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Midekh: a bit on relative clauses
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1 # Midêkʰ
2
3 This is one of several conlanguages [][@:Rinna] is working on for an
4 eventual Dark Dungeons X (BECMI D&D retroclone) setting.
5 (fae welcomes input.)
6 Some useful (HTML-and-JS) tools for working with Midêkʰ words may be
7 found [here.
8 ](https://ekiru.github.io/conlang-tools/midekh/){title="Midêkʰ tools"}
9
10 rinna uses the token "TKTK" to mark places where more stuff is needed
11 later.
12
13 a minimal map of the world in question is below for a bit of context.
14 it is also necessary to know that all or most sentient creatures in the
15 setting are anthropomorphic animals, but that the corresponding
16 ordinary animals also exist but are considered non-sentient.
17
18 ![map of an as-yet unnamed world, with three contents and a few
19 islands](https://lyssa-rpg-docs.neocities.org/media/blorb-world-map-minimal.png){width=600}
20
21 Rinna has the following goals for Midêkʰ:
22
23 * it will serve as a proto-language for a number of languages spoken
24 along the west coast and within the temperate interior (mostly the
25 30°-45° zone) of the southeastern continent, possibly plus some
26 further-flung offshoots.
27 * fae wants to build it around a system of biliteral or triliteral
28 consonantal roots (as in Afro-Asiatic languages such as Tamazight,
29 Egyptian, Amharic, Hebrew, Akkadian, etc.)
30 * fae is inclined to include few vowel qualities, but with some
31 additional complication such as pitch accent, vowel length, or
32 extensive use of diphthongs that may develop into a more extensive
33 vowel system in daughter languages.
34 * it should not be too difficult to pronounce for the native US
35 English and Rioplatense Spanish speakers likely to play in the
36 setting, particularly since the most likely places for faese games
37 to start out will have this language prominent.
38 but some such difficulties can be resolved in daughter languages via
39 sound change.
40 * the proto-language and descendant languages will mostly but perhaps
41 not exclusively be used for names (of people/places/texts/etc.)
42
43 ## Phonology
44
45 To help with approachability for English/Spanish speakers, [][@:Rinna]
46 opted to draw inspiration from
47 [Wikipedia's account of Proto-Indo-European phonology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology#Vowels){title="Wikipedia on reconstructed PIE phonology"}.
48
49 Consonant table:
50
51 | | labial | coronal | p.velar | velar | l.velar | glottal |
52 |-----------|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-----:|:-------:|:-------:|
53 | nasal | m | n | | ŋ | | |
54 | voiceless | p | t | kʲ | k | kʷ | |
55 | voiced | b | d | gʲ | g | gʷ | |
56 | aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʲʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | |
57 | fricative | f | s | | | | h |
58 | liquid | | r l | | | | |
59
60
61 The language featured three series of stops: voiceless, voiced, and
62 aspirated (voicing was not phonemic in aspirated consonants).
63 Each of these series included a labial stop, a coronal (dental or
64 alveolar) stop, and three variants of a velar stop: a plain variant, a
65 palatalized variant, and a labialized variant.
66
67 There were three fricatives: a (bi)labial fricative, a coronal
68 fricative, and a glottal fricative.
69
70 There were three nasal stops: labial, coronal, and velar.
71 There were two coronal approximants: rhotic and lateral.
72 Both the nasals and the approximants could be used as syllable nuclei.
73
74 There were three vowels: `*e` (mid front), `*o` (mid back), and `*i`
75 (close front).
76 Each vowel could be pronounced long or short, which was phonemic.
77 Long vowels are transcribed with a macron.
78
79 One syllable in each multisyllabic word was emphasized, likely with a
80 raised pitch (marked with an acute accent on the vowel).
81 Long vowels of accented syllables are marked with a circumflex for
82 ease of processing.
83
84 A syllable begins with a consonant followed by either a vowel, a nasal,
85 or an approximant as a nucleus.
86 A syllable with a vowel can additionally have a final consonant.
87
88 ## Morphology
89
90 Most content words are derived from a "root" (TKTK) consisting of two
91 to four (but usually three) consonants, which are combined with a
92 particular template (TKTK) of surrounding and intervening sounds
93 (mostly vowels) to form a particular word.
94 Roots will be represented with their consonants separated by hyphens,
95 for example: `m-d-kʰ` (which is the root for language).
96 Templates can include any vowel but only certain consonants: nasal
97 stops (n m ŋ), the coronal and glottal fricatives (s h), and the
98 voiceless coronal stop (t).
99
100 ### Adjectives
101
102 Unlike nouns and verbs, adjective are not derived from using a
103 combination of root and template, with the exception of the active and
104 passive participles of verbs.
105 Some adjectives are fixed words, but most are the result of affixation
106 of other words.
107
108 Adjectives are marked for number, gender, and case to match the noun
109 modified.
110
111 ### Nouns
112
113 Nouns are marked for number (singular and plural) and case using a
114 prefix for case and a suffix for number.
115 Each noun also has a gender: either masculine, feminine, or neuter.
116
117 The cases present in the language were:
118
119 * Nominative: used for the subject of the verb.
120 * Accusative: used for the object of transitive verbs.
121 * Vocative: used for a party directly addressed by the speaker.
122 * Dative: used for the recipient or beneficiary of an action.
123 * Prepositional: used for the complement of most prepositions, although
124 some prepositions require or allow other cases.
125
126 ### Pronouns
127
128 TKTK personal pronouns
129
130 TKTK demonstratives?
131
132 TKTK relative pronouns
133
134 The interrogative pronouns derive from nouns of the root L-T-M
135 ("question"). TKTK
136
137 ### Verbs
138
139 Verbs are inflected for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number.
140 Person is first, second, and third.
141 Number is either singular or plural.
142
143 There are two tenses, which reflect the time at which the action
144 occurred:
145
146 * Non-past: used for events happening now, in the future, in the
147 immediate past, or at an uncertain time.
148 * Past: used for events that started in the past, but not the immediate
149 past.
150
151 There are three aspects, although the continuous and habitual are only
152 distinguished in the indicative mood:
153
154 * Continuous: used to describe an ongoing process.
155 * Habitual: used to describe a recurring or cyclical activity.
156 * Perfective: used to describe an action as a single unit.
157
158 There are three moods:
159
160 * Indicative: used for statements of facts.
161 * Optative: used for wishes and hopes, conditional events, and some
162 commands.
163 * Subjunctive: used for hypothetical events, future events, and more
164 polite commands.
165
166 Issues such as questions and the active or passive voice are marked
167 elsewhere in a sentence.
168
169 There are three special forms of each verb:
170
171 * The verbal noun, which functions as a noun and can represent the act
172 of the verb occuring or a object related to the activity described by
173 the verb.
174 The gender of a verbal noun is determined by the verb's conjugation
175 group, but they receive affixes for number and case normally.
176 * The active participle, which functions as an adjective or adverb and
177 indicates that the modified word is related to the subject of the
178 verb.
179 * The passive participle, which functions as an adjective or adverb and
180 indicates that the modified word is related to the verb's object.
181
182 Both participles receive the normal affixes for number, gender, and
183 case agreement.
184
185 ### Numerals
186
187 Numerals attach to and modify nouns, but unlike adjectives are not
188 inflected for agreement.
189 For this reason they must immediately follow the modified noun.
190
191 The numerals are arranged rather regularly on a vigesimal basis:
192
193 * Numbers one to twenty have their own words, although the words for
194 11 through 19 are likely related to a combination of "b-t-r"
195 (measurement, leg) and the first nine numbers.
196 * Multiples of twenty are expressed as, for example, "fesso dōdekʷ"
197 ('40', literally 'twenty in-two').
198 * Numbers between two multiplies of twenty are expressed by
199 constructions such as "dekʷkokŋ" ('22', 'two-and twenty').
