3 This is one of several conlanguages [][@:Rinna] is working on for an
4 eventual Dark Dungeons X (BECMI D&D retroclone) setting.
6 Some useful (HTML-and-JS) tools for working with Midêkʰ words may be
8 ](https://ekiru.github.io/conlang-tools/midekh/){title="Midêkʰ tools"}
10 rinna uses the token "TKTK" to mark places where more stuff is needed
13 a minimal map of the world in question is below for a bit of context.
14 it is also necessary to know that all or most sentient creatures in the
15 setting are anthropomorphic animals, but that the corresponding
16 ordinary animals also exist but are considered non-sentient.
18 ![map of an as-yet unnamed world, with three contents and a few
19 islands](https://lyssa-rpg-docs.neocities.org/media/blorb-world-map-minimal.png){width=600}
21 Rinna has the following goals for Midêkʰ:
23 * it will serve as a proto-language for a number of languages spoken
24 along the west coast and within the temperate interior (mostly the
25 30°-45° zone) of the southeastern continent, possibly plus some
26 further-flung offshoots.
27 * fae wants to build it around a system of biliteral or triliteral
28 consonantal roots (as in Afro-Asiatic languages such as Tamazight,
29 Egyptian, Amharic, Hebrew, Akkadian, etc.)
30 * fae is inclined to include few vowel qualities, but with some
31 additional complication such as pitch accent, vowel length, or
32 extensive use of diphthongs that may develop into a more extensive
33 vowel system in daughter languages.
34 * it should not be too difficult to pronounce for the native US
35 English and Rioplatense Spanish speakers likely to play in the
36 setting, particularly since the most likely places for faese games
37 to start out will have this language prominent.
38 but some such difficulties can be resolved in daughter languages via
40 * the proto-language and descendant languages will mostly but perhaps
41 not exclusively be used for names (of people/places/texts/etc.)
45 To help with approachability for English/Spanish speakers, [][@:Rinna]
46 opted to draw inspiration from
47 [Wikipedia's account of Proto-Indo-European phonology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology#Vowels){title="Wikipedia on reconstructed PIE phonology"}.
51 | | labial | coronal | p.velar | velar | l.velar | glottal |
52 |-----------|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-----:|:-------:|:-------:|
53 | nasal | m | n | | ŋ | | |
54 | voiceless | p | t | kʲ | k | kʷ | |
55 | voiced | b | d | gʲ | g | gʷ | |
56 | aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʲʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | |
57 | fricative | f | s | | | | h |
58 | liquid | | r l | | | | |
61 The language featured three series of stops: voiceless, voiced, and
62 aspirated (voicing was not phonemic in aspirated consonants).
63 Each of these series included a labial stop, a coronal (dental or
64 alveolar) stop, and three variants of a velar stop: a plain variant, a
65 palatalized variant, and a labialized variant.
67 There were three fricatives: a (bi)labial fricative, a coronal
68 fricative, and a glottal fricative.
70 There were three nasal stops: labial, coronal, and velar.
71 There were two coronal approximants: rhotic and lateral.
72 Both the nasals and the approximants could be used as syllable nuclei.
74 There were three vowels: `*e` (mid front), `*o` (mid back), and `*i`
76 Each vowel could be pronounced long or short, which was phonemic.
77 Long vowels are transcribed with a macron.
79 One syllable in each multisyllabic word was emphasized, likely with a
80 raised pitch (marked with an acute accent on the vowel).
81 Long vowels of accented syllables are marked with a circumflex for
84 A syllable begins with a consonant followed by either a vowel, a nasal,
85 or an approximant as a nucleus.
86 A syllable with a short vowel can additionally have a final consonant.
90 Most content words are derived from a "root" (TKTK) consisting of two
91 to four (but usually three) consonants, which are combined with a
92 particular template (TKTK) of surrounding and intervening sounds
93 (mostly vowels) to form a particular word.
