]> Lady’s Gitweb - Wiki/commitdiff
Zheshoi morphology notes
authorLady <redacted>
Fri, 5 Apr 2024 03:47:14 +0000 (23:47 -0400)
committerLady <redacted>
Fri, 5 Apr 2024 03:48:52 +0000 (23:48 -0400)
Sources/Page/Languages/Zheshoi.djot

index 0e83e35fb06d464ba969d32b3fcffe779cc7a8d4..e5a84bf4569a97022e342fc87bdeb21e4c1713cc 100644 (file)
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 # Zheshoi
 
 Zheshoi (_ʒeßoı_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjx} /ʑɪɕɵɪ/) is a language in
-  the Jastu⹀Fizonal language family, derived from [][:PreZheshoi].
+  the Jastu⹀Fizonal language family, derived from
+  [][:Languages/PreZheshoi].
 
 ## phonology
 
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ The one exception is that there is no neutral vowel which is both
 |:---------|:-----:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:--------:|
 | Positive | a /æ/ | ȣ /ɔ/  | aı /aɪ/ | ȣı /ɔɪ/ | aꝛ /ɑ˞/ | ȣꝛ /ɔ˞/  |
 | Neutral  | ə /ə/ | u /u/  |  i /i/  |         | əꝛ /ʌ˞/ | uꝛ /ʊ˞/  |
-| Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/  | eı /eɪ/ | oı /ɵɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ | 
+| Negative | e /ɪ/ | o /o/  | eı /eɪ/ | oı /ɵɪ/ | eꝛ /eɚ/ | oꝛ /oʊ˞/ |
 
 In addition to the above, Zheshoi features a syllabic /ɫ̩/, which
   functions like a neutral vowel with the following restrictions: it
@@ -97,6 +98,578 @@ In addition to the above, Zheshoi features a syllabic /ɫ̩/, which
   final consonant.
 It is called “lambda”, and written _ꟛ_{as=i lang=art-Latn-x-qjz}.
 