200 * Similar units exist for 400 "síkʲo" (20 times 20), and 8000 "dóho",
201 (20 times 20 times 20).
202 Multiples are formed just as with multiples of twenty.
203 400s follow 20s and 8000s follow 400s, with the connecting "kokŋ"
204 ('and') always attaching to the unit rather than the multiple, as for
205 example: "tʰonkokŋ fessokokŋ dōtʰon síkʲokokŋ dōdekʷ dóho" ('8863',
206 literally '3-and 20-and in-3 400-and in-2 8000').
207
208 The larger units are sometimes used more vaguely, with "síkʲo" 400
209 having a meaning akin to 'many', and "dóho" 8000 being used to refer to
210 'everything' or 'more than can be counted'.
211
212 Ordinal numbers can be formed by using the prepositionalclitic "dō-"
213 ('of') at the start of the number: "dōhekʷkokŋ fesso" for 21st.
214
215 Here are the numbers one-to-twenty:
216
217 * "hekʷ" one
218 * "dekʷ" two
219 * "tʰon" three
220 * "hētér" four
221 * "pēfe" five
222 * "hēgʲi" six
223 * "hēdol" seven
224 * "hot" eight
225 * "nemígʲi" nine
226 * "dehegʲi" ten
227 * "betrikʷ" eleven
228 * "betdor" twelve
229 * "botʰren" thirteen
230 * "bētetŕ" fourteen
231 * "bēptefr" fifteen
232 * "bētgʲr" sixteen
233 * "bētdelr" seventeen
234 * "botr" eighteen
235 * "bmgʲér" nineteen
236 * "fesso" twenty
237
238 And the units for larger numbers:
239
240 * "síkʲo" 400
241 * "dóho" 8000
242
243 ## Derivational morphology
244
245 The derivational morphology of Midêkʰ is based around the combination
246 of a root with a template to form a stem (TKTK).
247 These stems are further modified by infection to arrive at final word
248 forms.
249
250 This section and the following one on inflectional morphology will
251 represent roots using their consonants separated by hyphens: e.g.
252 m-d-kʰ, p-ŋ-r, h-s-t.
253 Groups of roots sharing only certain components will be represented
254 with a question mark `?` for any unspecified consonants: p-?-r would
255 include p-ŋ-r, p-k-r, p-s-r, etc.
256 Templates will be written with their surrounding and intervening sounds
257 and with the position of each root consonant represented by a plus
258 sign, for example: `+i+ē+`.
259 Groups of templates sharing certain components will be represented
260 using a question mark for any unspecified template positions: for
261 example, `?+i+?+?` represents all noun templates (which all place a
262 short /i/ between the first two consonants).
263
264 This section and the following will primarily use the root `m-d-kʰ` as
265 an example to express how roots are combined with templates to form
266 stems or words.
267
268 ### Derivation of noun stems
269
270 All noun templates place /i/ between the first two consonants of the
271 root, other than the verbal noun patterns which place /ī/ there, a long
272 vowel, instead.
273 These are summarized below, with more details below:
274
275 | pattern | description | m-d-kʰ | gender | english gloss |
276 |---------|--------------|----------|--------|--------------------------|
277 | +i++é | abstraction | midkʰé | f | linguistics/all language |
278 | +i+ê+ | prototype | midêkʰ | varies | the Midêkʰ language |
279 | so+í+i+ | place | somídikʰ | n | TKTK |
280 | mi+í++o | instrument | mimídkʰo | n | pen, stylus |
281 | +i+és+e | emphasis | midéskʰe | m/f | conversation/command |
282 | hê+i+o+ | personal | hêmidokʰ | m/f | orator, author, sage |
283 | hi+i++í | diminutive | himidkʰí | f | word |
284 | ŋô+i++o | derogative | ŋômidkʰo | m | nonsense, pleading |
285
286 * The noun of abstraction represents the abstract category of the root,
287 both the set of all of the things (or at least a particular type of
288 thing) encompassed by the root, the idealized concept of the root,
289 and sometimes the academic, artistic, or other sort of field related
290 to the root.
291 The noun of abstraction is not normally used in the plural, but this
292 may have occasionally happened in poetic language to refer to many or
293 all things belonging to the category.
294 * The prototype noun represents the prototypical object related to a
295 root.
296 For some roots, the prototype refers to a specific thing (as "Midêkʰ"
297 for the language) as a proper noun, in which case it cannot be used
298 in the plural and it has feminine gender.
299 In other cases, it refers to a typical type of object related to the
300 root (e.g. p-s-ŋ 'liquid' has the prototype pisêŋ 'water'), in which
301 case the noun may be used in the plural and has neuter gender if it
302 refers to a mindless animal and masculine gender otherwise.
303 * Nouns of place refer to a place associated with the root.
304 * Nouns of instrument refer to a tool used in performing actions
305 associated with the root.
306 * Nouns of emphasis refer to a repetition or intense form of an action
307 related to the root.
308 They are usually masculine, but in some cases a root gives rise to
309 two nouns of emphasis with identical form but with one masculine and
310 one feminine.
311 When this occurs, typically the feminine noun relates to intense
312 action and the masculine noun relates to repeated action.
313 * The personal noun refers to a type of person associated with the
314 root's meaning.
315 The noun is gendered according to the individual being referred to.
316 When not referring to a particular individual of known gender, the
317 word is typically masculine except when the meaning of the word was
318 strongly associated with women.
319 * Diminutives refer to something small or dear related to the root.
320 * Derogative nouns refer to something disapproved of related to the
321 root.
322 * There are also several "common noun" patterns which can give rise to
323 various nouns associated with the root without specific semantic
324 implications from the pattern.
325 Each root only is used with a subset of the common noun patterns.
326 Some patterns for common nouns (with the resulting noun's gender in
327 brackets) include "+í+o+" (f), "to+i+í+" (n), "te+i++ó" (m),
328 "no+i+é+" (f), "si+í+e+" (m).
329 * Finally there are verbal noun patterns that are treated below.
330
331 ### Derivation of verb stems
332
333 Verbs are similarly formed by combining a semantic root with one of
334 several patterns.
335 Unlike nouns, the patterns for verbs are grouped into several "forms",
336 each form consisting of several patterns for different uses of a verb.
337 The application of the patterns of a form to a given root are
338 considered different variations of the same verb.
339
340 Verb forms will be distinguished using a number (e.g. 1st form, 2nd
341 form).
342 Each form has patterns for the non-past tense stem, the past tense
343 stem, the verbal noun, the active participle, and the passive
344 participle.
345 The verb stems must then be inflected for aspect, mood, aspect, number,
346 and person to be used.
347
348 The patterns for each verb form are indicated in the following table,
349 with information about typical semantics and other properties of the
350 forms described after the table.
351
352 | Form | non-past | past | verbal noun | active part. | passive part. |
353 |------|----------|----------|-------------|--------------|---------------|
354 | 1st | +é++i | +e+í+ | +ī++é | +ó++o | +o+ó+ |
355 | 2nd | +én+i+ | +e++ín | +î++en | +ó++on | +o+nó+ |
356 | 3rd | hō+e++ó | hō+é+o+o | he+ī+é+ | +ó+ohi+ | he+o++ó |
357 | 4th | +é++it | te+é+i+ | +ī++ís | +ó+si+o | +o+is+ó |
358 | 5th | fe+é+e+ | fí+e+ē+ | fi+ī++í | fo+ó++o | fo+o+ó+ |
359 | 6th | +ém+e+ | +em+ē+é | +ī+mó+ | mo+o+ó+ | mo+ó++o |
360
361 * The 1st form refers to the action seen as most directly connected
362 with the meaning of the root.
