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Midekh verb inflection
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1 # Midêkʰ
2
3 This is one of several conlanguages [][@:Rinna] is working on for an
4 eventual Dark Dungeons X (BECMI D&D retroclone) setting.
5 (fae welcomes input.)
6
7 rinna uses the token "TKTK" to mark places where more stuff is needed
8 later.
9
10 a minimal map of the world in question is below for a bit of context.
11 it is also necessary to know that all or most sentient creatures in the
12 setting are anthropomorphic animals, but that the corresponding
13 ordinary animals also exist but are considered non-sentient.
14
15 ![map of an as-yet unnamed world, with three contents and a few
16 islands](https://lyssa-rpg-docs.neocities.org/media/blorb-world-map-minimal.png){width=600}
17
18 Rinna has the following goals for Midêkʰ:
19
20 * it will serve as a proto-language for a number of languages spoken
21 along the west coast and within the temperate interior (mostly the
22 30°-45° zone) of the southeastern continent, possibly plus some
23 further-flung offshoots.
24 * fae wants to build it around a system of biliteral or triliteral
25 consonantal roots (as in Afro-Asiatic languages such as Tamazight,
26 Egyptian, Amharic, Hebrew, Akkadian, etc.)
27 * fae is inclined to include few vowel qualities, but with some
28 additional complication such as pitch accent, vowel length, or
29 extensive use of diphthongs that may develop into a more extensive
30 vowel system in daughter languages.
31 * it should not be too difficult to pronounce for the native US
32 English and Rioplatense Spanish speakers likely to play in the
33 setting, particularly since the most likely places for faese games
34 to start out will have this language prominent.
35 but some such difficulties can be resolved in daughter languages via
36 sound change.
37 * the proto-language and descendant languages will mostly but perhaps
38 not exclusively be used for names (of people/places/texts/etc.)
39
40 ## Phonology
41
42 To help with approachability for English/Spanish speakers, [][@:Rinna]
43 opted to draw inspiration from
44 [Wikipedia's account of Proto-Indo-European phonology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology#Vowels){title="Wikipedia on reconstructed PIE phonology"}.
45
46 Consonant table:
47
48 | | labial | coronal | p.velar | velar | l.velar | glottal |
49 |-----------|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-----:|:-------:|:-------:|
50 | nasal | m | n | | ŋ | | |
51 | voiceless | p | t | kʲ | k | kʷ | |
52 | voiced | b | d | gʲ | g | gʷ | |
53 | aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʲʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | |
54 | fricative | f | s | | | | h |
55 | liquid | | r l | | | | |
56
57
58 The language featured three series of stops: voiceless, voiced, and
59 aspirated (voicing was not phonemic in aspirated consonants).
60 Each of these series included a labial stop, a coronal (dental or
61 alveolar) stop, and three variants of a velar stop: a plain variant, a
62 palatalized variant, and a labialized variant.
63
64 There were three fricatives: a (bi)labial fricative, a coronal
65 fricative, and a glottal fricative.
66
67 There were three nasal stops: labial, coronal, and velar.
68 There were two coronal approximants: rhotic and lateral.
69 Both the nasals and the approximants could be used as syllable nuclei.
70
71 There were three vowels: `*e` (mid front), `*o` (mid back), and `*i`
72 (close front).
73 Each vowel could be pronounced long or short, which was phonemic.
74 Long vowels are transcribed with a macron.
75
76 One syllable in each multisyllabic word was emphasized, likely with a
77 raised pitch (marked with an acute accent on the vowel).
78 Long vowels of accented syllables are marked with a circumflex for
79 ease of processing.
80
81 A syllable begins with a consonant followed by either a vowel, a nasal,
82 or an approximant as a nucleus.
83 A syllable with a short vowel can additionally have a final consonant.
84
85 ## Morphology
86
87 Most content words are derived from a "root" (TKTK) consisting of two
88 to four (but usually three) consonants, which are combined with a
89 particular template (TKTK) of surrounding and intervening sounds
90 (mostly vowels) to form a particular word.