94 Roots will be represented with their consonants separated by hyphens,
95 for example: `m-d-kʰ` (which is the root for language).
96 Templates can include any vowel but only certain consonants: nasal
97 stops (n m ŋ), the coronal and glottal fricatives (s h), and the
98 voiceless coronal stop (t).
102 Unlike nouns and verbs, adjective are not derived from using a
103 combination of root and template, with the exception of the active and
104 passive participles of verbs.
105 Some adjectives are fixed words, but most are the result of affixation
108 Adjectives are marked for number, gender, and case to match the noun
113 Nouns are marked for number (singular and plural) and case using a
114 prefix for case and a suffix for number.
115 Each noun also has a gender: either masculine, feminine, or neuter.
117 The cases present in the language were:
119 * Nominative: used for the subject of the verb.
120 * Accusative: used for the object of transitive verbs.
121 * Vocative: used for a party directly addressed by the speaker.
122 * Dative: used for the recipient or beneficiary of an action.
123 * Prepositional: used for the complement of most prepositions, although
124 some prepositions require or allow other cases.
128 Verbs are inflected for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number.
129 Person is first, second, and third.
130 Number is either singular or plural.
132 There are two tenses, which reflect the time at which the action
135 * Non-past: used for events happening now, in the future, in the
136 immediate past, or at an uncertain time.
137 * Past: used for events that started in the past, but not the immediate
140 There are three aspects, although the continuous and habitual are only
141 distinguished in the indicative mood:
143 * Continuous: used to describe an ongoing process.
144 * Habitual: used to describe a recurring or cyclical activity.
145 * Perfective: used to describe an action as a single unit.
147 There are three moods:
149 * Indicative: used for statements of facts.
150 * Optative: used for wishes and hopes, conditional events, and some
152 * Subjunctive: used for hypothetical events, future events, and more
155 Issues such as questions and the active or passive voice are marked
156 elsewhere in a sentence.
158 There are three special forms of each verb:
160 * The verbal noun, which functions as a noun and can represent the act
161 of the verb occuring or a object related to the activity described by
163 The gender of a verbal noun is determined by the verb's conjugation
164 group, but they receive affixes for number and case normally.
165 * The active participle, which functions as an adjective or adverb and
166 indicates that the modified word is related to the subject of the
168 * The passive participle, which functions as an adjective or adverb and
169 indicates that the modified word is related to the verb's object.
171 Both participles receive the normal affixes for number, gender, and
174 ## Derivational morphology
176 The derivational morphology of Midêkʰ is based around the combination
177 of a root with a template to form a stem (TKTK).
178 These stems are further modified by infection to arrive at final word
181 This section and the following one on inflectional morphology will
182 represent roots using their consonants separated by hyphens: e.g.
183 m-d-kʰ, p-ŋ-r, h-s-t.
184 Groups of roots sharing only certain components will be represented
185 with a question mark `?` for any unspecified consonants: p-?-r would
186 include p-ŋ-r, p-k-r, p-s-r, etc.
187 Templates will be written with their surrounding and intervening sounds
188 and with the position of each root consonant represented by a plus
189 sign, for example: `+i+ē+`.
190 Groups of templates sharing certain components will be represented
191 using a question mark for any unspecified template positions: for
192 example, `?+i+?+?` represents all noun templates (which all place a
193 short /i/ between the first two consonants).