363 They may be either transitive or intransitive depending on the
364 meaning of the verb, although ditransitive 1st form verbs are rare.
365 The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
366 * The 2nd form typically has a meaning related to some action with a
367 lasting effect or impact, although in some cases it is instead an
368 emphatic or more intense version of the root's 1st-form verb.
369 They may be either transitive or intransitive.
370 The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
371 * The 3rd form often functions as a causative, representing a
372 ditransitive form of a transitive 1st or 2nd form verb, or a
373 transitive form of an intransitive 1st or 2nd form verb.
374 When the 3rd form is a causative, it usually serves as causative for
375 both the 1st and 2nd form, not just one of them.
376 Even when not causative in meaning, the 3rd form is always transitive
377 or ditransitive.
378 The verbal noun is of masculine gender.
379 The active participle of ditransitive 3rd form verbs often relates to
380 either or both of the agent and patient of the action, with the
381 passive participle relating solely to the recipient or benefactor.
382 * The 4th form often refers to a reciprocal or repeated action related
383 to the root.
384 4th form verbs interact atypically with the case system: when they
385 have reciprocal meaning, all parties typically take the nominative
386 case, although for emphasis a single participant can be treated as
387 the subject while a preposition is used to identify other
388 participants;
389 if the verb can ever have reciprocal meaning, it never takes an
390 accusative object;
391 even when the particular verb cannot have reciprocal meaning, any
392 patient of the described action must be marked for the dative case.
393 The verbal noun is of feminine gender.
394 The active and passive participles are generally used to refer to
395 different aspects of the subject(s), often but not always using the
396 active participle for a more agentive aspect of the action.
397 * The 5th form often has a meaning related to either capability of
398 performing some action or the acquisition or possession of a
399 non-physical quality (capability of action perhaps being considered a
400 non-physical quality);
401 in some cases the verb may be used for both meanings.
402 5th form verbs are only transitive when used to indicate capability.
403 The verbal noun is of masculine gender.
404 The passive participle of 5th form verbs is usually used as a sort of
405 negative: it indicates that something does not have the quality or
406 cannot perform the action.
407 * The 6th form often has a meaning related to either resulting from an
408 action or having or gaining some physical quality, such as colour or
409 shape.
410 As with the 5th form, many of these verbs may be used for both meanings.
411 6th form verbs are never transitive.
412 The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
413 The active participle of 6th form verbs, similar to the passive
414 participle of 5th form verbs, usually serves as a negative: it
415 indicates that something does not result from the action or does not
416 have the quality.
417
418 ### Derivation of adjectives
419
420 As noted above, adjectives are not derived via the combination of a
421 root and pattern (other than the participles of verbs).
422 Instead most of them arise from affixation of existing words.
423
424 Some of these derivational affixes are listed below:
425
426 * The prefix "lo-" forms the "relational" adjective from a noun, which
427 indicates that the modified noun is in some fashion related to the
428 noun.
429 * The prefix "tr-" negates an adjective.
430 * The suffixes "-kor" and "-kel" produce comparative forms of an
431 adjective, with "-kor" indicating more and "-kel" less.
432
433 TKTK
434
435 ## Inflectional morphology
436
437 ### Noun and adjective inflection
438
439 Nouns receive a prefix for case and a suffix for number.
440 Each gender uses a separate set of case prefixes.
441 Adjectives use the same set of number suffixes, and they use the same
442 case markers as neuter nouns when modifying a neuter noun.
443 Adjectives modifying masculine or feminine nouns use slightly different
444 case markers from those used by the noun.
445
446 Here are the case prefixes:
447
448 | case | m.noun | m.adj. | f.noun | f.adj. | neuter |
449 |---------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
450 | nominative | - | - | gr- | gi- | pl- |
451 | accusative | de- | de- | ge- | ke- | po- |
452 | vocative | tʰo- | to- | kʰo- | ko- | pl- |
453 | dative | te- | ti- | gn- | go- | bo- |
454 | prepositional | dē- | dē- | kī- | kī- | pō- |
455
456 And the number suffixes, which differ depending on whether the stem
457 ends in a vowel or a consonant:
458
459 | number | after vowel | after consonant |
460 |----------|-------------|-----------------|
461 | singular | -k | - |
462 | plural | -hi | -i |
463
464 ### Verb inflection
465
466 Verb stems produced by derivation are inflected for aspect, mood,
467 number, and person.
468 One affix marks aspect and mood, a prefix marks person, and a suffix
469 marks number, with aspect-mood applied before person and number (such
470 that an aspect-mood prefix follows the person prefix and an aspect-mood
471 suffix precedes the number prefix).
472 The verb agrees in person and number with the syntactic subject (the
473 noun or pronoun in the nominative case).
474
475 The indicative mood uses a prefix for aspect-mood in the continuous
476 aspect, a suffix in the habitual aspect, and the plain stem in the
477 perfective aspect.
478 The indicative habitual suffix is identical to the continuous prefix.
479 In contrast, the optative and subjunctive moods uniformly use suffixes
480 for aspect-mood and do not distinguish the continuous and habitual
481 aspects.
482 All of these aspect-mood aspects are indicated in the table below (with
483 the hyphen marking where the stem is attached):
484
485 | mood | continuous | habitual | perfective |
486 |-------------|------------|----------|------------|
487 | indicative | bi- | -bi | - |
488 | optative | -r | -r | -n |
489 | subjunctive | -l | -l | -m |
490
491 The number suffixes for verbs differ depending on whether they follow a
492 vowel or a consonant, and are listed in the table below:
493
494 | number | after vowel | after consonant |
495 |----------|-------------|-----------------|
496 | singular | -g | - |
497 | plural | -hē | -ē |
498
499 The person suffixes are invariant and are listed in the table below:
500
501 | person | prefix |
502 |--------|--------|
503 | 1st | kʰo- |
504 | 2nd | tm- |
505 | 3rd | - |
506
507 As an example, here are a few inflections of the 2nd-form non-past
508 stem "méndikʰ" (write):
509
510 * biméndikʰē: they are writing (indicative non-past continuous
511 3rd-person plural)
512 * tmbiméndikʰ: you(sg.) are writing (indicative non-past continuous
513 2nd-person singular)
514 * kʰoméndikʰē: we write (indicative non-past perfective 1st-person plural)
515
516 ## Syntax
517
518 As a summary of word order concerns:
519
520 * Adjectives usually follow the noun but may be placed elsewhere as
521 they can be correlated with the right noun due to agreement.
522 Demonstratives must immediately precede and numerals must immediately
523 follow the noun when present.
524 * Relative clauses follow the noun, after any adjectives or numerals
525 * Prepositions
526 * Typically subject-verb-object, but it may vary.
527 * The question particle begins the sentence
528 * Questions do not alter sentence order
529 * Conditional sentences typically places the condition before the
530 conclusion
531 * Comparisons are of the form adjective-marker-standard (i.e. the
532 adjective being compared, an analogue to "than", then the standard
533 against which the comparison is being made)
534
535 ### Prepositions
536
537 Prepositions are placed before a noun or noun phrase to express various
538 relationships or to confer semantic roles on their objects.
539
540 Each preposition consists of a word ending in a consonant (often
541 monosyllabic).
542 Most prepositions also have a clitic form which is formed by dropping
543 the final consonant and lenghtening the preceding vowel and which can
544 be prefixed to its object.
545 Cliticized prepositions can be used with objects other than noun
546 phrases for various purposes.
547
548 Here are some of the prepositions in Midêkʰ with their meanings and
549 appropriate cases:
550
551 * dol/dō-: PREP in, within; DAT
552 * fin/fī-: as; measuring to
553 * ked/kē: PREP with; ACC carrying/bringing/etc. (with verbs of motion)
554 * petʰ/pē-: PREP in (time), during (DAT with the same meaning but the
555 additional indication that the events were located entirely in the
556 specified period)
557 * sen/sē-: of, belonging to
558
559 ### Conjunctions
560
561 Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses in various
562 ways.