91 Roots will be represented with their consonants separated by hyphens,
92 for example: `m-d-kʰ` (which is the root for language).
93 Templates can include any vowel but only certain consonants: nasal
94 stops (n m ŋ), the coronal and glottal fricatives (s h), and the
95 voiceless coronal stop (t).
96
97 ### Adjectives
98
99 Adjectives are marked for number, gender, and case to match the noun
100 modified.
101
102 TKTK
103
104 ### Nouns
105
106 Nouns are marked for number (singular and plural) and case using a
107 prefix for case and a suffix for number.
108 Each noun also has a gender: either masculine, feminine, or neuter.
109
110 The cases present in the language were:
111
112 * Nominative: used for the subject of the verb.
113 * Accusative: used for the object of transitive verbs.
114 * Vocative: used for a party directly addressed by the speaker.
115 * Dative: used for the recipient or beneficiary of an action.
116 * Prepositional: used for the complement of most prepositions, although
117 some prepositions require or allow other cases.
118
119 ### Verbs
120
121 Verbs are inflected for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number.
122 Person is first, second, and third.
123 Number is either singular or plural.
124
125 There are two tenses, which reflect the time at which the action
126 occurred:
127
128 * Non-past: used for events happening now, in the future, in the
129 immediate past, or at an uncertain time.
130 * Past: used for events that started in the past, but not the immediate
131 past.
132
133 There are three aspects, although the continuous and habitual are only
134 distinguished in the indicative mood:
135
136 * Continuous: used to describe an ongoing process.
137 * Habitual: used to describe a recurring or cyclical activity.
138 * Perfective: used to describe an action as a single unit.
139
140 There are three moods:
141
142 * Indicative: used for statements of facts.
143 * Optative: used for wishes and hopes, conditional events, and some
144 commands.
145 * Subjunctive: used for hypothetical events, future events, and more
146 polite commands.
147
148 Issues such as questions and the active or passive voice are marked
149 elsewhere in a sentence.
150
151 There are three special forms of each verb:
152
153 * The verbal noun, which functions as a noun and can represent the act
154 of the verb occuring or a object related to the activity described by
155 the verb.
156 The gender of a verbal noun is determined by the verb's conjugation
157 group, but they receive affixes for number and case normally.
158 * The active participle, which functions as an adjective or adverb and
159 indicates that the modified word is related to the subject of the
160 verb.
161 * The passive participle, which functions as an adjective or adverb and
162 indicates that the modified word is related to the verb's object.
163
164 Both participles receive the normal affixes for number, gender, and
165 case agreement.
166
167 TKTK
168
169 ### Derivational morphology
170
171 The derivational morphology of Midêkʰ is based around the combination
172 of a root with a template to form a stem (TKTK).
173 These stems are further modified by infection to arrive at final word
174 forms.
175
176 This section and the following one on inflectional morphology will
177 represent roots using their consonants separated by hyphens: e.g.
178 m-d-kʰ, p-ŋ-r, h-s-t.
179 Groups of roots sharing only certain components will be represented
180 with a question mark `?` for any unspecified consonants: p-?-r would
181 include p-ŋ-r, p-k-r, p-s-r, etc.
182 Templates will be written with their surrounding and intervening sounds
183 and with the position of each root consonant represented by a plus
184 sign, for example: `+i+ē+`.
185 Groups of templates sharing certain components will be represented
186 using a question mark for any unspecified template positions: for
187 example, `?+i+?+?` represents all noun templates (which all place a
188 short /i/ between the first two consonants).
189
190 This section and the following will primarily use the root `m-d-kʰ` as
191 an example to express how roots are combined with templates to form
192 stems or words.
193
194 All noun templates place /i/ between the first two consonants of the
195 root, other than the verbal noun patterns which place /ī/ there, a long
196 vowel, instead.