195 This section and the following will primarily use the root `m-d-kʰ` as
196 an example to express how roots are combined with templates to form
199 ### Derivation of noun stems
201 All noun templates place /i/ between the first two consonants of the
202 root, other than the verbal noun patterns which place /ī/ there, a long
204 These are summarized below, with more details below:
206 | pattern | description | m-d-kʰ | gender | english gloss |
207 |---------|--------------|----------|--------|--------------------------|
208 | +i++é | abstraction | midkʰé | f | linguistics/all language |
209 | +i+ê+ | prototype | midêkʰ | varies | the Midêkʰ language |
210 | so+í+i+ | place | somídikʰ | n | TKTK |
211 | mi+í++o | instrument | mimídkʰo | n | pen, stylus |
212 | +i+és+e | emphasis | midéskʰe | m/f | conversation/command |
213 | hê+i+o+ | personal | hêmidokʰ | m/f | orator, author, sage |
214 | hi+i++í | diminutive | himidkʰí | f | word |
215 | ŋô+i++o | derogative | ŋômidkʰo | m | nonsense, pleading |
217 * The noun of abstraction represents the abstract category of the root,
218 both the set of all of the things (or at least a particular type of
219 thing) encompassed by the root, the idealized concept of the root,
220 and sometimes the academic, artistic, or other sort of field related
222 The noun of abstraction is not normally used in the plural, but this
223 may have occasionally happened in poetic language to refer to many or
224 all things belonging to the category.
225 * The prototype noun represents the prototypical object related to a
227 For some roots, the prototype refers to a specific thing (as "Midêkʰ"
228 for the language) as a proper noun, in which case it cannot be used
229 in the plural and it has feminine gender.
230 In other cases, it refers to a typical type of object related to the
231 root (e.g. p-s-ŋ 'liquid' has the prototype pisêŋ 'water'), in which
232 case the noun may be used in the plural and has neuter gender if it
233 refers to a mindless animal and masculine gender otherwise.
234 * Nouns of place refer to a place associated with the root.
235 * Nouns of instrument refer to a tool used in performing actions
236 associated with the root.
237 * Nouns of emphasis refer to a repetition or intense form of an action
239 They are usually masculine, but in some cases a root gives rise to
240 two nouns of emphasis with identical form but with one masculine and
242 When this occurs, typically the feminine noun relates to intense
243 action and the masculine noun relates to repeated action.
244 * The personal noun refers to a type of person associated with the
246 The noun is gendered according to the individual being referred to.
247 When not referring to a particular individual of known gender, the
248 word is typically masculine except when the meaning of the word was
249 strongly associated with women.
250 * Diminutives refer to something small or dear related to the root.
251 * Derogative nouns refer to something disapproved of related to the
253 * There are also several "common noun" patterns which can give rise to
254 various nouns associated with the root without specific semantic
255 implications from the pattern.
256 Each root only is used with a subset of the common noun patterns.
257 Some patterns for common nouns (with the resulting noun's gender in
258 brackets) include "+í+o+" (f), "to+i+í+" (n), "te+i++ó" (m),
259 "no+i+é+" (f), "si+í+e+" (m).
260 * Finally there are verbal noun patterns that are treated below.
262 ### Derivation of verb stems
264 Verbs are similarly formed by combining a semantic root with one of
266 Unlike nouns, the patterns for verbs are grouped into several "forms",
267 each form consisting of several patterns for different uses of a verb.
268 The application of the patterns of a form to a given root are
269 considered different variations of the same verb.
271 Verb forms will be distinguished using a number (e.g. 1st form, 2nd
273 Each form has patterns for the non-past tense stem, the past tense
274 stem, the verbal noun, the active participle, and the passive
276 The verb stems must then be inflected for aspect, mood, aspect, number,
277 and person to be used.
279 The patterns for each verb form are indicated in the following table,
280 with information about typical semantics and other properties of the
281 forms described after the table.
283 | Form | non-past | past | verbal noun | active part. | passive part. |
284 |------|----------|----------|-------------|--------------|---------------|
285 | 1st | +é++i | +e+í+ | +ī++é | +ó++o | +o+ó+ |
286 | 2nd | +én+i+ | +e++ín | +î++en | +ó++on | +o+nó+ |
287 | 3rd | hō+e++ó | hō+é+o+o | he+ī+é+ | +ó+ohi+ | he+o++ó |
288 | 4th | +é++it | te+é+i+ | +ī++ís | +ó+si+o | +o+is+ó |
289 | 5th | fe+é+e+ | fí+e+ē+ | fi+ī++í | fo+ó++o | fo+o+ó+ |
290 | 6th | +ém+e+ | +em+ē+é | +ī+mó+ | mo+o+ó+ | mo+ó++o |
292 * The 1st form refers to the action seen as most directly connected
293 with the meaning of the root.