563
564 As with prepositions, conjunctions often have a clitic form.
565 Unlike prepositions, clitic conjunctions are suffixes and are not
566 predictable in form.
567
568 The conjunctions of Midêkʰ include:
569
570 * koko/-kokŋ: and, also
571 * ropo, which lacks a clitic form and introduces a relative clause.
572
573 ### Relative clauses
574
575 Relative clauses follow a noun phrase and are introduced by the
576 relativizing conjunction "ropo".
577 The relative clause is structured much as any other sentence, but must
578 include a third-person personal pronoun of the same gender and number
579 as the modified noun.
580 This third-person pronoun is marked for case to indicate what role
581 the modified noun plays in the relative clause.
582
583 ## Semantics and Pragmatics
584
585 TKTK
586
587 ## Writing System
588
589 TKTK
590
591 ## Examples
592
593 Rinna's first example text will be what would translate to the English text below, but first fae needs a lottt of words and probably some more syntax to figure out.
594
595 > In the thirteenth year of Cat-King General-of-Horses, a heron-fighter appeared who called herself Sent-by-Dawn. She said that General-of-Horses stole from the sacrifices and offended the gods. Sent-by-Dawn gathered a great army of the people and overthrew the evil king. The people clamored for her to rule them, and she declined, but for three days they surrounded her tent and clamored for her to rule them. After three days without peace or slumber, Sent-by-Dawn emerged from her tent and again the people clamored for her to rule them. Finally she took up the crown, and led the sacrifices and stole nothing from the gods. That was how the first year of Heron-Queen Sent-by-Dawn began.
596
597 TKTK
598
599 ## Lexicon
600
601 Lists here are sorted using roughly the collation order of English.
602 Accented and long vowels are in the same position as the
603 unaccented/short analogues.
604 /ŋ/ follows /n/.
605 Aspirated consonants follow the non-aspirated analog.
606 For the velar consonants, the plain version comes first, followed by
607 the palatized, and finally the labialized.
608
609 ### Roots
610
611 * b-t-r: length, measurement, (leg)
612 * d-r-gʷ: fire, light, sun
613 * f-p-tʰ: time
614 * gʲ-l-p: transfer, commerce
615 * h-m-h: period, cycle
616 * m-d-kʰ: language
617 * p-kʲ-b: battle
618 * p-kʲʰ-t: movement
619 * p-s-ŋ: liquid/water
620 * r-h-r: purr
621 * r-ŋ-p: location, existence
622 * s-l-h: flight
623
624 TKTK
625
626 ### Word stems and complete words
627
628 Format: stem or word (root, if any): part of speech. gloss (notes)
629
630 Parts of speech: **n**oun (**m**asculine, **f**eminine, **n**euter,
631 **v**arying by referent), **v**erb (**t**ransitive, **i**ntransitive,
632 **d**itransitive, **4**th form), **adj**ective, **num**eral,
633 **prep**osition, **conjunction**.
634
635 Verbs are listed with the present stem separated from the past stem by
636 a slash, but collated according the present stem.
637
638 * bémter/bemtēré (b-t-r): vi. to be long, to have a measurement (the
639 measurement is indicated using the preposition fin), to lengthen
640 * béntir/betrín (b-t-r): vi. to measure, especially to measure a
641 distance by walking it carefully (the thing measured is indicated
642 using the preposition dol and the dative case)
643 * bēptefr: num. fifteen
644 * bētdelr: num. seventeen
645 * bētetŕ: num. fourteen
646 * betdor: num. twelve
647 * bētgʲr: num. sixteen
648 * bétri/betír (b-t-r): vi. to walk
649 * betrikʷ: num. eleven
650 * bétrit/tebétir (b-t-r): vi. to pace back and forth, to patrol
651 * bitésre (b-t-r): nm. notch, marking (as the markings on a ruler)
652 * bitêr (b-t-r): nm. leg; pace (a unit of length)
653 * bītmór (b-t-r): nn. a measurement.
654 * bitré (b-t-r): nf.sg. measurement, distance, length
655 * bītré (b-t-r): nn. a step
656 * bîtren (b-t-r): nn. an act of measuring
657 * bītrís (b-t-r): nf. a pacing, a round of a patrol path
658 * botisró (b-t-r): adj. pacing, patrolling (emphasizing the repetition
659 in time)
660 * botnór (b-t-r): adj. measured
661 * bótohir (b-t-r): adj. measuring with a ruler or other instrument
662 (this carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
663 magnitude)
664 * botór (b-t-r): adj. walked through
665 * bótro (b-t-r): adj. walking
666 * bótron (b-t-r): adj. measuring
667 * bótsir (b-t-r): adj. pacing, patrolling (emphasizing the repetition
668 in space)
669 * botʰren: num. thirteen
670 * bmgʲér: num. nineteen
671 * botr: num. eighteen
672 * dehegʲi: num. ten
673 * dekʷ: num. two
674 * démregʷ/demrēgʷé (d-r-gʷ): vi. to be or become hot (generally not as
675 an intrinsic trait, for that see the 1st form verb "dérgʷi/derígʷ")
676 * dénrigʷ/dergʷín (d-r-gʷ): vi/vt. to burn, to heat intensely (the
677 object, if present, is something that is being burned or heated using
678 the fire, not merely the fuel)
679 * dérgʷi/derígʷ (d-r-gʷ): v. to shine or give off heat (intr.); to
680 shine on or heat up (trans.)