197 These are summarized below, with more details below:
198
199 | pattern | description | m-d-kʰ | gender | english gloss |
200 |---------|--------------|----------|--------|--------------------------|
201 | +i++é | abstraction | midkʰé | f | linguistics/all language |
202 | +i+ê+ | prototype | midêkʰ | varies | the Midêkʰ language |
203 | so+í+i+ | place | somídikʰ | n | TKTK |
204 | mi+í++o | instrument | mimídkʰo | n | pen, stylus |
205 | +i+és+e | emphasis | midéskʰe | m/f | conversation/command |
206 | hê+i+o+ | personal | hêmidokʰ | m/f | orator, author, sage |
207 | hi+i++í | diminutive | himidkʰí | f | word |
208 | ŋô+i++o | derogative | ŋômidkʰo | m | nonsense, pleading |
209
210 * The noun of abstraction represents the abstract category of the root,
211 both the set of all of the things (or at least a particular type of
212 thing) encompassed by the root, the idealized concept of the root,
213 and sometimes the academic, artistic, or other sort of field related
214 to the root.
215 The noun of abstraction is not normally used in the plural, but this
216 may have occasionally happened in poetic language to refer to many or
217 all things belonging to the category.
218 * The prototype noun represents the prototypical object related to a
219 root.
220 For some roots, the prototype refers to a specific thing (as "Midêkʰ"
221 for the language) as a proper noun, in which case it cannot be used
222 in the plural and it has feminine gender.
223 In other cases, it refers to a typical type of object related to the
224 root (e.g. p-s-ŋ 'liquid' has the prototype pisêŋ 'water'), in which
225 case the noun may be used in the plural and has neuter gender if it
226 refers to a mindless animal and masculine gender otherwise.
227 * Nouns of place refer to a place associated with the root.
228 * Nouns of instrument refer to a tool used in performing actions
229 associated with the root.
230 * Nouns of emphasis refer to a repetition or intense form of an action
231 related to the root.
232 They are usually masculine, but in some cases a root gives rise to
233 two nouns of emphasis with identical form but with one masculine and
234 one feminine.
235 When this occurs, typically the feminine noun relates to intense
236 action and the masculine noun relates to repeated action.
237 * The personal noun refers to a type of person associated with the
238 root's meaning.
239 The noun is gendered according to the individual being referred to.
240 When not referring to a particular individual of known gender, the
241 word is typically masculine except when the meaning of the word was
242 strongly associated with women.
243 * Diminutives refer to something small or dear related to the root.
244 * Derogative nouns refer to something disapproved of related to the
245 root.
246 * There are also several "common noun" patterns which can give rise to
247 various nouns associated with the root without specific semantic
248 implications from the pattern.
249 Each root only is used with a subset of the common noun patterns.
250 Some patterns for common nouns (with the resulting noun's gender in
251 brackets) include "+í+o+" (f), "to+i+í+" (n), "te+i++ó" (m),
252 "no+i+é+" (f), "si+í+e+" (m).
253 * Finally there are verbal noun patterns that are treated below.
254
255 Verbs are similarly formed by combining a semantic root with one of
256 several patterns.
257 Unlike nouns, the patterns for verbs are grouped into several "forms",
258 each form consisting of several patterns for different uses of a verb.
259 The application of the patterns of a form to a given root are
260 considered different variations of the same verb.
261
262 Verb forms will be distinguished using a number (e.g. 1st form, 2nd
263 form).
264 Each form has patterns for the non-past tense stem, the past tense
265 stem, the verbal noun, the active participle, and the passive
266 participle.
267 The verb stems must then be inflected for aspect, mood, aspect, number,
268 and person to be used.
269
270 The patterns for each verb form are indicated in the following table,
271 with information about typical semantics and other properties of the
272 forms described after the table.