294 They may be either transitive or intransitive depending on the
295 meaning of the verb, although ditransitive 1st form verbs are rare.
296 The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
297 * The 2nd form typically has a meaning related to some action with a
298 lasting effect or impact, although in some cases it is instead an
299 emphatic or more intense version of the root's 1st-form verb.
300 They may be either transitive or intransitive.
301 The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
302 * The 3rd form often functions as a causative, representing a
303 ditransitive form of a transitive 1st or 2nd form verb, or a
304 transitive form of an intransitive 1st or 2nd form verb.
305 When the 3rd form is a causative, it usually serves as causative for
306 both the 1st and 2nd form, not just one of them.
307 Even when not causative in meaning, the 3rd form is always transitive
309 The verbal noun is of masculine gender.
310 The active participle of ditransitive 3rd form verbs often relates to
311 either or both of the agent and patient of the action, with the
312 passive participle relating solely to the recipient or benefactor.
313 * The 4th form often refers to a reciprocal or repeated action related
315 4th form verbs interact atypically with the case system: when they
316 have reciprocal meaning, all parties typically take the nominative
317 case, although for emphasis a single participant can be treated as
318 the subject while a preposition is used to identify other
320 if the verb can ever have reciprocal meaning, it never takes an
322 even when the particular verb cannot have reciprocal meaning, any
323 patient of the described action must be marked for the dative case.
324 The verbal noun is of feminine gender.
325 The active and passive participles are generally used to refer to
326 different aspects of the subject(s), often but not always using the
327 active participle for a more agentive aspect of the action.
328 * The 5th form often has a meaning related to either capability of
329 performing some action or the acquisition or possession of a
330 non-physical quality (capability of action perhaps being considered a
331 non-physical quality);
332 in some cases the verb may be used for both meanings.
333 5th form verbs are only transitive when used to indicate capability.
334 The verbal noun is of masculine gender.
335 The passive participle of 5th form verbs is usually used as a sort of
336 negative: it indicates that something does not have the quality or
337 cannot perform the action.
338 * The 6th form often has a meaning related to either resulting from an
339 action or having or gaining some physical quality, such as colour or
341 As with the 5th form, many of these verbs may be used for both meanings.
342 6th form verbs are never transitive.
343 The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
344 The active participle of 6th form verbs, similar to the passive
345 participle of 5th form verbs, usually serves as a negative: it
346 indicates that something does not result from the action or does not
349 ### Derivation of adjectives
351 As noted above, adjectives are not derived via the combination of a
352 root and pattern (other than the participles of verbs).
353 Instead most of them arise from affixation of existing words.
355 Some of these derivational affixes are listed below:
357 * The prefix "lo-" forms the "relational" adjective from a noun, which
358 indicates that the modified noun is in some fashion related to the
360 * The prefix "tr-" negates an adjective.
361 * The suffixes "-kor" and "-kel" produce comparative forms of an
362 adjective, with "-kor" indicating more and "-kel" less.
366 ## Inflectional morphology
368 ### Noun and adjective inflection
370 Nouns receive a prefix for case and a suffix for number.
371 Each gender uses a separate set of case prefixes.
372 Adjectives use the same set of number suffixes, and they use the same
373 case markers as neuter nouns when modifying a neuter noun.
374 Adjectives modifying masculine or feminine nouns use slightly different
375 case markers from those used by the noun.