681 * dérgʷit/tedérigʷ (d-r-gʷ): v4. to dawn, to come into power or one's
682 prime
683 * dirêgʷ (d-r-gʷ): nf. the sun
684 * dirésgʷe (d-r-gʷ): nm. intense or large fire (especially if
685 accidental or natural)
686 * dirgʷé (d-r-gʷ): nf. fire (the element), light
687 * dīrgʷé (d-r-gʷ): nn. a fire, a light, act of shining or heating
688 * dîrgʷen (d-r-gʷ): nn. act of burning, intense heat
689 * dīrgʷís (d-r-gʷ): nf. dawn; period of greatest power and influence in
690 one's life, one's prime; dawn goddess
691 * dīrmógʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. heat, warmth (generally from an external
692 source)
693 * dírogʷ (d-r-gʷ): nm. hot thing (especially a rock)
694 * dóho: num. 8000
695 * dol: prep. in, within (takes prepositional case); through (takes
696 dative case)
697 * dórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. shining, giving off heat
698 * dórgʷon (d-r-gʷ): adj. burning (of the flame itself), extremely hot
699 (of a fire or other heat source)
700 * dorisgʷó (d-r-gʷ): adj. in one's prime, dawning (used metaphorically
701 of things other than the sun or the dawn goddess)
702 * dornógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. burned (receiving burns or damage from the
703 fire, not merely being used as fuel), extremely hot (from external
704 heat)
705 * dorógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. lit, warm, heated
706 * dórohigʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. burning dangerously, dangerous
707 * dórsigʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. dawning (only used of the sun or the dawn
708 goddess)
709 * febéter/fíbetēr (b-t-r): vi. to be clearly defined or bounded (rarely
710 used transitively to mean the subject is defined or has its
711 boundaries defined by the object)
712 * fedéregʷ/fíderēgʷ (d-r-gʷ): vi. to be magically or spiritually
713 powerful; to be dangerous
714 * fefépetʰ/fífepētʰ (f-p-tʰ): vi. to be possible; to be in the future
715 * fegʲélep/fígʲelēp (gʲ-l-p): vi. to be generous
716 * fehémeh/fíhemēh (h-m-h): vi. to be eternal, to be immortal
717 * femédekʰ/fímedēkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be or become sapient, to be
718 capable of language
719 * fémpetʰ/fempētʰé (f-p-tʰ): vi. to be current; to have happened
720 * fénpitʰ/feptʰín (f-p-tʰ): vt. to last for a duration; to be of a
721 specified age
722 * fepékʲeb/fípekʲēb (p-kʲ-b): vi. to have martial bravery or skill
723 * fepékʲʰet/fípekʲʰēt (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to be or become willful (in the
724 sense of directing your own actions)
725 * fepéseŋ/fípesēŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. to be variable or flexible, to change
726 * féptʰi/fepítʰ (f-p-tʰ): vi/t. to happen or happen at a time (the time
727 is the object)
728 * féptʰit/tefépitʰ (f-p-tʰ): v4. to spend time together (whether in the
729 sense of hanging out, or having been thru a lot together, or what
730 have you)
731 * feréher/fírehēr (r-h-r): vi. to be content, to feel safe
732 * feréŋep/fíreŋēp (r-ŋ-p): vi. to be available, to not be busy (in the
733 sense of having the time to go to other places)
734 * feséleh/físelēh (s-l-h): vi. to be or become free (unconstrained)
735 * fesso: num. twenty
736 * fibītrí (b-t-r): nm. a definition or act of defining, a boundary or
737 act of specifying boundaries
738 * fidīrgʷí (d-r-gʷ): nm. danger, great magical or spiritual power
739 * fifīptʰí (f-p-tʰ): nm. possibility, the future (both in general. a
740 specific possible or future event is "fípotʰ fofóptʰo")
741 * figʲīlpí (gʲ-l-p): nm. generosity
742 * fihīmhí (h-m-h): nm. eternity, endless time; immortality, endless
743 life
744 * fimīdkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nm. sapience
745 * fin: prep. as; measuring (used with the verb bémter/bemtēré to
746 indicate the measurement of the subject of the verb)
747 * fipéstʰe (f-p-tʰ): nm. interval between two events
748 * fipéstʰe (f-p-tʰ): nf. duration, period of time
749 * fipêtʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. a while, minute
750 * fipīkʲbí (p-kʲ-b): nm. bravery or skill in battle
751 * fipīkʲʰtí (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. self-direction or will
752 * fipīsŋí (p-s-ŋ): nm. mutability, variability, change
753 * fīpmótʰ (f-p-tʰ): nn. now, the present moment (in the singular); the
754 past (in the plural)
755 * fípotʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. event, thing that may happen or have happened
756 (compared to fīptʰé, this may be used for more hypothetical events)
757 * fiptʰé (f-p-tʰ): nf.sg. time (in general)
758 * fīptʰé (f-p-tʰ): nn. event, thing that in fact happened
759 * fîptʰen (f-p-tʰ): nn. duration; age (of a person or thing)
760 * fīptʰís (f-p-tʰ): nf. act of spending time with another person;
761 shared experience, camaradery, time spent together
762 * firīhrí (r-h-r): nm. contentment, feeling of safety (the concrete
763 feeling in the moment; for the feeling in the abstract or as a
764 general trait see "rihré")
765 * firīŋpí (r-ŋ-p): nm. availability (to go)
766 * fisīlhí (s-l-h): nm. freedom from constraint
767 * fobótro (b-t-r): adj. clearly defined, bounded, finite in extent
768 * fobotór (b-t-r): adj. indefinable, unbounded, infinite
769 * fodórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. dangerous, magically or spiritually powerful
770 * fodorógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. not dangeorus, weak of soul or power
771 * fofopótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. impossible, not going to happen
772 * fofóptʰo (f-p-tʰ): adj. possible, in the future, potential
773 * fohómho (h-m-h): adj. eternal; immortal
774 * fohomóh (h-m-h): adj. temporary; mortal
775 * fogʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. ungenerous, covetous
776 * fogʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. generous
777 * fomódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. sapient, capable of language
778 * fomodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. non-sapient, incapable of language, mindless
779 * fopistʰó (f-p-tʰ): adj. having experienced a lot together
780 * fopnótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. relating to the duration or age of an event or
781 thing; old
782 * fópohitʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. spending time doing something, busy
783 * fopókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. brave or skillful in battle
784 * fopokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. cowardly or unreliable in battle
785 * fopokʲʰót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. passive, controlled by others
786 * fopókʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. willful, self-directed
787 * fopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. variable, flexible, changing
788 * foposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. static, rigid, unmoving
789 * fopótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. relating to the time at which a thing happened,
790 "at the time"
791 * fópsitʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. companionable
792 * fóptʰo (f-p-tʰ): adj. happening, occurring (emphasizing that it
793 happened at a known time)
794 * fóptʰon (f-p-tʰ): adj. having duration, particularly a long one
795 * forohór (r-h-r): adj. discontent, feeling unsafe
796 * foróhro (r-h-r): adj. content, feeling safe
797 * foroŋóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. busy, not available (to go to a place)