273
274 | Form | non-past | past | verbal noun | active part. | passive part. |
275 |------|----------|----------|-------------|--------------|---------------|
276 | 1st | +é++i | +e+í+ | +ī++é | +ó++o | +o+ó+ |
277 | 2nd | +én+i+ | +e++ín | +î++en | +ó++on | +o+nó+ |
278 | 3rd | hō+e++ó | hō+é+o+o | he+ī+é+ | +ó+ohi+ | he+o++ó |
279 | 4th | +é++it | te+é+i+ | +ī++ís | +ó+si+o | +o+is+ó |
280 | 5th | fe+é+e+ | fí+e+ē+ | fi+ī++í | fo+ó++o | fo+o+ó+ |
281 | 6th | +ém+e+ | +em+ē+é | +ī+mó+ | mo+o+ó+ | mo+ó++o |
282
283 * The 1st form refers to the action seen as most directly connected
284 with the meaning of the root.
285 They may be either transitive or intransitive depending on the
286 meaning of the verb, although ditransitive 1st form verbs are rare.
287 The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
288 * The 2nd form typically has a meaning related to some action with a
289 lasting effect or impact, although in some cases it is instead an
290 emphatic or more intense version of the root's 1st-form verb.
291 They may be either transitive or intransitive.
292 The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
293 * The 3rd form often functions as a causative, representing a
294 ditransitive form of a transitive 1st or 2nd form verb, or a
295 transitive form of an intransitive 1st or 2nd form verb.
296 When the 3rd form is a causative, it usually serves as causative for
297 both the 1st and 2nd form, not just one of them.
298 Even when not causative in meaning, the 3rd form is always transitive
299 or ditransitive.
300 The verbal noun is of masculine gender.
301 The active participle of ditransitive 3rd form verbs often relates to
302 either or both of the agent and patient of the action, with the
303 passive participle relating solely to the recipient or benefactor.
304 * The 4th form often refers to a reciprocal or repeated action related
305 to the root.
306 4th form verbs interact atypically with the case system: when they
307 have reciprocal meaning, all parties typically take the nominative
308 case, although for emphasis a single participant can be treated as
309 the subject while a preposition is used to identify other
310 participants;
311 if the verb can ever have reciprocal meaning, it never takes an
312 accusative object;
313 even when the particular verb cannot have reciprocal meaning, any
314 patient of the described action must be marked for the dative case.
315 The verbal noun is of feminine gender.
316 The active and passive participles are generally used to refer to
317 different aspects of the subject(s), often but not always using the
318 active participle for a more agentive aspect of the action.
319 * The 5th form often has a meaning related to either capability of
320 performing some action or the acquisition or possession of a
321 non-physical quality (capability of action perhaps being considered a
322 non-physical quality);
323 in some cases the verb may be used for both meanings.
324 5th form verbs are only transitive when used to indicate capability.
325 The verbal noun is of masculine gender.
326 The passive participle of 5th form verbs is usually used as a sort of
327 negative: it indicates that something does not have the quality or
328 cannot perform the action.
329 * The 6th form often has a meaning related to either resulting from an
330 action or having or gaining some physical quality, such as colour or
331 shape.
332 As with the 5th form, many of these verbs may be used for both meanings.
333 6th form verbs are never transitive.
334 The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
335 The active participle of 6th form verbs, similar to the passive
336 participle of 5th form verbs, usually serves as a negative: it
337 indicates that something does not result from the action or does not
338 have the quality.
339
340 TKTK
341
342 ### Inflectional morphology
343
344 Verb stems produced by derivation are inflected for aspect, mood,
345 number, and person.
346 One affix marks aspect and mood, a prefix marks person, and a suffix
347 marks number, with aspect-mood applied before person and number (such
348 that an aspect-mood prefix follows the person prefix and an aspect-mood
349 suffix precedes the number prefix).
350 The verb agrees in person and number with the syntactic subject (the
351 noun or pronoun in the nominative case).
