ∣ approximant, an /m/ is inserted between the
+ two, and:8--:
+
+ - The glottal consonant is dropped, or
+
+ - The velar fricative ∣ approximant becomes /w/.
+
+- When an iotized vowel is followed by a glottal consonant or velar
+ fricative ∣ approximant, the iotization is moved preceding the
+ vowel as /j/.
+
+- The mid consonants move further back: /ʒ/ becomes /ʑ/ and /ʃ/ becomes
+ /ɕ/.
+
+- Consonant codas are devoiced when the onset of the same syllable
+ contains a voiced consonant.
+
+- Consonants in the onsets of unstressed syllables (excluding
+ _ɂ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx}) are devoiced when the onset of the
+ preceding syllable is a more front stop or nasal.
+ Mid and midfront consonants are considered equivalent with respect to
+ this shift.
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