798 * foróŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. available (to go)
799 * fosólho (s-l-h): adj. free from constraint
800 * fosolóh (s-l-h): adj. constrained, not free (the specifics of
801 application to people varied a lot in different places)
802 * gʲélpi/gʲelíp (gʲ-l-p): vd. to give
803 * gʲélpit/tegʲélip (gʲ-l-p): v4. to trade, to exchange, to swap
804 * gʲémlep/gʲemlēpé (gʲ-l-p): vi. to be valuable, to have value
805 * gʲénlip/gʲelpín (gʲ-l-p): vd. to take
806 * gʲilêp (gʲ-l-p): nm. gift
807 * gʲiléspe (gʲ-l-p): nm. transaction
808 * gʲīlmóp (gʲ-l-p): nn. property of being valuable
809 * gʲílop (gʲ-l-p): nm. commercial relationship
810 * gʲilpé (gʲ-l-p): nf. exchange, commerce
811 * gʲīlpé (gʲ-l-p): nn. act of giving, sale
812 * gʲîlpen (gʲ-l-p): nn. act of taking
813 * gʲīlpís (gʲ-l-p): nf. act of exchanging or swapping
814 * gʲolispó (gʲ-l-p): adj. exchanged, swapped, traded (the thing that is
815 traded)
816 * gʲolnóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. taken, stolen
817 * gʲólohip (gʲ-l-p): adj. selling
818 * gʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. given as a gift
819 * gʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. giving
820 * gʲólpon (gʲ-l-p): adj. taking
821 * gʲólsip (gʲ-l-p): adj. trading, exchanging, swapping; commercially
822 active
823 * hebītér (b-t-r): nm.ean act of measuring with a ruler or other
824 instrument, a measurement taken with a ruler or other instrument
825 (this carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
826 magnitude)
827 * hêbitor (b-t-r): nv. walker, runner (specifically referring to a
828 person who travels a long distance on foot)
829 * hebotró (b-t-r): adj. measured with a ruler or other instrument (this
830 carries an implication of both precision and small absolute
831 magnitude)
832 * hedīrégʷ (d-r-gʷ): nm. act of starting a fire
833 * hêdirogʷ (d-r-gʷ): nv. priest, shaman
834 * hēdol: num. seven
835 * hedorgʷó (d-r-gʷ): adj. having been burned intentionally or maliciously
836 * hêfipotʰ (f-p-tʰ): nv. elder, old person
837 * hefīpétʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. act or process of spending time; pastime,
838 time-consuming activity
839 * hefoptʰó (f-p-tʰ): adj. time-consuming, worth doing
840 * hēgʲi: num. six
841 * hegʲīlép (gʲ-l-p): nm. act of selling or buying
842 * hêgʲilop (gʲ-l-p): nv. merchant (one who buys and sells goods)
843 * hegʲolpó (gʲ-l-p): adj. sold
844 * hehīméh (h-m-h): nm. act of repeating an action; repeated action
845 * hêhimoh (h-m-h): nv. astrologer, astronomer
846 * hehomhó (h-m-h): adj. being repeated (of an action)
847 * hekʷ: num. one
848 * hémhi/hemíh (h-m-h): vi. to happen again
849 * hémhit/tehémih (h-m-h): vi. to transition to the next iteration or
850 stage of a cyclic process
851 * hemīdékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. dictation, decree, declaration
852 * hêmidokʰ (m-d-kʰ): nv. orator, author, sage
853 * hémmeh/hemmēhé (h-m-h): vi. to be cyclical
854 * hemodkʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. being dictated to, subservient,
855 representative of
856 * hénmih/hemhín (h-m-h): vi. to happen cyclically
857 * hepīkʲéb (p-kʲ-b): nm. battle-leadership
858 * hêpikʲob (p-kʲ-b): nv. fighter (character class); participant in a
859 fight
860 * hepīkʲʰét (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. act of moving something else, impetus
861 * hêpikʲʰot (p-kʲʰ-t): nv. horse-person, runner
862 * hepīséŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. pouring, a pour, a cupful
863 * hêpisoŋ (p-s-ŋ): nv. cupbearer
864 * hepokʲbó (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting in a battle (with the connotation of
865 being an enemy)
866 * hepokʲʰtó (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. being moved
867 * heposŋó (p-s-ŋ): adj. being poured into, filled
868 * herīhér (r-h-r): nm. act that makes someone feel safe or content, act
869 of care
870 * hêrihor (r-h-r): nv. cat-person
871 * herīŋép (r-ŋ-p): nm. act of sending or putting; message; act of
872 creation
873 * hêriŋop (r-ŋ-p): nv. inhabitant, resident
874 * herohró (r-h-r): adj. cared for, feeling safe or content due to the
875 actions of another
876 * heroŋpó (r-ŋ-p): adj. receiving something sent or put; being or
877 having been created
878 * hesīléh (s-l-h): nm. a throw
879 * hêsiloh (s-l-h): nv. a bird-person, a person who flies
880 * hesolhó (s-l-h): adj. being thrown-at
881 * hētér: num. four
882 * hibitrí (b-t-r): nf. toe; digit (a unit of length)
883 * hidirgʷí (d-r-gʷ): nf. ember
884 * hifiptʰí (f-p-tʰ): nf. a moment, second
885 * higʲilpí (gʲ-l-p): nf. purchase
886 * hihimhí (h-m-h): nf. tide
887 * himêh (h-m-h): nm. year
888 * himéshe (h-m-h): nm. a cycle, a periodic event or pattern
889 * himhé (h-m-h): nf.sg. cycles, repetition (in general); astrology,
890 astronomy
891 * hīmhé (h-m-h): nn. event of happening a second time
892 * hîmhen (h-m-h): nn. cycle, event that happens cyclically
893 * hīmhís (h-m-h): nf. transition between two stages of a cyclic process
894 (e.g. between two seasons, between high and low tide, being day and
895 night)
896 * himidkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nf. word
897 * hīmmóh (h-m-h): nn. cyclicity (the property of being cyclic); a
898 regular pattern
899 * hímoh (h-m-h): nm. imitation of a past event, re-enactment
900 * hipikʲbí (p-kʲ-b): nf. exchange of blows; contest or competitive game
901 (as in, an instance of playing the game, not the game in general)
902 * hipikʲʰtí (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. shake
903 * hipisŋí (p-s-ŋ): nf. pond, lake
904 * hirihrí (r-h-r): nf. pet animal (sometimes used for harmless non-pet
905 animals)
906 * hiriŋpí (r-ŋ-p): nf. room
907 * hisilhí (s-l-h): nf. feather
908 * hōbetró/hōbétoro (b-t-r): vt. to measure with a ruler or other
909 instrument (this carries an implication of both precision and small
910 absolute magnitude)
911 * hōdergʷó/hōdérogʷo (d-r-gʷ): vd. to ignite, to set alight or aflame,
912 to cause to illuminate or burn something else (the direct object is
913 the heat or light source; the indirect object the thing burned,
914 heated, or illuminated; either may be omitted)
915 * hōfeptʰó/hōfépotʰo (f-p-tʰ): vt. to spend time performing an activity
916 * hōgʲelpó/hōgʲélopo (gʲ-l-p): vd. to sell, to buy (often but not
917 always with the passive particle for buying)
918 * hōhemhó/hōhémoho (h-m-h): vt. to repeat an action; to cause a cyclic
919 event to recur
920 * hōmedkʰó/hōmédokʰo (m-d-kʰ): vt/vd. to dictate, to cause to say or
921 write
922 * hómho (h-m-h): adj. happening again
923 * hómhon (h-m-h): adj. cyclical, periodic
924 * homishó (h-m-h): adj. after the transition between t stages of a
925 cyclic process
926 * homnóh (h-m-h): adj. cyclical, periodic
927 * homóh (h-m-h): adj. having happened before
928 * hómohih (h-m-h): adj. repeating an action
929 * hómsih (h-m-h): adj. before the transition between two stages of a
930 cyclic process
931 * hōpekʲbó/hōpékʲobo (p-kʲ-b): vd. to lead in battle (the indirect
932 object is the foes)
933 * hōpekʲʰtó/hōpékʲʰoto (p-kʲʰ-t): vt. to put into motion, to cause to
934 move or run
935 * hōpesŋó/hōpésoŋo (p-s-ŋ): vt/vd. to pour (trans.); to pour onto/into
936 (ditrans.)
937 * hōrehró/hōréhoro (r-h-r): vt. to cause to feel content or safe, to
938 take care of
939 * hōreŋpó/hōréŋopo (r-ŋ-p): v. to send, to put in a place (ditrans.,
940 destination/recipient is indirect object); to create (trans.)
941 * hōselhó/hōséloho (s-l-h): v. to throw (trans.), to throw at
942 (ditrans.)