352
353 The indicative mood uses a prefix for aspect-mood in the continuous
354 aspect, a suffix in the habitual aspect, and the plain stem in the
355 perfective aspect.
356 The indicative habitual suffix is identical to the continuous prefix.
357 In contrast, the optative and subjunctive moods uniformly use suffixes
358 for aspect-mood and do not distinguish the continuous and habitual
359 aspects.
360 All of these aspect-mood aspects are indicated in the table below (with
361 the hyphen marking where the stem is attached):
362
363 | mood | continuous | habitual | perfective |
364 |-------------|------------|----------|------------|
365 | indicative | bi- | -bi | - |
366 | optative | -r | -r | -n |
367 | subjunctive | -l | -l | -m |
368
369 The number suffixes for verbs differ depending on whether they follow a
370 vowel or a consonant, and are listed in the table below:
371
372 | number | after vowel | after consonant |
373 |----------|-------------|-----------------|
374 | singular | -g | - |
375 | plural | -hē | -ē |
376
377 The person suffixes are invariant and are listed in the table below:
378
379 | person | prefix |
380 |--------|--------|
381 | 1st | kʰo- |
382 | 2nd | tm- |
383 | 3rd | - |
384
385 As an example, here are a few inflections of the 2nd-form non-past
386 stem "méndikʰ" (write):
387
388 * biméndikʰē: they are writing (indicative non-past continuous
389 3rd-person plural)
390 * tmbiméndikʰ: you(sg.) are writing (indicative non-past continuous
391 2nd-person singular)
392 * kʰoméndikʰnē: we write (indicative non-past perfective 1st-person plural)
393
394 TKTK
395
396 ## Syntax
397
398 As a summary of word order concerns:
399
400 * Adjectives always follow the noun, but demonstratives and numerals
401 precede it (demonstratives preceding numerals when both are present)
402 * Relative clauses follow the noun.
403 * Prepositions
404 * Typically subject-verb-object, but it may vary
405 * The question particle begins the sentence
406 * Questions do not alter sentence order
407 * Conditional sentences typically places the condition before the
408 conclusion
409 * Comparisons are of the form adjective-marker-standard (i.e. the
410 adjective being compared, an analogue to "than", then the standard
411 against which the comparison is being made)
412
413 ## Semantics and Pragmatics
414
415 TKTK
416
417 ## Writing System
418
419 TKTK
420
421 ## Examples
422
423 TKTK
424
425 ## Lexicon
426
427 Lists here are sorted using roughly the collation order of English.
428
429 ### Roots
430
431 * m-d-kʰ: language
432 * p-s-ŋ: liquid/water
433
434 TKTK
435
436 ### Word stems
437
438 Format: stem (root): part of speech. gloss (notes).
439
440 Parts of speech: **n**oun (**m**asculine, **f**eminine, **n**euter,
441 **v**arying by referent), **v**erb (**t**ransitive, **i**ntransitive,
442 **d**itransitive, **4**th form), **adj**ective.
443 Verbs are listed with the present stem separated from the past stem by
444 a slash, but collated according the present stem.
445
446 * femédekʰ/fímedēkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be or become sapient, to be
447 capable of language
448 * fepéseŋ/fípesēŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. to be variable or flexible, to change
449 * fimīdkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nm. sapience
450 * fipīsŋí (p-s-ŋ): nm. mutability, variability, change
451 * fomódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. sapient, capable of language
452 * fopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. variable, flexible, changing
453 * fomodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. non-sapient, incapable of language, mindless
454 * foposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. static, rigid, unmoving
455 * hemīdékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. dictation, decree, declaration
456 * hêmidokʰ (m-d-kʰ): nv. orator, author, sage
457 * hepīséŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. pouring, a pour, a cupful
458 * hêpisoŋ (p-s-ŋ): nv. cupbearer
459 * himidkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nf. word
460 * hipisŋí (p-s-ŋ): nf. pond, lake
461 * hemodkʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. being dictated to, subservient,
462 representative of
463 * heposŋó (p-s-ŋ): adj. being poured into, filled
464 * hōmedkʰó/hōmédokʰo (m-d-kʰ): vt/vd. to dictate, to cause to say or
465 write
466 * hōpesŋó/hōpésoŋo (p-s-ŋ): vt/vd. to pour (trans.); to pour onto/into
467 (ditrans.)
