* Nominative: used for the subject of the verb.
* Accusative: used for the object of transitive verbs.
-* Vocative: used for a party directly addressed by the speaker.
+* Vocative: used for a party directly addressed by the speaker.
* Dative: used for the recipient or beneficiary of an action.
* Prepositional: used for the complement of most prepositions, although
some prepositions require or allow other cases.
Both participles receive the normal affixes for number, gender, and
case agreement.
+### Numerals
+
+Numerals attach to and modify nouns, but unlike adjectives are not
+inflected for agreement.
+For this reason they must immediately follow the modified noun.
+
+The numerals are arranged rather regularly on a vigesimal basis:
+
+* Numbers one to twenty have their own words, although the words for
+ 11 through 19 are likely related to a combination of "b-t-r"
+ (measurement, leg) and the first nine numbers.
+* Multiples of twenty are expressed as, for example, "fesso dōdekʷ"
+ ('40', literally 'twenty in-two').
+* Numbers between two multiplies of twenty are expressed by
+ constructions such as "dekʷkokŋ" ('22', 'two-and twenty').
+* Similar units exist for 400 "síkʲo" (20 times 20), and 8000 "dóho",
+ (20 times 20 times 20).
+ Multiples are formed just as with multiples of twenty.
+ 400s follow 20s and 8000s follow 400s, with the connecting "kokŋ"
+ ('and') always attaching to the unit rather than the multiple, as for
+ example: "tʰonkokŋ fessokokŋ dōtʰon síkʲokokŋ dōdekʷ dóho" ('8863',
+ literally '3-and 20-and in-3 400-and in-2 8000').
+
+The larger units are sometimes used more vaguely, with "síkʲo" 400
+having a meaning akin to 'many', and "dóho" 8000 being used to refer to
+'everything' or 'more than can be counted'.
+
+Ordinal numbers can be formed by using the prepositionalclitic "dō-"
+('of') at the start of the number: "dōhekʷkokŋ fesso" for 21st.
+
+Here are the numbers one-to-twenty:
+
+* "hekʷ" one
+* "dekʷ" two
+* "tʰon" three
+* "hētér" four
+* "pēfe" five
+* "hēgʲi" six
+* "hēdol" seven
+* "hot" eight
+* "nemígʲi" nine
+* "dehegʲi" ten
+* "betrikʷ" eleven
+* "betdor" twelve
+* "botʰren" thirteen
+* "bētetŕ" fourteen
+* "bēptefr" fifteen
+* "bētgʲr" sixteen
+* "bētdelr" seventeen
+* "botr" eighteen
+* "bmgʲér" nineteen
+* "fesso" twenty
+
+And the units for larger numbers:
+
+* "síkʲo" 400
+* "dóho" 8000
+
## Derivational morphology
The derivational morphology of Midêkʰ is based around the combination
As a summary of word order concerns:
-* Adjectives always follow the noun, but demonstratives and numerals
- precede it (demonstratives preceding numerals when both are present)
+* Adjectives usually follow the noun but may be placed elsewhere as
+ they can be correlated with the right noun due to agreement.
+ Demonstratives must immediately precede and numerals must immediately
+ follow the noun when present.
* Relative clauses follow the noun.
* Prepositions
-* Typically subject-verb-object, but it may vary
+* Typically subject-verb-object, but it may vary.
* The question particle begins the sentence
* Questions do not alter sentence order
* Conditional sentences typically places the condition before the
adjective being compared, an analogue to "than", then the standard
against which the comparison is being made)
+### Prepositions
+
+Prepositions are placed before a noun or noun phrase to express various
+relationships or to confer semantic roles on their objects.
+
+Each preposition consists of a word ending in a consonant (often
+monosyllabic).
+Most prepositions also have a clitic form which is formed by dropping
+the final consonant and lenghtening the preceding vowel and which can
+be prefixed to its object.
+Cliticized prepositions can be used with objects other than noun
+phrases for various purposes.
+
+Here are some of the prepositions in Midêkʰ with their meanings and
+appropriate cases:
+
+* dol/dō-: PREP in, within; DAT
+* fin/fī-: as; measuring
+* sen/sē-: of, belonging to
+
+### Conjunctions
+
+Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses in various
+ways.
+
+As with prepositions, conjunctions often have a clitic form.
+Unlike prepositions, clitic conjunctions are suffixes and are not
+predictable in form.
+
+The conjunctions of Midêkʰ include:
+
+* koko/-kokŋ: and, also
+
## Semantics and Pragmatics
TKTK
## Examples
+Rinna's first example text will be what would translate to the English text below, but first fae needs a lottt of words and probably some more syntax to figure out.