943 * hot: num. eight
944 * ked: prep. with (takes the prepositional case);
945 carrying/bringing/etc. (with verbs of motion, takes the accusative
946 case)
947 * -kokŋ/koko: conj. and, also
948 * médkʰi/medíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. speak, say, utter
949 * médkʰit/temédikʰ (m-d-kʰ): v4. to converse or correspond
950 * mémdekʰ/memdēkʰé (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be noisy, to make noise
951 * méndikʰ/medkʰín (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. write
952 * mibítro (b-t-r): nn. yardstick, ruler
953 * midêkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. the Midêkʰ language
954 * midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nf. command, order
955 * midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nm. conversation, dialogue (this can refer to a
956 spoken conversation or a written dialogue)
957 * midírgʷo (d-r-gʷ): nn. torch, candle, artificial light or fire
958 * midkʰé (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. linguistics, language in general
959 * mīdkʰé (m-d-kʰ): nn. utterance, speech, act of speaking
960 * mîdkʰen (m-d-kʰ): nn. text, act of writing
961 * mīdkʰís (m-d-kʰ): nf. act of conversing or corresponding (in the
962 singular it normally refers to one utterance or letter and its
963 response; in the plural it can refer to an entire conversation or the
964 entire correspondence between two or more people)
965 * mīdmókʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. noise, sound
966 * mídokʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. book, scroll
967 * mifíptʰo (f-p-tʰ): nn. clock, point in time
968 * migʲílpo (gʲ-l-p): nn. money, coin
969 * mihímho (h-m-h): season, orbit
970 * mimídkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nn. pen, stylus, other writing instrument
971 * mipíkʲbo (p-kʲ-b): nn. weapon
972 * mipíkʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. speed
973 * mipísŋo (p-s-ŋ): nn. canal
974 * miríhro (r-h-r): nn. throat, esp. the larynx
975 * miríŋpo (r-ŋ-p): nn. mount, vehicle, means of transportation
976 * misílho (s-l-h): nn. wing
977 * mobotór (b-t-r): adj. short
978 * mobótro (b-t-r): adj. long
979 * módkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. speaking, vocal
980 * módkʰon (m-d-kʰ): adj. literate, writing
981 * modiskʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. comprehending, listening
982 * modnókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. written, textual, literary
983 * módohikʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. dictating, imperious, acting indirectly
984 * modókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. spoken, verbal, oral
985 * modórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. hot, warm, heated (by some external source)
986 * modorógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. cold, cool (with a connotation of not having
987 been heated or having lost its heat)
988 * módsikʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. communicating, expressive
989 * mofopótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. not having happened (yet); having happened
990 but long ago
991 * mofóptʰo (f-p-tʰ): adj. recent, current; having actually happened
992 * mogʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. worthless, cheap
993 * mogʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. valuable, expensive
994 * mohómho (h-m-h): adj. cyclic, repeating, following a regular pattern
995 * mohomóh (h-m-h): adj. acyclic, not repeating, not following a regular
996 pattern
997 * momódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. noisy, loud
998 * momodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. quiet, noiseless, silent
999 * mopókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. angry (especially violently so, with a
1000 connotation of being reactive but not necessarily unjustified)
1001 * mopokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. lacking anger, forgiving
1002 * mopokʲʰót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. stationary, immobile
1003 * mopókʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. mobile
1004 * mopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. melted, liquid, wet
1005 * moposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. dry
1006 * morohór (r-h-r): adj. restless, not docile, agitated (of animals)
1007 * moróhro (r-h-r): adj. calm, docile (of animals)
1008 * moroŋóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. leaving, not coming; distant, moving away
1009 * moróŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. coming, arriving; nearby
1010 * mosólho (s-l-h): adj. in the air, floating
1011 * mosolóh (s-l-h): adj. not in the air, not flying, heavier than air
1012 * nemígʲi: num. nine
1013 * nobitér (b-t-r): nf. long journey on foot
1014 * nodirégʷ (d-r-gʷ): nf. fuel for fire, firewood, kindling
1015 * nohiméh (h-m-h): nf. period or duration of a cycle
1016 * nomidékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. message, letter
1017 * nopikʲéb (p-kʲ-b): nf. insult; reason that a fight started
1018 * nopikʲʰét (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. jump
1019 * noriŋép (r-ŋ-p): nf. tent
1020 * nôpisŋo (p-s-ŋ): nm. urine
1021 * ŋôbitro (b-t-r): nm. heel, sole of foot
1022 * ŋôdirgʷo (d-r-gʷ): nm. ash, follower-on
1023 * ŋôfiptʰo (f-p-tʰ): nm. delay
1024 * ŋôgʲilpo (gʲ-l-p): nm. theft
1025 * ŋôhimho (h-m-h): nm. mating season of a mindless animal
1026 * ŋômidkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nm. nonsense, pathetic request
1027 * ŋôpikʲbo (p-kʲ-b): nm. anger, rage, fury (the connotations are of
1028 driving to physical violences and being unjustified or unreasonable)
1029 * ŋôpikʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. coward
1030 * ŋôrihro (r-h-r): nm. overly dependent and helpless person
1031 * ŋôriŋpo (r-ŋ-p): nm. dangerous place, cliff
1032 * ŋôsilho (s-l-h): nm. bad omen
1033 * pēfe: num. five
1034 * pékʲbi/pekʲíb (p-kʲ-b): vt. to fight; to compete against
1035 * pékʲbit/tepékʲib (p-kʲ-b): v4. to be enemies, to feud violently
1036 * pékʲʰti/pekʲʰít (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to move one's self
1037 * pékʲʰtit/tepékʲʰit (p-kʲʰ-t): v4. to dance
1038 * pémkʲeb/pemkʲēbé (p-kʲ-b): vi. to be or become angry
1039 * pémkʲʰet/pemkʲʰēté (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to be mobile
1040 * pémseŋ/pemsēŋé (p-s-ŋ): vi. to become liquid, to melt, to be or
1041 become wet
1042 * pénkʲib/pekʲbín (p-kʲ-b): vt. to kill (primarily in a fight or
1043 battle); to defeat in a contest
1044 * pénkʲʰit/pekʲʰtín (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to run
1045 * pénsiŋ/pesŋín (p-s-ŋ): vi/vt. pool (intr.); cover in liquid, flood,
1046 overflow (trans.)
1047 * pésŋi/pesíŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. flow
1048 * pésŋit/tepésiŋ (p-s-ŋ): v4. to rise and fall over time (as tides or
1049 water level in a lake or river)
1050 * pikʲbé (p-kʲ-b): nf. battle, combat (used to speak of battle or
1051 combat in general); tactics (as the art of study of battle)
1052 * pīkʲbé (p-kʲ-b): nn. act of fighting; strike, blow
1053 * pîkʲben (p-kʲ-b): nn. act of killing, victory in battle or a contest
1054 * pīkʲbís (p-kʲ-b): nf. violent feud, enemyship
1055 * pikʲêb (p-kʲ-b): nm. fight, small battle
1056 * pikʲésbe (p-kʲ-b): nm. series of battles or fights; series of
1057 contests in which the victor of the entire series is determined by
1058 the winner of more individual contests
1059 * pikʲésbe (p-kʲ-b): nf. battle with heavy death tolls; fight to the
1060 death
1061 * pīkʲmób (p-kʲ-b): nn. anger (especially violent anger, with a
1062 connotation of being reactive but not necessarily unjustified)
1063 * pikʲʰéste (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. oscillation, vibration
1064 * pikʲʰéste (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. sudden or short movement
1065 * pikʲʰêt (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. horse
1066 * pīkʲʰmót (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. mobility
1067 * pikʲʰté (p-kʲʰ-t): nf.sg. motion, movement
1068 * pīkʲʰté (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. a movement, a motion
1069 * pîkʲʰten (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. an act of running, a running pace
1070 * pīkʲʰtís (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. a dance, a dance step
1071 * pisêŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. water
1072 * pisésŋe (p-s-ŋ): nm. flood
1073 * pīsmóŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. melting
1074 * pisŋé (p-s-ŋ): nf.sg. liquids (the state of matter, and the science
1075 of its behavior)
1076 * pīsŋé (p-s-ŋ): nn. act of flowing
1077 * pîsŋen (p-s-ŋ): nn. pool, puddle, act of pooling
1078 * pīsŋís (p-s-ŋ): nf. tide, change in level (especially of a fluid)
1079 * pókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting, attacking
1080 * pókʲbon (p-kʲ-b): adj. killing, winning; lethal; victorious
1081 * pokʲisbó (p-kʲ-b): adj. enemy
1082 * pokʲnób (p-kʲ-b): adj. being killed, losing; fatally wounded or
1083 slain; defeated
1084 * pokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting, being attacked
1085 * pókʲohib (p-kʲ-b): adj. leading in battle, battling, fighting in a
1086 battle; tactical
1087 * pókʲsib (p-kʲ-b): adj. feuding, recurrently fighting
1088 * pokʲʰistó (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. dancing (especially following a lead or an
1089 established dance)
1090 * pókʲʰohit (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. causing things to move, impactful
1091 * pokʲʰót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. moving (due to external forces)
1092 * pokʲʰnót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. running (typically used of animals)
1093 * pókʲʰsit (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. dancing (especially when leading or
1094 creatively)
1095 * pókʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. moving (on its own), mobile
1096 * pókʲʰton (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. running (typically used of people)
1097 * pósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. flowing, fluid
1098 * pósŋon (p-s-ŋ): adj. pooling, overflowing, stagnant
1099 * posnóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. submerged, flooded, overflowed
1100 * pósohiŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. pouring (the one pouring a fluid), being
1101 poured, raining
1102 * posóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. watered (as e.g. plants, soil), irrigated
1103 * réhri/rehír (r-h-r): vi. to purr, to make other noises expressing
1104 contentment
1105 * réhrit/teréhir (r-h-r); v4. to mutually care for each other, to love
1106 (emphasizing action taken to care for one another)
1107 * rémher/remhēré (r-h-r): vi. to be calm, to be docile (especially used
1108 of animals)
1109 * rémŋep/remŋēpé (r-ŋ-p): vi. to come, to arrive; to bring (using
1110 preposition ked and the accusative case to indicate what is brought)
1111 * rénhir/rehrín (r-h-r): vi. to roar
1112 * rénŋip/reŋpín (r-ŋ-p): vt. to go to a place
1113 * réŋpi/reŋíp (r-ŋ-p): vi/vt. to be at a place (trans.); to dwell or
1114 live in a place (intr./trans.); to exist (intr.)