468 * médkʰi/medíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. speak, say, utter
469 * médkʰit/temédikʰ (m-d-kʰ): v4. to converse or correspond
470 * mémdekʰ/memdēkʰé (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be noisy, to make noise
471 * méndikʰ/medkʰín (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. write
472 * midêkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. the Midêkʰ language
473 * midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nf. command, order
474 * midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nm. conversation, dialogue (this can refer to a
475 spoken conversation or a written dialogue)
476 * midkʰé (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. linguistics, language in general
477 * mīdkʰís (m-d-kʰ): nf. act of conversing or corresponding (in the
478 singular it normally refers to one utterance or letter and its
479 response; in the plural it can refer to an entire conversation or the
480 entire correspondence between two or more people)
481 * mīdmókʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. noise, sound
482 * mídokʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. book, scroll
483 * mimídkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nn. pen, stylus, other writing instrument
484 * mipísŋo (p-s-ŋ): nn. canal
485 * mīdkʰé (m-d-kʰ): nn. utterance, speech, act of speaking
486 * mîdkʰen (m-d-kʰ): nn. text, act of writing
487 * módkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. speaking, vocal
488 * módkʰon (m-d-kʰ): adj. literate, writing
489 * modiskʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. comprehending, listening
490 * modnókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. written, textual, literary
491 * módohikʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. dictating, imperious, acting indirectly
492 * modókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. spoken, verbal, oral
493 * módsikʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. communicating, expressive
494 * momódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. noisy, loud
495 * momodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. quiet, noiseless, silent
496 * mopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. melted, liquid, wet
497 * moposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. dry
498 * nomidékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. message, letter
499 * ŋômidkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nm. nonsense, pathetic request
500 * nôpisŋo (p-s-ŋ): nm. urine
501 * pémseŋ/pemsēŋé (p-s-ŋ): vi. to become liquid, to melt, to be or
502 become wet
503 * pénsiŋ/pesŋín (p-s-ŋ): vi/vt. pool (intr.); cover in liquid, flood,
504 overflow (trans.)
505 * pésŋi/pesíŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. flow
506 * pésŋit/tepésiŋ (p-s-ŋ): v4. to rise and fall over time (as tides or
507 water level in a lake or river)
508 * pisêŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. water
509 * pisésŋe (p-s-ŋ): nm. flood
510 * pīsmóŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. melting
511 * pisŋé (p-s-ŋ): nf.sg. liquids (the state of matter, and the science
512 of its behavior)
513 * pīsŋé (p-s-ŋ): nn. act of flowing
514 * pîsŋen (p-s-ŋ): nn. pool, puddle, act of pooling
515 * pīsŋís (p-s-ŋ): nf. tide, change in level (especially of a fluid)
516 * pósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. flowing, fluid
517 * pósŋon (p-s-ŋ): adj. pooling, overflowing, stagnant
518 * posnóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. submerged, flooded, overflowed
519 * pósohiŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. pouring (the one pouring a fluid), being
520 poured, raining
521 * posóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. watered (as e.g. plants, soil), irrigated
522 * simídekʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. language, script
523 * sipíseŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. mouthful (esp. of liquids)
524 * somídikʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. TKTK (some sort of language place)
525 * sopísiŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. body of water or other liquid, esp. an ocean
526 * tepisŋó (p-s-ŋ): nm. blood
527 * tōmidíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. sentence
528 * tōpisíŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. cup, waterskin, jug
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