+
+> In the thirteenth year of Cat-King General-of-Horses, a heron-fighter appeared who called herself Sent-by-Dawn. She said that General-of-Horses stole from the sacrifices and offended the gods. Sent-by-Dawn gathered a great army of the people and overthrew the evil king. The people clamored for her to rule them, and she declined, but for three days they surrounded her tent and clamored for her to rule them. After three days without peace or slumber, Sent-by-Dawn emerged from her tent and again the people clamored for her to rule them. Finally she took up the crown, and led the sacrifices and stole nothing from the gods. That was how the first year of Heron-Queen Sent-by-Dawn began.
+
TKTK
## Lexicon
Lists here are sorted using roughly the collation order of English.
+Accented and long vowels are in the same position as the
+unaccented/short analogues.
+/ŋ/ follows /n/.
+Aspirated consonants follow the non-aspirated analog.
+For the velar consonants, the plain version comes first, followed by
+the palatized, and finally the labialized.
### Roots
+* b-t-r: length, measurement, (leg)
* m-d-kʰ: language
* p-s-ŋ: liquid/water
### Word stems
-Format: stem (root): part of speech. gloss (notes).
+Format: stem (root, if any): part of speech. gloss (notes).
Parts of speech: **n**oun (**m**asculine, **f**eminine, **n**euter,
**v**arying by referent), **v**erb (**t**ransitive, **i**ntransitive,
-**d**itransitive, **4**th form), **adj**ective.
+**d**itransitive, **4**th form), **adj**ective, **num**eral,
+**prep**osition, **conjunction**.
+
Verbs are listed with the present stem separated from the past stem by
a slash, but collated according the present stem.
+* bémter/bemtēré (b-t-r): vi. to have a measurement (the measurement is
+ indicated using the preposition fin)
+* béntir/betrín (b-t-r): vi. to measure, especially to measure a
+ distance by walking it carefully (the thing measured is indicated
+ using the preposition dol and the dative case)
+* bēptefr: num. fifteen
+* bētdelr: num. seventeen
+* bētetŕ: num. fourteen
+* betdor: num. twelve
+* bētgʲr: num. sixteen
+* bétri/betír (b-t-r): vi. to walk
+* betrikʷ: num. eleven
+* bétrit/tebétir (b-t-r): vi. to pace back and forth, to patrol
+* bitésre (b-t-r): nm. notch, marking (as the markings on a ruler)
+* bitêr (b-t-r): nm. leg; pace (a unit of length)
+* bītmór (b-t-r): nn. a measurement.
+* bitré (b-t-r): nf.sg. measurement, distance, length
+* bītré (b-t-r): nn. a step
+* bîtren (b-t-r): nn. an act of measuring
+* bītrís (b-t-r): nf. a pacing, a round of a patrol path
+* botisró (b-t-r): adj. pacing, patrolling (emphasizing the repetition
+ in time)
+* botnór (b-t-r): adj. measured
+* bótohir (b-t-r): adj. measuring with a ruler or other instrument
+ (this carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
+ magnitude)
+* botór (b-t-r): adj. walked through
+* bótro (b-t-r): adj. walking
+* bótron (b-t-r): adj. measuring
+* bótsir (b-t-r): adj. pacing, patrolling (emphasizing the repetition
+ in space)
+* botʰren: num. thirteen
+* bmgʲér: num. nineteen
+* botr: num. eighteen
+* dehegʲi: num. ten
+* dekʷ: num. two
+* dóho: num. 8000
+* dol: prep. in, within (takes prepositional case); through (takes
+ dative case)
+* febéter/fíbetēr (b-t-r): vi. to be clearly defined or bounded (rarely
+ used transitively to mean the subject is defined or has its
+ boundaries defined by the object)
* femédekʰ/fímedēkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be or become sapient, to be
capable of language
* fepéseŋ/fípesēŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. to be variable or flexible, to change
+* fesso: num. twenty
+* fibītrí (b-t-r): nm. a definition or act of defining, a boundary or
+ act of specifying boundaries
* fimīdkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nm. sapience
+* fin: prep. as; measuring (used with the verb bémter/bemtēré to
+ indicate the measurement of the subject of the verb)
* fipīsŋí (p-s-ŋ): nm. mutability, variability, change
+* fobótro (b-t-r): adj. clearly defined, bounded, finite in extent
+* fobotór (b-t-r): adj. indefinable, unbounded, infinite
* fomódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. sapient, capable of language
* fopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. variable, flexible, changing
* fomodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. non-sapient, incapable of language, mindless
* foposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. static, rigid, unmoving
+* hebītér (b-t-r): nm.ean act of measuring with a ruler or other
+ instrument, a measurement taken with a ruler or other instrument
+ (this carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