377 Here are the case prefixes:
379 | case | m.noun | m.adj. | f.noun | f.adj. | neuter |
380 |---------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
381 | nominative | - | - | gr- | gi- | pl- |
382 | accusative | de- | de- | ge- | ke- | po- |
383 | vocative | tʰo- | to- | kʰo- | ko- | pl- |
384 | dative | te- | ti- | gn- | go- | bo- |
385 | prepositional | dē- | dē- | kī- | kī- | pō- |
387 And the number suffixes, which differ depending on whether the stem
388 ends in a vowel or a consonant:
390 | number | after vowel | after consonant |
391 |----------|-------------|-----------------|
392 | singular | -k | - |
393 | plural | -hi | -i |
397 Verb stems produced by derivation are inflected for aspect, mood,
399 One affix marks aspect and mood, a prefix marks person, and a suffix
400 marks number, with aspect-mood applied before person and number (such
401 that an aspect-mood prefix follows the person prefix and an aspect-mood
402 suffix precedes the number prefix).
403 The verb agrees in person and number with the syntactic subject (the
404 noun or pronoun in the nominative case).
406 The indicative mood uses a prefix for aspect-mood in the continuous
407 aspect, a suffix in the habitual aspect, and the plain stem in the
409 The indicative habitual suffix is identical to the continuous prefix.
410 In contrast, the optative and subjunctive moods uniformly use suffixes
411 for aspect-mood and do not distinguish the continuous and habitual
413 All of these aspect-mood aspects are indicated in the table below (with
414 the hyphen marking where the stem is attached):
416 | mood | continuous | habitual | perfective |
417 |-------------|------------|----------|------------|
418 | indicative | bi- | -bi | - |
419 | optative | -r | -r | -n |
420 | subjunctive | -l | -l | -m |
422 The number suffixes for verbs differ depending on whether they follow a
423 vowel or a consonant, and are listed in the table below:
425 | number | after vowel | after consonant |
426 |----------|-------------|-----------------|
427 | singular | -g | - |
428 | plural | -hē | -ē |
430 The person suffixes are invariant and are listed in the table below:
438 As an example, here are a few inflections of the 2nd-form non-past
439 stem "méndikʰ" (write):
441 * biméndikʰē: they are writing (indicative non-past continuous
443 * tmbiméndikʰ: you(sg.) are writing (indicative non-past continuous
445 * kʰoméndikʰnē: we write (indicative non-past perfective 1st-person plural)
449 As a summary of word order concerns:
451 * Adjectives always follow the noun, but demonstratives and numerals
452 precede it (demonstratives preceding numerals when both are present)
453 * Relative clauses follow the noun.
455 * Typically subject-verb-object, but it may vary
456 * The question particle begins the sentence
457 * Questions do not alter sentence order
458 * Conditional sentences typically places the condition before the
460 * Comparisons are of the form adjective-marker-standard (i.e. the
461 adjective being compared, an analogue to "than", then the standard
462 against which the comparison is being made)
464 ## Semantics and Pragmatics
478 Lists here are sorted using roughly the collation order of English.
483 * p-s-ŋ: liquid/water
489 Format: stem (root): part of speech. gloss (notes).
491 Parts of speech: **n**oun (**m**asculine, **f**eminine, **n**euter,
492 **v**arying by referent), **v**erb (**t**ransitive, **i**ntransitive,
493 **d**itransitive, **4**th form), **adj**ective.
494 Verbs are listed with the present stem separated from the past stem by
495 a slash, but collated according the present stem.