+## morphology
+
+(This information is just copied from some documentation I found on my
+  computer and may not be entirely accurate yet.
+[][@:Lady]{.sig})
+
+### morphological word classes
+
+Zheshoi has three main categories of words which may serve as a
+  morphological stem: articles, nominals, and verbals.
+_Nominals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English nouns, and
+  _verbals_{as=dfn} correspond roughly to English verbs;
+  _articles_{as=dfn} are a somewhat unique word class whose role lies
+  somewhere between that of English articles and determiners
+  (_the_{as=i}, _a_{as=i}, <i>some</i>…) and that of a pronoun.
+In addition to these three categories of word, Zheshoi also features a
+  number of other morphemes, including inflections, determiners, and
+  adpositions.
+These morphemes are represented through affixes or clitics, attached to
+  article, nominal, or verbal stems.
+
+### article morphology
+
+#### lexical stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+  <msub>
+    <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
+    <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+  </msub>
+  <mi style=font-weight:bold><abbr title=Null>∅</abbr></mi>
+  <msub>
+    <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
+    <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+  </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+Articles are used to mark grammatical, as well as some lexical,
+  features for the associated (possibly hypothetical) nominal lexeme.
+As pro⹀forms referring to a nominal antecedent, they cannot have a
+  lexical root, and consequently their lexical stem is always null.
+
+#### derived stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+  <msub>
+    <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
+    <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+  </msub>
+  <mrow>
+    <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
+    <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+    <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
+  </mrow>
+  <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+  <mover accent=false>
+    <mrow>
+      <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+      <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+        <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+          <mtr>
+            <mtd>
+              <mi><abbr title=Numeral>NUM</abbr></mi>
+              <mo fence=false form=postfix>+</mo>
+            </mtd>
+          </mtr>
+          <mtr>
+            <mtd>
+              <mi><abbr title=Quantity>QNT</abbr></mi>
+            </mtd>
+          </mtr>
+        </mtable>
+      </mstyle>
+      <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+    </mrow>
+    <mover accent=true>
+      <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+      <mi><abbr title=Amount>AMT</abbr></mi>
+    </mover>
+  </mover>
+  <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+  <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+    <mi><abbr title=Location>LOC</abbr></mi>
+  </mstyle>
+  <msub>
+    <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
+    <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+  </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+Although articles do not have a lexical root, they do mark a number of
+  lexical properties, which can conventionally be thought of as
+  _succeeding_ the null lexical stem.
+These properties are: amount, as a numeral or quantifier, and location.
+None of these properties are required, and the inflected stem of an
+  article may be null.
+
+Numerals are not a distinct word class in Zheshoi, but are instead
+  morphologically marked on articles.
+This differs from the gramatical feature of _number_ (also marked on
+  articles, but through inflection rather than derivation), which
+  simply categorizes words as singular or plural.
+Numeral morphemes are akin to English cardinal numbers (_one_{as=i},
+  _two_{as=i}, _three_{as=i}, ⁊·c), and as these morphemes may
+  (hypothetically) be infinitely large, their structure can be quite
+  complex.
+
+#### inflected stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+  <msub>
+    <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
+    <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
+  </msub>
+  <mover accent=false>
+    <mrow>
+      <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+        <mi><abbr title=Definiteness>DEF</abbr></mi>
+      </mstyle>
+      <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+      <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+        <mi><abbr title=Plurality>PL</abbr></mi>
+      </mstyle>
+      <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+      <mover accent=false>
+        <mrow>
+          <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+          <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+            <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+              <mtr>
+                <mtd>
+                  <mi><abbr title=Negation>NEG</abbr></mi>
+                </mtd>
+              </mtr>
+              <mtr>
+                <mtd>
+                  <mi mathvariant=normal><abbr title=Interrogative>Q</abbr></mi>
+                </mtd>
+              </mtr>
+            </mtable>
+          </mstyle>
+          <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+        </mrow>
+        <mover accent=true>
+          <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+          <mi><abbr title=Irreality>IRR</abbr></mi>
+        </mover>
+      </mover>
+    </mrow>
+    <mover accent=true>
+      <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+      <mi><abbr title=Specificity>SPEC</abbr></mi>
+    </mover>
+  </mover>
+  <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+  <mrow>
+    <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
+    <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+    <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
+  </mrow>
+  <msub>
+    <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
+    <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
+  </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+The grammatical properties encoded by articles are definiteness,
+  plurality, and irreality (negation or interrogativity).
+Together, these properties define the _specificity_{as=dfn} of the
+  article.
+Although Zheshoi requires the specificity of nominals to be defined, it
+  does not require them to be marked in all cases, and the resulting
+  inflected stem may be null.
+
+### nominal morphology
+
+#### lexical stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+       <msub>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+       </msub>
+       <mi style=font-weight:bold>√ROOT</mi>
+       <msub>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+       </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+The nominal lexical stem consists of a single root.
+
+#### derived stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+       <msub>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+       </msub>
+       <mover accent=false>
+               <mrow>
+                       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+                       <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+                               <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+                                       <mtr>
+                                               <mtd>
+                                                       <mi><abbr title=Augmentative>𝐴𝑈𝐺</abbr></mi>
+                                               </mtd>
+                                       </mtr>
+                                       <mtr>
+                                               <mtd>
+                                                       <mi><abbr title=Diminutive>𝐷𝐼𝑀</abbr></mi>
+                                               </mtd>
+                                       </mtr>
+                               </mtable>