1115 * réŋpit/teréŋip (r-ŋ-p): v4. to meet together (coming to a place to
1116 meet up, not meeting for the first time)
1117 * rihêr (r-h-r): nm. purr
1118 * rihésre (r-h-r): nm. affectionate sounds made between lovers
1119 * rīhmór (r-h-r): nn. calmness, docility (especially in animals)
1120 * ríhor (r-h-r): nm. contentment noises, particularly from animals or
1121 children
1122 * rihré (r-h-r): nf. contentment, feeling of safety (primarily used to
1123 discuss it in the abstract, or to describe a person's general
1124 demeanor; for in-the-moment experiences of this feeling, see
1125 "firīhrí")
1126 * rīhré (r-h-r): nn. act of purring
1127 * rîhren (r-h-r): nn. act of roaring, roar
1128 * rīhrís (r-h-r): nf. love relationship (especially between young
1129 people)
1130 * riŋêp (r-ŋ-p): nm. dwelling, house
1131 * riŋéspe (r-ŋ-p): nm. city, town
1132 * riŋéspe (r-ŋ-p): nf. road, path, trail
1133 * rīŋmóp (r-ŋ-p): nn. moment of arrival, act of coming
1134 * riŋpé (r-ŋ-p): nf.sg. locality (the idea of being in a place),
1135 existence
1136 * rīŋpé (r-ŋ-p): nn. location of someone or something; act of dwelling
1137 in a place, residence; fact of existing
1138 * rîŋpen (r-ŋ-p): nn. act of going, moment of departure
1139 * rīŋpís (r-ŋ-p): nf. act of meeting, meeting
1140 * rohisró (r-h-r): adj. loved (emphasizing lover(s) taking care of you)
1141 * rohnór (r-h-r): adj. making threatening noises (only used with
1142 animals)
1143 * rohór (r-h-r): adj. making noises of contentment
1144 * róhohir (r-h-r): adj. caretaking, making others to feel safe
1145 * róhro (r-h-r): adj. purring
1146 * róhron (r-h-r): adj. roaring
1147 * róhsir (r-h-r): adj. loving (with an emphasis on action taken to make
1148 lover(s) feel safe and content)
1149 * roŋispó (r-ŋ-p): adj. meeting by chance or spontaneously
1150 * roŋnóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. being gone to, destination
1151 * róŋohip (r-ŋ-p): adj. sending, sent; putting, being put; creating
1152 * roŋóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. occupied, inhabited (of a place)
1153 * róŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. being in a place, local; dwelling in a place, at
1154 home, resident; existing
1155 * róŋpon (r-ŋ-p): adj. going
1156 * róŋsip (r-ŋ-p): adj. arranging to meet, meeting intentionally
1157 * ropo: conj. introduces a relative clause
1158 * sélhi/selíh (s-l-h): vi. to fly
1159 * sélhit/tesélih (s-l-h): v4. to overfly (the place or thing flown over
1160 takes the dative case); (rarely) to fly high or ascend
1161 * sémleh/semlēhé (s-l-h): vi. to be in the air, to float in the air
1162 * sen: prep. of, belonging to
1163 * sénlih/selhín (s-l-h): v. to fly downward rapidly, to swoop (intr.);
1164 to swoop down on (trans.)
1165 * sifípetʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. age, era (long period of time of often vague
1166 duration)
1167 * síkʲo: num. 400
1168 * silêh (s-l-h): nn. mindless bird, flying animal
1169 * siléshe (s-l-h): nm. a flight, journey by flight
1170 * siléshe (s-l-h): nf. a flying ascent
1171 * silhé (s-l-h): nf.sg. flight, the art of flying
1172 * sīlhé (s-l-h): nn. act of flying, flap of wings
1173 * sîlhen (s-l-h): nn. a flying descent, a swoop
1174 * sīlhís (s-l-h): nf. an act of overflying
1175 * sīlmóh (s-l-h): nn. the state of being in the air or floating
1176 * síloh (s-l-h): nv. bat-person, a mammalian person who flies
1177 * simídekʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. language, script
1178 * sipíkʲeb (p-kʲ-b): nm. wound, injury (used for injuries from fights,
1179 battle, or physical contests)
1180 * sipíkʲʰet (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. acceleration
1181 * sipíseŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. mouthful (esp. of liquids)
1182 * sisíleh (s-l-h): nm. wingspan
1183 * sobítir (b-t-r): nn. a far away place
1184 * sodírigʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. hearth, firepit
1185 * sofípitʰ (f-p-tʰ): nn. time of day, hour
1186 * sogʲílip (gʲ-l-p): nn. market
1187 * sohímih (h-m-h): nn. planet (including the sun but not the fixed
1188 stars)
1189 * sólho (s-l-h): adj. flying, flapping
1190 * sólhon (s-l-h): adj. swooping, flying downward
1191 * solishó (s-l-h): adj. flying high
1192 * solnóh (s-l-h): adj. swooped down upon
1193 * solóh (s-l-h): adj. flying, wind-borne
1194 * sólohih (s-l-h): adj. throwing, being thrown, moving through the air
1195 * sólsih (s-l-h): adj. overflying something
1196 * somídikʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. TKTK (some sort of language place)
1197 * sopíkʲib (p-kʲ-b): nn. battlefield, scene of a fight
1198 * sopíkʲʰit (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. path
1199 * sopísiŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. body of water or other liquid, esp. an ocean
1200 * soríhir (r-h-r): nn. place of safety, home (in the sense of place
1201 where one feels secure)
1202 * soríŋip (r-ŋ-p): nn. place
1203 * sosílih (s-l-h): nn. high up place to perch on
1204 * petʰ: prep. during, in (in the sense of a time period) (the dative
1205 case indicates that the events described took place exclusively in
1206 the time period, while the prepositional case does not specify
1207 whether they extend outside of this time in either direction).
1208 * tedirgʷó (d-r-gʷ): nm. burn
1209 * tepisŋó (p-s-ŋ): nm. blood
1210 * terihró (r-h-r): nm. whimpers, pleading noises
1211 * teriŋpó (r-ŋ-p): nm. starting point
1212 * tobitír (b-t-r): nn. foot, paw; foot (a unit of length)
1213 * todirígʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. day
1214 * togʲilíp (gʲ-l-p): nn. price
1215 * tohimíh (h-m-h): nn. day-night cycle
1216 * tōmidíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. sentence
1217 * topikʲíb (p-kʲ-b): nn. rabid or aggressive animal
1218 * tōpisíŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. cup, waterskin, jug
1219 * torihír (r-h-r): nn. mindless cat
1220 * toriŋíp (r-ŋ-p): nn. destination
1221 * tosilíh (s-l-h): nn. mindless bat, flying mindless mammal
1222 * tʰon: num. three
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