+ magnitude)
+* hêbitor (b-t-r): nv. walker, runner (specifically referring to a
+ person who travels a long distance on foot)
+* hebotró (b-t-r): adj. measured with a ruler or other instrument (this
+ carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
+ magnitude)
+* hēdol: num. seven
+* hēgʲi: num. six
+* hekʷ: num. one
* hemīdékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. dictation, decree, declaration
* hêmidokʰ (m-d-kʰ): nv. orator, author, sage
* hepīséŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. pouring, a pour, a cupful
* hêpisoŋ (p-s-ŋ): nv. cupbearer
+* hētér: num. four
+* hibitrí (b-t-r): nf. toe; digit (a unit of length)
* himidkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nf. word
* hipisŋí (p-s-ŋ): nf. pond, lake
* hemodkʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. being dictated to, subservient,
- representative of
+ representative of
* heposŋó (p-s-ŋ): adj. being poured into, filled
+* hōbetró/hōbétoro (b-t-r): vt. to measure with a ruler or other
+ instrument (this carries an implication of both precision and small
+ absolute magnitude)
* hōmedkʰó/hōmédokʰo (m-d-kʰ): vt/vd. to dictate, to cause to say or
write
* hōpesŋó/hōpésoŋo (p-s-ŋ): vt/vd. to pour (trans.); to pour onto/into
(ditrans.)
+* hot: num. eight
+* -kokŋ/koko: conj. and, also
* médkʰi/medíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. speak, say, utter
* médkʰit/temédikʰ (m-d-kʰ): v4. to converse or correspond
* mémdekʰ/memdēkʰé (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be noisy, to make noise
* méndikʰ/medkʰín (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. write
-* midêkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. the Midêkʰ language
+* mibítro (b-t-r): nn. yardstick, ruler
+* midêkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. the Midêkʰ language
* midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nf. command, order
* midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nm. conversation, dialogue (this can refer to a
spoken conversation or a written dialogue)
* mipísŋo (p-s-ŋ): nn. canal
* mīdkʰé (m-d-kʰ): nn. utterance, speech, act of speaking
* mîdkʰen (m-d-kʰ): nn. text, act of writing
+* mobotór (b-t-r): adj. having not been measured
+* mobótro (b-t-r): adj. having been measured
* módkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. speaking, vocal
* módkʰon (m-d-kʰ): adj. literate, writing
* modiskʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. comprehending, listening
* momodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. quiet, noiseless, silent
* mopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. melted, liquid, wet
* moposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. dry
+* nemígʲi: num. nine
+* nobitér (b-t-r): nf. long journey on foot
* nomidékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. message, letter
+* ŋôbitro (b-t-r): nm. heel, sole of foot
* ŋômidkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nm. nonsense, pathetic request
* nôpisŋo (p-s-ŋ): nm. urine
+* pēfe: num. five
* pémseŋ/pemsēŋé (p-s-ŋ): vi. to become liquid, to melt, to be or
become wet
* pénsiŋ/pesŋín (p-s-ŋ): vi/vt. pool (intr.); cover in liquid, flood,
* pésŋi/pesíŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. flow
* pésŋit/tepésiŋ (p-s-ŋ): v4. to rise and fall over time (as tides or
water level in a lake or river)
-* pisêŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. water
+* pisêŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. water
* pisésŋe (p-s-ŋ): nm. flood
* pīsmóŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. melting
* pisŋé (p-s-ŋ): nf.sg. liquids (the state of matter, and the science
* pósohiŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. pouring (the one pouring a fluid), being
poured, raining
* posóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. watered (as e.g. plants, soil), irrigated
+* sen: prep. of, belonging to
+* síkʲo: num. 400
* simídekʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. language, script
* sipíseŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. mouthful (esp. of liquids)
+* sobítir (b-t-r): nn. a far away place
* somídikʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. TKTK (some sort of language place)
* sopísiŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. body of water or other liquid, esp. an ocean
* tepisŋó (p-s-ŋ): nm. blood
+* tobitír (b-t-r): nn. foot, paw; foot (a unit of length)
* tōmidíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. sentence
* tōpisíŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. cup, waterskin, jug
+* tʰon: num. three
Lady’s Gitweb / Wiki / commitdiff