+                       </mstyle>
+                       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+               </mrow>
+               <mover accent=true>
+                       <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+                       <mi><abbr title=Intensifier>INT</abbr></mi>
+               </mover>
+       </mover>
+       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+       <mrow>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
+       </mrow>
+       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+       <mover accent=false>
+               <mrow>
+                       <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+                               <mi><abbr title=Verbalizer>VBZ</abbr></mi>
+                       </mstyle>
+                       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+                       <mover accent=false>
+                               <mrow>
+                                       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+                                       <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+                                               <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+                                                       <mtr>
+                                                               <mtd>
+                                                                       <mi><abbr title=Actor>ACT</abbr></mi>
+                                                               </mtd>
+                                                       </mtr>
+                                                       <mtr>
+                                                               <mtd>
+                                                                       <mi><abbr title=Instrument>INST</abbr></mi>
+                                                               </mtd>
+                                                       </mtr>
+                                                       <mtr>
+                                                               <mtd>
+                                                                       <mi><abbr title=Generic&#x20;nominalizer>NM</abbr></mi>
+                                                               </mtd>
+                                                       </mtr>
+                                               </mtable>
+                                       </mstyle>
+                                       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+                               </mrow>
+                               <mover accent=true>
+                                       <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+                                       <mi><abbr title=Nominalizer>NMZ</abbr></mi>
+                               </mover>
+                       </mover>
+               </mrow>
+               <mover accent=true>
+                       <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+                       <mi><abbr title=Class&#x20;change>CC</abbr></mi>
+               </mover>
+       </mover>
+       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+       <msub>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+       </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+The lexical properties which are marked on nominals include intensity,
+  as either augmentative or diminuitive, and class⹀change, through
+  verbalizers and nominalizers.
+Augmentatives and diminuitives are marked via reduplicative prefixes,
+  and so are italicized in the diagram above.
+
+Nominalization is required for lexical stems which are verbal in
+  nature; in addition, a nominal lexical stem may be verbalized and
+  then nominalized again.
+
+#### inflected stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+       <msub>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
+       </msub>
+       <mrow>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
+       </mrow>
+       <msub>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
+       </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+Nominals are not themselves inflected; instead, their associated
+  article is.
+
+### verbal morphology
+
+#### lexical stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+       <msub>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=after>[</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+       </msub>
+       <mi style=font-weight:bold>√ROOT</mi>
+       <msub>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace linebreak=badbreak linebreakstyle=before>]</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+       </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+The verbal lexical stem consists of a single root.
+
+#### derived stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+       <msub>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+       </msub>
+       <mover accent=false>
+               <mrow>
+                       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+                       <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+                               <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+                                       <mtr>
+                                               <mtd>
+                                                       <mi><abbr title=Developmental>𝐷𝐸𝑉</abbr></mi>
+                                               </mtd>
+                                       </mtr>
+                                       <mtr>
+                                               <mtd>
+                                                       <mi><abbr title=Habitual>𝐻𝐴𝐵</abbr></mi>
+                                               </mtd>
+                                       </mtr>
+                               </mtable>
+                       </mstyle>
+                       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+               </mrow>
+               <mover accent=true>
+                       <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+                       <msub>
+                               <mi><abbr title=Aspect>ASP</abbr></mi>
+                               <mn>1</mn>
+                       </msub>
+               </mover>
+       </mover>
+       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+       <mrow>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Lexical&#x20;stem>𝗟𝗦</abbr></mi>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
+       </mrow>
+       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+       <mover accent=false>
+               <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+                       <mi><abbr title=Out&#x2010;of&#x2010;control>OOC</abbr></mi>
+               </mstyle>
+               <mover accent=true>
+                       <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+                       <mi><abbr title=Control>CTR</abbr></mi>
+               </mover>
+       </mover>
+       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+       <mover accent=false>
+               <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+                       <mi><abbr title=Perfective>PFV</abbr></mi>
+               </mstyle>
+               <mover accent=true>
+                       <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+                       <msub>
+                               <mi><abbr title=Aspect>ASP</abbr></mi>
+                               <mn>2</mn>
+                       </msub>
+               </mover>
+       </mover>
+       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+       <msub>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+       </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+Verbals may be lexically marked for aspect and control.
+(This analysis of aspect as “lexical”, and not “grammatical”, is a
+  morphological argument, not a syntactic one.)
+The marking of aspect is split between a possible reduplicative prefix