497 * femédekʰ/fímedēkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be or become sapient, to be
499 * fepéseŋ/fípesēŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. to be variable or flexible, to change
500 * fimīdkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nm. sapience
501 * fipīsŋí (p-s-ŋ): nm. mutability, variability, change
502 * fomódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. sapient, capable of language
503 * fopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. variable, flexible, changing
504 * fomodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. non-sapient, incapable of language, mindless
505 * foposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. static, rigid, unmoving
506 * hemīdékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. dictation, decree, declaration
507 * hêmidokʰ (m-d-kʰ): nv. orator, author, sage
508 * hepīséŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. pouring, a pour, a cupful
509 * hêpisoŋ (p-s-ŋ): nv. cupbearer
510 * himidkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nf. word
511 * hipisŋí (p-s-ŋ): nf. pond, lake
512 * hemodkʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. being dictated to, subservient,
514 * heposŋó (p-s-ŋ): adj. being poured into, filled
515 * hōmedkʰó/hōmédokʰo (m-d-kʰ): vt/vd. to dictate, to cause to say or
517 * hōpesŋó/hōpésoŋo (p-s-ŋ): vt/vd. to pour (trans.); to pour onto/into
519 * médkʰi/medíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. speak, say, utter
520 * médkʰit/temédikʰ (m-d-kʰ): v4. to converse or correspond
521 * mémdekʰ/memdēkʰé (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be noisy, to make noise
522 * méndikʰ/medkʰín (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. write
523 * midêkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. the Midêkʰ language
524 * midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nf. command, order
525 * midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nm. conversation, dialogue (this can refer to a
526 spoken conversation or a written dialogue)
527 * midkʰé (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. linguistics, language in general
528 * mīdkʰís (m-d-kʰ): nf. act of conversing or corresponding (in the
529 singular it normally refers to one utterance or letter and its
530 response; in the plural it can refer to an entire conversation or the
531 entire correspondence between two or more people)
532 * mīdmókʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. noise, sound
533 * mídokʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. book, scroll
534 * mimídkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nn. pen, stylus, other writing instrument
535 * mipísŋo (p-s-ŋ): nn. canal
536 * mīdkʰé (m-d-kʰ): nn. utterance, speech, act of speaking
537 * mîdkʰen (m-d-kʰ): nn. text, act of writing
538 * módkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. speaking, vocal
539 * módkʰon (m-d-kʰ): adj. literate, writing
540 * modiskʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. comprehending, listening
541 * modnókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. written, textual, literary
542 * módohikʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. dictating, imperious, acting indirectly
543 * modókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. spoken, verbal, oral
544 * módsikʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. communicating, expressive
545 * momódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. noisy, loud
546 * momodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. quiet, noiseless, silent
547 * mopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. melted, liquid, wet
548 * moposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. dry
549 * nomidékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. message, letter
550 * ŋômidkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nm. nonsense, pathetic request
551 * nôpisŋo (p-s-ŋ): nm. urine
552 * pémseŋ/pemsēŋé (p-s-ŋ): vi. to become liquid, to melt, to be or
554 * pénsiŋ/pesŋín (p-s-ŋ): vi/vt. pool (intr.); cover in liquid, flood,
556 * pésŋi/pesíŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. flow
557 * pésŋit/tepésiŋ (p-s-ŋ): v4. to rise and fall over time (as tides or
558 water level in a lake or river)
559 * pisêŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. water
560 * pisésŋe (p-s-ŋ): nm. flood
561 * pīsmóŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. melting
562 * pisŋé (p-s-ŋ): nf.sg. liquids (the state of matter, and the science
564 * pīsŋé (p-s-ŋ): nn. act of flowing
565 * pîsŋen (p-s-ŋ): nn. pool, puddle, act of pooling
566 * pīsŋís (p-s-ŋ): nf. tide, change in level (especially of a fluid)
567 * pósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. flowing, fluid
568 * pósŋon (p-s-ŋ): adj. pooling, overflowing, stagnant
569 * posnóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. submerged, flooded, overflowed
570 * pósohiŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. pouring (the one pouring a fluid), being
572 * posóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. watered (as e.g. plants, soil), irrigated
573 * simídekʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. language, script
574 * sipíseŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. mouthful (esp. of liquids)
575 * somídikʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. TKTK (some sort of language place)
576 * sopísiŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. body of water or other liquid, esp. an ocean
577 * tepisŋó (p-s-ŋ): nm. blood
578 * tōmidíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. sentence
579 * tōpisíŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. cup, waterskin, jug