+  (indicating habitual or “developmental” aspects) and a possible
+  perfective suffix.
+
+#### inflected stem
+
+```=html
+<math display=block overflow=scale>
+       <msub>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=mediummathspace>[</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
+       </msub>
+       <mover accent=false>
+               <mover accent=false>
+                       <mrow>
+                               <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+                                       <mi><abbr title=Negation>NEG</abbr></mi>
+                               </mstyle>
+                               <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+                               <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+                                       <mi><abbr title=Deontic>DEO</abbr></mi>
+                               </mstyle>
+                       </mrow>
+                       <mover accent=true>
+                               <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+                               <mi><abbr title=Irreality>IRR</abbr></mi>
+                       </mover>
+               </mover>
+               <mover accent=true>
+                       <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+                       <msub>
+                               <mi><abbr title=Mood>MOD</abbr></mi>
+                               <mn>1</mn>
+                       </msub>
+               </mover>
+       </mover>
+       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+       <mrow>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false rspace=verythinmathspace>[</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Derived&#x20;stem>𝗗𝗦</abbr></mi>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=verythinmathspace>]</mo>
+       </mrow>
+       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+       <mover accent=false>
+               <mrow>
+                       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+                       <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+                               <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+                                       <mtr>
+                                               <mtd>
+                                                       <mi><abbr title=Future>FUT</abbr></mi>
+                                               </mtd>
+                                       </mtr>
+                                       <mtr>
+                                               <mtd>
+                                                       <mi><abbr title=Infinitive>INF</abbr></mi>
+                                               </mtd>
+                                       </mtr>
+                                       <mtr>
+                                               <mtd>
+                                                       <mi><abbr title=Present>PRS</abbr></mi>
+                                               </mtd>
+                                       </mtr>
+                                       <mtr>
+                                               <mtd>
+                                                       <mi><abbr title=Past>PST</abbr></mi>
+                                               </mtd>
+                                       </mtr>
+                               </mtable>
+                       </mstyle>
+                       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+               </mrow>
+               <mover accent=true>
+                       <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+                       <mi><abbr title=Tense>TNS</abbr></mi>
+               </mover>
+       </mover>
+       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+       <mover accent=false>
+               <mrow>
+                       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+                       <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+                               <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+                                       <mtr>
+                                               <mtd>
+                                                       <mi><abbr title=Definiteness>DEF</abbr></mi>
+                                               </mtd>
+                                       </mtr>
+                                       <mtr>
+                                               <mtd>
+                                                       <mi><abbr title=Honorific>HON</abbr></mi>
+                                                       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+                                                       <mi><abbr title=Plurality>PL</abbr></mi>
+                                               </mtd>
+                                       </mtr>
+                               </mtable>
+                       </mstyle>
+                       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+               </mrow>
+               <mover accent=true>
+                       <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+                       <mi><abbr title=Specificity>SPEC</abbr></mi>
+               </mover>
+       </mover>
+       <mspace width=mediummathspace />
+       <mover accent=false>
+               <mrow>
+                       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>{</mo>
+                       <mstyle scriptlevel=+1>
+                               <mtable align=baseline,1 rowspacing=0>
+                                       <mtr>
+                                               <mtd>
+                                                       <mi><abbr title=Alethic>ALE</abbr>&#x2010;<abbr title=Jussive>JUS</abbr></mi>
+                                               </mtd>
+                                       </mtr>
+                                       <mtr>
+                                               <mtd>
+                                                       <mi><abbr title=Deductive>DDUC</abbr>&#x2010;<abbr title=Hortative>HORT</abbr></mi>
+                                               </mtd>
+                                       </mtr>
+                                       <mtr>
+                                               <mtd>
+                                                       <mi><abbr title=Mirative>MIR</abbr>&#x2010;<abbr title=Interrogative>Q</abbr></mi>
+                                               </mtd>
+                                       </mtr>
+                                       <mtr>
+                                               <mtd>
+                                                       <mi><abbr title=Optative>OPT</abbr>&#x2010;<abbr title=Permissive>PERM</abbr></mi>
+                                               </mtd>
+                                       </mtr>
+                               </mtable>
+                       </mstyle>
+                       <mo fence=true stretchy=true symmetric=false>}</mo>
+               </mrow>
+               <mover accent=true>
+                       <mo stretchy=true>⏞</mo>
+                       <msub>
+                               <mi><abbr title=Mood>MOD</abbr></mi>
+                               <mn>2</mn>
+                       </msub>
+               </mover>
+       </mover>
+       <msub>
+               <mo fence=true stretchy=false lspace=mediummathspace>]</mo>
+               <mi><abbr title=Inflected&#x20;stem>𝗜𝗦</abbr></mi>
+       </msub>
+</math>
+```
+
+Zheshoi verbals are heavily inflected, marking mood, tense, and
+  specificity—the latter of which must agree with the article of the
+  verbal’s subject.
+Each modal suffix can indicate two possible moods; which is intended is
+  signalled by the presence or absence of an additional (deontic) modal
+  prefix.
+
 ## future
 
 The following are potential future directions for the language:8--:
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